Andy Pearson
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Transcript of Andy Pearson
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Using Ammonia Effectively Overcoming Obstacles and Maximising Benefits
Dr Andy Pearson
Star Refrigeration
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Introduction – Ammonia: the paradoxes
• The Paradoxes
– Natural or not? – Good or evil?
– Safe or dangerous?
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Using Ammonia Effectively – Presentation Contents
• Introduction
– Reasons for wanting to use ammonia
– Range of possible applications
– Scope of potential advantages
• Overcoming Obstacles
– Toxicity
– Flammability
– Public Image
• Strategy for Success
– Design considerations
– Legislative Framework
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Using Ammonia Effectively – Presentation Contents
• Introduction
– Reasons for wanting to use ammonia
– Range of possible applications
– Scope of potential advantages
• Overcoming Obstacles
– Toxicity
– Flammability
– Public Image
• Strategy for Success
– Design considerations
– Legislative Framework
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Reasons for wanting to use ammonia
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Reasons for wanting to use ammonia
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• High Temp Heat Pump
• District Heating
• Process Heating
• Air cooled chiller
• Water cooled chiller • Process chiller
• Ice rink
• Cold Store• Air Blast Freezer
• Spiral Freezer
Reasons for wanting to use ammonia
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A = subcooling
A B
B = condensing
C
C = desuperheating
D
D = oil cooling
E = more subcool
E
Ammonia as a heat pump fluid
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A = subcooling
A B
B = condensing
C
C = desuperheating
D
D = oil cooling
E = more subcool
E
R-134a as a heat pump fluid
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IPLV =3.7
4.0 for 45%
3.4 for 42%
2.6 for 1%
3.7 for
12%
R-134a as a chiller fluid
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Ammonia as a chiller fluid
IPLV =4.6
5.0 for 45%
4.1 for 42%
3.0 for 1%
4.8 for 12%
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• Factory tested
• Guaranteedperformance
• Plug and play
• Good turndown• Compact Design
• Low charge
• Low noise levels• Efficient fans
• Long-life package
Ammonia as a chiller fluid
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Using Ammonia Effectively – Presentation Contents
• Introduction
– Reasons for wanting to use ammonia
– Range of possible applications
– Scope of potential advantages
• Overcoming Obstacles
– Toxicity
– Flammability
– Public Image
• Strategy for Success
– Design considerations
– Legislative Framework
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Overcoming Obstacles - Toxicity
• Toxic effect is related to dose
• Dose for ammonia exposure is a combination:
• Concentration of ammonia in the atmosphere….
• ….and length of time the exposure lasts
• In the short term high doses can be tolerated:• For example a dose of 5000ppm would likely be fatal
after two hours exposure….
• ….but it is not likely to cause any injury whatsoever if
the exposure lasts for less than one minute
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?
Overcoming Obstacles - Toxicity
8 hour TLV
300ppm
IDLH
700ppm IDLH?1000ppm
IDLH?
15 min TLV
30
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* Henderson and Haggard (1943) cited in AIHA “Hygienic Guide Series” (1971)
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Overcoming Obstacles - Toxicity
• Accidents occur when the rules are notfollowed, so….
• ….make the rules easier to follow• Do not impose excessive constraints or
restrictions;
• ….too much PPE can cause accidents!
• Have a canister respirator tohand when opening a system
• Wear the respirator when the
ammonia smell is “strong”
• If in doubt, retreat!• Only experts should use
SCBA