LANCE ARMSTRONG: REFLECTIONS OF A MODERN

MUSCULAR CHRISTIANAndrew R. Meyer, PhD.

Baylor University2011 CSKLS Annual Meeting

Journal of Sport and Social Issues (for consideration)

Muscular Christianity allowed for a new and modern imagining of the role athletics and sport competition had within Christian theology

Christianity’s Connection with Sports

Early Protestants in the New World saw the body as an instrument of evil and sin. Believed in original sin. Only way to redeem ones soul

was to work and toil hard. Not used for sport or glory

Later sport is called forth to keep young men at elite private schools out of trouble with sexual desires and other immoral behaviors. Also the young men were being seen as unhealthy and we know there was a movement at the turn of the 20th century to include physical education to help the ailing results of the industrial revolution.

Connection between religion and Christianity was given a new name to validate the new ways of thinking about the body; Muscular Christianity

Protestant Christian Beliefs and Sports

Contemporary Protestant Christian beliefs

support the ideas that: The body is a tool to be used to establish

mastery over the world Competition is a legitimate means for

demonstrating individual achievement and moral worth

Sport participation could be used as a form of religious witness (Coakley, 2010)

Muscular Christianity Term used to promote notions that sports participation

encourages moral education as character building experience.

The value of sports in education was its encouragement of youths to learn to cope with defeat, falling short, and losing, as most people experience in life.

Sports ideals and lessons and their connection with the ideals and lessons of life were thought to have great benefit for the individual. What one learned on the field helped them off the field. The encouragement of competition was based “on the moral grounds that games were a preparation for the battle of life and that they trained moral qualities, mainly respect for others, patient endurance, unflagging courage, self-reliance, self-control, vigor, and decision of character.” (Freeman, 127)

Muscular Christianity made exercise, fitness and sport compatible with the Christian life. Combined the elements seen in sports with desired characteristics of Christianity that produced manliness, courage, patriotism, moral character, and team spirit

Muscular Christianity in text books

The term was first used by a reviewer of Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857). It became applied to a doctrine about the positive moral influences of physical exercise and sport. (Cashmore 2005, 78)

According to muscular Christianity, there was something innately good and godly about brute strength and power. Physical weakness was considered to be unnatural because it was a reflection of moral and spiritual weakness…an effort to overcome physical weakness could be seen as an effort to be Christian, moral and good. Sport activities came to be seen as an effort to be a good Christian. Also viewed the body as a temple which meant taking care of it and develop physical prowess. (Mechikoff &Estes 2006, 248)

Proponents of muscular Christianity claimed sport as essential for building character, leadership, competitiveness, courage, teamwork, and discipline…sport was a positive training for manhood. (Gems, Borish, & Pfister 2008, 71)

Key figures

Thomas Arnold Head Master at Rugby (British Public School) Create in young boys a moral thinking, create

Christian Gentlemen Make every boy 1.) a Christian, 2.) a

gentleman, 3.) an educated person (in that order)

Did no overemphasize athletics but those who so valued athleticism used Arnolds religious and educational philosophy to promote such ideals

Thomas Hughes

Thomas Hughes Author and admirer of Dr. Arnold’s – Made Rugby School

famous through his work Tom Brown’s Schooldays – citing it as the birthplace of manly Christianity and heroic athletics

Considered games far more essential to moral development than did Arnold - sold the English-speaking world of the restorative powers of vigorous athletic competition

Social stress and social change required young British upper-class boys to be “energetic and enthusiastic and executive; he must do things, he must do hard things, he must do heroic things.” (Gulick)

All under the notion of “fair-play” institutionalized in British athleticism

Muscular Christianity became synonymous with physical morality

Charles Kingsley

Clergyman and author Wrote on the social

issues of the time and preached a Christian moral earnestness within the frame of an athletic body

In published fairy tales for his children, we find the apotheosis of the strong, loving, reverent man—the

doer of noble deeds. -Kingsley

may have been thefirst to widely popularize the position that the greatness and scope of the British Empire came from its sporting youth – still reflected in Olympic competition today

Muscular Christian Values

1861, “Hold it to be a good thing to have strong and well-exercise bodies… that a man’s body is given to him to be trained and brought into subjection, and then used for the protection of the weak, the advancement of all righteous causes, and the

subduing of the earth which God has given to the children of men.” Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford (London: Macmillan, 1861), 83.

