Five reasons why the world needs eco-efficient agriculture, and three

examples of it

Patrick Lavelle and Andy JarvisPlus Julian Ramirez, Anton Eitzinger, Emmanuel Zapata, Louis Reymondin, Karolina

Argote, Edward Guevara

Silvia Elena Castaño Enna Diaz Betancourt

Simone Staiger Ana Milena Guerrero Glenn Graham Hyman

Anton Eitzineger

Lilian Patricia Torres

Carlos Nagles Jorge Cardona

Simon Cook

The Oldies

Andy Jarvis Robert Andrade

Natalia Uribe Julián Ramirez

Daniel Jimenez Vanesa Herrera

Nora Castañeda

Mike Salazar

Jhon Ocampo

Hector Favio Tobón

The Youth

Louis Reymondin

Ovidio RiveraElizabeth Barona

Juan Carlos Andrade

Katherin Tehelen

Victor Augusto Lizcano Angelica Ma. Henao Carolina Argote D.

Daniel Amariles

Oriana Carolina Ovalle

And the positively under-age

Emmanuel Zapata

Contents• The five reasons why:

– Population growth– Climate change, agriculture and carbon– Biodiversity conservation– Habitat conversion– Non-eco-efficient development pathways

• The three examples:– Intensive pastures for the Amazon– Eco-efficient fruits for the world– Reconstructed landscapes for the Amazon

Population Growth

60-70% more food by 2050

Message 1

There will be more people per unit of arable land every year

Climate change and carbon demand

Average change in suitability for all crops in 2050s

Greater energy demand….

…..and carbon becomes a commodity, and a profitable one at that

Message 2

Global suitability for agriculture reduces moderately, but problems of

food distribution are exacerbated, and increased demand for land for carbon

Moving more local…

Coffee in Colombia and Central America

Suitability in Cauca

• Significant changes to 2020, drastic changes to 2050

• The Cauca case: reduced coffeee growing area and changes in geographic distribution. Some new opportunities.

MECETA

Adaptation Options

Management

New markets

Alternatives to coffee

Message 3

Locally, some significant upheavals could occur in terms of economies, cultures,

and land-use patterns, with greater demand for land currently not cultivated

Habitat Conversion

Caqueta, Jan 2004 – May 2009Date

Colombia – Rio Caquetá

Cumulative detections in hectares

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000180000200000

1/1/

2004

4/1/

2004

7/1/

2004

10/1

/200

4

1/1/

2005

4/1/

2005

7/1/

2005

10/1

/200

5

1/1/

2006

4/1/

2006

7/1/

2006

10/1

/200

6

1/1/

2007

4/1/

2007

7/1/

2007

10/1

/200

7

1/1/

2008

4/1/

2008

7/1/

2008

10/1

/200

8

1/1/

2009

4/1/

2009

Time

Hec

tare

s

Area de Cambio3’310.198 ha/año

De los cuales 2.774.227Ha/año

corresponde a Brasil (84%) y 419.603Ha/año

a Bolivia (13%).

Detección en la Amazonía

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

% Deforestacion

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Peru

Guyana Fran.

Venezuela

Surinam

Guyana

Ecuador

Tiempo

Are

a D

efo

rest

ada/

Are

a A

nal

izad

a

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009-0.05%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0.35%% Deforestacion

Colombia

Peru

Guyana Fran.

Venezuela

Surinam

Guyana

Ecuador

Tiempo

Are

a D

efo

rest

ada/

Are

a A

nal

izad

a

Detección en la Amazonía

Message 4

Habitat conversion is going on unchecked, especially in Latin America, resulting in

the loss of biodiversity and essential ecosystem services

The pressures on ecosystem services

Distribution of protected areas• Covering 13.8% of the total global surface (3.8%

international, 10% national)• Holding a great amount of biodiversity• Generating water, carbon and other ecosystem services

Results: protected areas per region

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Maximum hotspot overall

Ma

xim

um

ho

tsp

ot

wit

hin

PA

s Complete representativeness

Average representativeness

UK

World

Mexico

US

South AfricaNorth Africa

Middle eastSaudi Arabia

West Africa

Brazil

Current extent of in situ conservation

Global biodiversity currently well conserved

CURRENT

Results: Current and future predicted species richness

Results: changes in species richness• Null migration: losses everywhere• Unlimited migration: a new distribution of

global biodiversity• Protected areas no longer in the right places

Nature conservation in the Amazon

Climate-stable refugia: Protected areas

Climate-stable refugia:

Restoration

Planeando estrategias de adaptacion

Corridors through agriculture to enable movement of biodiversity

No future for biodiversity: Production

Message 5There will be greater pressure on land

resources for multiple uses, as currently non-arable land becomes arable, as

demands increase for carbon, and as we face massive biodiversity loss

Non-eco efficient development trajectories

Message 6

Current development trajectories in developing countries not environmentally sustainable in long

term, and will come under spotlight eventually

In conclusion….

• Population growth• Climate change challenges• Biodiversity loss• Habitat conversion• Non-eco-efficient

development pathways

• More food• Under increasingly

difficult social and physical conditions

• Less land• Without losing more

natural habitats• With low energy inputs

Policy is only a means to an end….

