Contents• Introduction• History• OHA(Open handset Alliance)• Minimum Req. to run android.• Android Architecture.• Software Development.• Versions• New in Android L.• Android in 2020

What is Android ?

The word Android means robot resembles like a human being.

Android is an open source linux based operating system for devices such as smartphones and tablets.

Developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance (OHA).

Google play store has over 1.3 million apps and over 50 billion downloads.

Android has its own virtual machine i.e. DVM(Dalvik Virtual Machine),which is used for executing the android application.

History

• Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White. • Android was bought by “Google” in 2005.• First android with Android 1.1 was Htc Dream.• On 5th November, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance

Open Handset Alliance(OHA)• The open handset

alliance(OHA) is a business alliance of firm to develop open standard for mobile devices.

• Devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices

• Develop technologies that will significantly lower the cost of developing and distributing mobile devices and services.

Open Handset Alliance(OHA)

Minimum System requirement to run Android

• RAM- atleast 512 mb.

• Processor- 32 bit ARMv7 architecture.

• GPU- openGL ES 2.0 compatible Graphic processing unit.

• Optional H/w component- GPS, accelerometer, proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, WIFI, Bluetooth, Flash, touchscreen etc.

• Camera- Fixed focus or Autofocus.

Linux Kernel

• This layer is core of android architecture. It provides service like power management, memory management, security etc.

• It helps in software or hardware binding for better communication.

Android Runtime• The Android Runtime was designed specifically for

Android to meet the needs of running in an embedded environment where you have limited battery, limited memory, limited CPU.• Dalvik is the process virtual machine in Google's

android operating system. It is the software that runs the apps on android devices. Dalvik is thus an integral part of android ,which is typically used on mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablet computers.• Programs are commonly written in java and

compiled to byte code.

How applications run on android ?

Application Layer

• It is the most upper layer in android architecture.

• It includes the home application the contacts application , the browser, and apps.

• All the applications like camera, Google maps, browser, sms, calendars, contacts are native applications. These applications works with end user with the help of application framework to operate.

Software Development

S/w Development Requirement

• JAVA.

• Android SDK.

• Eclipse IDE .

• JAVA (Programming Language).

We can download applications or put our own applications in Google Play store

Versions

VERSIONS Android 1.0 (Astro) (2008) Android 1.1 (Beta) (Feb-2009) Android 1.5 (Cupcake) (April-2009) Android 1.6 (Donut) (Sept-2009) Android 2.0 (Éclair) (Oct-2009) Android 2.2 (Froyo) (2010) Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) (2010) Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) (2011) Android 4.0 (Ice cream sandwich) (2011) Android 4.1-4.3 (Jelly Bean) (2013) Android 4.4 (Kit Kat) (2013) Android 5.0 ( Lollipop) (2014) Android 6.0 (Marshmallow)(2015)

What s new in Android L?

• Material design.• New Status bar.• New Lockscreen.• Most important Android Runtime(ART).

Android M-Marshmallow• Many reasons can be attributed to an existing operating system

that lead to its survival. We cannot imagine of an operating system which stood the test of time without any innovations based on the timely changes in technology.

• From the time of its introduction, android has been in trend, and it managed to pass severe competition it faces from all other operating systems.

• As a result, we have seen many updates of Android. Each update makes the operating system even more powerful from the previous versions.

• Here let us find what are the main additions included in the Marshmallow to make it superior to Lollipop? And what will the users as well as android developers find new in Marshmallow?

App Drawer

• Lollipop also has the feature like App Drawer, but it is more refined in Marshmallow.

• App Drawer enables users to trace out every application installed in the android devices so easily.

• Every application installed in the device will included in a single page, so it will be easy for users to trace out applications by simply moving their fingers up and down on the screen of the device.

The Battery Saver, “Doze”

• While using Marshmallow, users do not have to install any third party applications for saving the battery.

• A pre-built Doze will there in Marshmallow to extend the life of battery.

• The Doze will prohibit all the charge-killing applications from eating away the life of batteries.

Improved App Permissions

• Every operating system normally asks permissions at the time of installing applications.

• Here the way of asking app permissions will be improved in Android M.

• It will only call for app permissions, on the first of using an application only. This method will give users more control over applications.

• This will be one of the important features in android application development.

Rotating Home Screen • Screen which adjusts to the convenience of users is

not a new thing, but it was implemented in operating systems at the time of playing videos as well as some applications only.

• In marshmallow, users will get a new rotating home screen itself. It lets users to easily pick the things that want by placing the device as they wish.

One Touch Functions And Google Now

• Google Now is Android’s direct answer to Apple’s ‘Siri’. It is designed to do every function which the ‘Siri’ does in Apple.

• It will keep the routines of every day user in its memory, and adjust the working of the device accordingly.

• While using applications like Whatsapp, and facebook it will hint users with timely notifications as well.

• Almost all the functions can be done in a single tap.

A Ram Manger • The performance of a device is more based on

its RAM.

• In Android M users will get a RAM manager, and it will fine-tune the functions of RAM and memory allocations properly to improve the working of devices to make users more happy.

A Error-free Fingerprint Sensor

• Fingerprint sensor used in Lollipop was not too advanced and it lacks performance.

• It was notably slow, and at times stopped from working properly.

• In marshmallow, android will introduce an error-free fingerprint sensor.

• As per Google claims, it may work better than the fingerprint used in Apple.

A Functional Status Bar • In Lollipop the status bar was not so refined, it

always had all the inactive icons displayed on it. It caused some difficulties for users while using applications.

• In marshmallow the status bar will offer more fun for the users, it will not have any unwanted icons on display, when users stop using it for a long time.

A Highly Configured Network Settings

• Methods to configure Wi-Fi, internet data connections, and Bluetooth were bit odd in Lollipop.

• In Marshmallow it gets changed entirely. All these very useful settings can be controlled with super ease in marshmallow.

• Users do not have to wait or shift their attention to multiple pages to deal with all functions. Everything related to networking can be done so easily in Marshmallow.

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