2004 Newsweek article, presidential hopeful John Kerry was described as demonstrating a “gentleman’s code of muscular Christianity” reflecting traits such ideals as “virtue of humility, the sin of pride, and the value of quiet service to others.” Evan Thomas, “Fits and Starts” Newsweek (11/15/2004). <http://www.newsweek.com/id/56239>

To review the central themes

Manliness, courage, patriotism, moral character, and team spirit

Brute strength and power – sin is associated with weakness

Strong well-exercised bodies

Body is given to be trained and brought into subjection

Used for the protection of the weak and advancement of righteous causes

Humility, sinfulness of pride, and quite service to others

Armstrong is neither a Christian nor is he (to my knowledge) aware of that he is

reflecting muscular Christian notions. His image is however caught up in the

American sport context that is premised on these ideals.

My Research

Focused on exploring how American cyclist Lance Armstrong’s popular image involves several muscular Christian values from these classic authors

All of this is of course embedded in contemporary American sport ideologies, perpetuated through the media portrayal of athletes and sport.

LANCE ARMSTRONGThe man; the media image; the philanthropist…the

muscular Christian

Public Art

Shepard Fairey

Austin, TX Airport

Sports Illustraed Covers

Lance in other popular culture: On children’s program Arthur

10/2009

2000

2002

2005

2006

John MacAloon “Introduction: Muscular Christianity after 150 Years,” The International Journal of the

History of Sport 23 (2006)

He suggests the “ethos” of muscular Christianity’s “reflections and representations are all around us and so normalized (usually but not always under secular rubrics) that it fails to stand out as anything unusual.” (692).

“Many new developments – from… – ethic themes such as youth moral development, urban renewal and class peace through sport with the more historically American theme of immigrant integration and multiculturalism – all suggest a renewed significance and even a certain hidden dependency on muscular Christian ideology.” (690).

“In the United States, where, it can be argued, the ethos had even greater impact in building institutions of civil society than in Britain, the term muscular Christianity is not today widely familiar, even in scholarly circles. Those who know it as such tend to inhabit the marginalized fields of education, religion, and sport studies.” (690).

Armstrong Evidence Used

Books: One autobiography, and one biography

News media – news outlets, magazines, online material

Television Commercials YouTube Montage Videos At the LiveStrong campaign of the Lance

Armstrong Foundation (LAF) Participation in charity events Yellow Bracelets

Armstrong Texts

2000 It’s Not About the Bike Establishes his image as an example Provides advice on living, dying and

thinking about each “So if there is a purpose to the suffering that is cancer, I think it must be this: it’s meant to improve us.” He then gives a prescription, for how someone should deal with cancer, “I think we are supposed to try to face it straightforwardly, armed with nothing but courage. The definition of courage is: the quality of spirit that enables one to encounter danger with firmness and without fear” (273).

2009 Lance: The Making of the World’s Greatest Champion Interviews those who influenced Armstrong and those inspired

by Armstrong Argues Armstrong is a champion beyond because he excelled in an event so

daunting, “so physically, mentally, and emotionally demanding it has even been called sadistic.” He references the perfection of Armstrong, that a “pure athlete can win the Tour, but to keep winning, year after year, demands a different kind of sporting perfection” (xi)

Commercial representation of Lance

Nike Commercial for Lance as cancer victim: Courage, manliness, determination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWBTNPTAJTc&feature=related

“My Body”: Strong well-exercised body http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIl5RxhLZ5U

“Miracle Breath”: Savior? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXAleHsmgEg&feature=related

A Reason for living: Body given to be trained and brought into subjection http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cER-hTmLNf0&feature=related

New media campaign by LivestrongThe Advancement of Righteous Causes

In these videos we see the advancement of righteous causes as well as humble service to others

Nike Driven “It’s about…” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph6Gd2Cg4gc&feature=related Wassner sisters:

http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=59806372

Lance Mackey: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4itoaTozjg&feature=SeriesPlayList&p=60A95A6DB9FF442E

YouTube Honorary Montages

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vR4CQq4HMg snow patrol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPS-ygfFWCM&feature=related requiem for dream

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kif_S8wwRRs cold play

These video montages reflect new ways that digital sport fans are interacting with Armstrong’s image and creating virtual communities

The Philanthropist

Armstrong’s philanthropy is a clear example of his service and advancement of righteous causes.