…..we need enabling policies to stimulate

change on the ground

Intensive pastures for the Amazon

Eco-efficient fruit productionA win-win so that everyone is happy

Multiple-benefits:•Carbon storage•Income generation•Food production

Eco efficient landscapesthe field approach

The AMAZ Team:Patrick LAVELLE, Xavier ARNAULD de SARTRE, Johan OSZWALD, Elena VELASQUEZ, Michel GRIMALDI, Valery GOND, Pilar HURTADO, Iran VEIGA, Edward GUEVARA, Alexander FEIJOO, Tupac OTERO, Patricia CHACON, Bertha RAMIREZ , Oscar VILLANUEVA, Gamaliel RODRIGUEZ, Jaime VELASQUEZ, Alexander VASQUEZ, Marlucia MARTINS, Erika GORDILLO, Luz Elena MORENO, Thibaud DECAENS, William ASSIS, Thierry DESJARDINS

Produce food

(+70% hasta 2050) Biofuels

ClimateStore C

BiodiversityProcess water

Control erosion and flooding

ECO EFFICIENCY = to optimize production and marketing of ALL Goods and Ecosystem Services

SOIL30% degraded

Being a soil in the 21st century…

Urbanisation

How can we increase eco efficiency??

No monodisciplinar solutions…we need to face complexity…..

QUESUNGUAL system(Centro America)

• improve productions of food and other commodities

• generation of ecosystem services

What does it mean at the farm and landscape scale??

AMAZEcosystem services in deforested Amazonian

landscapes

16 teams from Brazil, Colombia and France60 researchers200 students>1000 farmers and family

The Amazon paradoxe

•In Amazonia, laws do not prevent deforestation

•Mining explotation of Natural Capital does not prevent poverty

How to design applicable public policies???

Tailandia, Para, BrésilMars 2008

Pacaja, Para, BrésilMai 2008

PUBLIC POLICIES

CLIMATE REGULATION

WATERRESOURCES

PRODUCTIONS

LANDSCAPES

NATURALBIODIVERSITY

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

SOILFERTILITY

EducationProductionsystems

InfrastructureCredit

SOCEC

PalmaresMaçaranduba

PacajaTradicional

Silvopastoril

Agrosilvopastoril

PL1 PL2 PL3 M1 M2 M3 Pa1 Pa3 T1 T2 T3 S1 S2 S3 A1 A2 A3Pa2

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

17

3

153 farms 153 farmsYEAR I306

27 farms 27 farmsYEAR II54

BRASILPará

COLOMBIACaqueta

3 landscape windows 3 landscape windows

3 sub windows

SOCIOECO PAYSAGE

BIODIVERSITY ProductionsSoil Ecosystem Services

Sampling protocole

Covariations Matrix among tables of data

14 fully compatible tables of data

BIODIV

0.44

0.400.28

0.35 0.39

SOCIOECO

PAISAJE

SócioDemografia

Estructura Composición

SERVICIOS

BIOMAERA

BIOMRAICESSUELO

PRODUC

Sistema de producción

0.42

Historia parcelas

0.44

0.420.470.37

0.38

0.38

0.30

0.35

0.39

0.36

0.32

MORFO

0.33

BRASIL

GISQ

Mensages from AMAZ• SCALES: LANDSCAPE is the best scale to treat Socioeconomics and the function of natural and agro ecosystems

• MARKETS : Necessity to develop markets and access to towns

• INTENSIFICATION : Systems that are both Productive AND good at producing ES do exist

• PAYMENT FOR ES: Where people get incomes outsideFarm activities, pressure on forest is alleviated.

Eco –Efficiency in AMAZ

• EP: Incomes ($) from farm activities/ha/person working

• QS: soil quality index GISQ (Velasquez et al., 2006)varies from 0.1 to 1.0

EF = EP x QS

Colombian AMAZ sitesIncome : 3.6 M6 ha-1.8 UTEGISQ = 0.9

EF = 0.13

Income : 5.3 M3 ha-1.8 UTEGISQ = 0.5

EF = 0.70

Income : 14.7 M11 ha-1.8 UTEGISQ = 0.4

EF = 0.31Income : 13.8 M17.5 ha-1.8 UTEGISQ = 0.5

EF = 0.13

Income : 9.8 M37.5 ha-0.6 UTEGISQ = 0.4

EF = 0.49

EF = M.P$/ha/person

AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE

Indicateur eco efficience prenant en compte le nombre de personnes présentes dans l’EA et les parties

effectivement utilisées des exploitations agricoles

Indicateur eco efficience prenant en compte le nombre de personnes présentes dans l’EA et les parties

effectivement utilisées des exploitations agricoles

Eco efficiency in different landscapes in Colombia (Caqueta)

AGRO

FORESTRY

SYLVO

PASTORALCONVENTIONAL

INC: 11200 $ 105 Ha1.8 personsGISQ 0.54

EF=0.071

INC: 7500 $ 49 Ha2.2 personsGISQ 0.53

EF=0.079

INC: 6600 $ 15 Ha2.0 personsGISQ 0.74

EF=0.13

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.0

Eco efficiency and Payment for Ecosystem Services

• In Caqueta:

• Eco intensification allows • - better income per surface unit :

+400%• - more people employed: +10%• - improved production of soil ES:

+37%• - improved conservation of

biodiversity

• Cost of soil associated ES:

• 305 US$ /ha/yr

Reshaping Lanscape

• Eco intensification in each element of the landscape mosaic (genetic resources+ISFM)

• Increase ‘naturality” in used elements (ex. Tree components)

• Increase connectivity among natural ecosystems (biodiversity coorridors)

• Identify the optimum level of fragmentation and contiguity among different land use systems for different ecosystem services

AMAZ 2030

Reconstruction of eco efficient landscapes in deforested areas of Amazonia in a context of climate

change

Fondo Amazonico

SOCEC, Health, ClimateLandscape, BiodiversityCommoditiesEcosystem Services

Certified ParticipativeIndicators

Payment for ESValue Chain Optimization

DIAGNOSTIC

LANDSCAPEMODELS

LANDSCAPERECONSTRUCTION

MARKETSCommodities + SA POLITICS

INFORMATION

TRAINING

The next step: to rebuild eco efficient landscapes