Cancer has defined his image: “I would rather have the title of cancer survivor than winner of the Tour…” (It’s Not about the Bike (2000) 259.)

Developed Lance Armstrong Foundation (LAF) while battling cancer

Spreading cancer awareness globally is Lance Armstrong’s goal through the LAF, and ONE of the reasons he un-retired.

Has developed successful “for cause” Livestrong events

A sign of faith 2004 – Yellow bracelets Today over 80 million sold (4/2011)

The Sign of Faith

LiveStrong & “For cause” events

Many have taken Armstrong’s image and included it into their own lives, they have followed his example.

One Facebook respondent “LiveStrong is to live thru cancer, and if possible, beyond. To grablife by the balls and live it to the full. To appreciate all that is good in life and not dwell on the bad stuff, as, as a survivor, i know i shoudn’t be here. Thats what LiveStrong means to me (sic).”

LiveStrong Challenge http://www.livestrong.org/site/c.khLXK1PxHmF/b.56

12027/k.7211/TEAM_LIVESTRONG__Home.htm

Conclusion The power and popularity of sport in contemporary American

culture suggests that sport, and the characters involved, can come to assume religious and spiritual meaning.

Sports have become a social activity where millions of Americans look to find spirituality today because of the embedded religious values (muscular Christian) and involves many of the socializing elements of human communities.

Sydnor, suggests that we can “envision sport as a cultural site that may have transformative sacramental qualities in which the effort and discipline of sport can be experienced as purification, sacrifice and immolotion.”

Bruce Forbes – “Notice that popular culture and traditional religion function in similar ways, providing meaning and helping people cope with life’s problems.’

Because of the muscular Christian ideology at work in contemporary American sport (premised on Judeo-Christian values) characters such as Armstrong can operate as religious and spiritual figures in that they give meaning and purpose in peoples lives.

While Lance Armstrong is the sport hero-icon I focused on in my reseaach, I argue that these themes could be applied to many in the American sport’s world

His case offers a clear example of the muscular Christian themes the American sport narrative is premised upon.

Kyle Kusz suggests Armstrong’s unique portrayal has taken the form of an “ideal embodiment of the human spirit.” His victory over death His continued athletic success His philanthropic endeavors

Sydnor “our studies and conclusions…we might boldly answer that the developed world’s obsession/fascination with…sport-related productions and representations is the result of individual and societal emptiness that is only fulfilled by God.”

Thank you for your time and attention!

Questions please?

Andrew R. Meyer, PhD.

Cultural Shifts in Religion: Postmodern Evidence

Jon Meacham. “The End of Christian America,” {http://www.newsweek.com/id/192583}; “The percentage of self-identified Christians has fallen 10 points in the past two decades.”

The Associated Press. “More Americans say they have no religion: Study finds percentage of Christians in the nation has declined,” http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/29603915#29603915

If there is a cultural decline in traditional religious adherence…

Radical Orthodoxy

Due to a shift in cultural mentality, radical orthodoxy claims that in post-modernity, individuals seek God, or the divine in and through common daily cultural activities. They seek to recover “what might be termed ‘theological textuality’” (a recognition and description of a “divine reality” in theologically empty cultural texts. Graham Ward writes on the presence of God in the architecture of modern cities and other cultural products like film and literature in his book Cities of God (Radical Orthodoxy), 2000.

“These thinkers point to the world not as a secularised object of knowledge, but rather as a God-given mystery. They search for the God that the academy attempts to erase, and their scholarship is aimed as journeying toward a higher wisdom of God; God may be found at their epistemological and ontological centres.” Sydnor (2002), 26.

What to think about this decline with regard to radical orthodoxy

The power and popularity of sport in contemporary American culture suggests that sport, and the characters involved, can come to assume religious and spiritual meaning.

Sports have become a social activity where millions of Americans look to find spirituality today because of the embedded religious values (muscular Christian) and involves many of the socializing elements of human communities.

Sydnor, “radical orthodoxy leads one to envision sport as a cultural site that may have transformative sacramental qualities in which the effort and discipline of sport can be experienced as purification, sacrifice and immolotion.”

Bruce Forbes – “Notice that popular culture and traditional religion function in similar ways, providing meaning and helping people cope with life’s problems.’