Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China,...
-
Upload
andrew-zhubo -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China,...
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
1/96
!"#$%&'()"##$*+"',$'-*
.(/$0"1#213(4255(67$(%0+21-("8(-7$(4$*-$#'(0$,%2(%'()7%'29(:;:;.1)%32$'24'!$0,'
?!,-."'/0*#-%,@'&-0)'A2"2*$,B
5)%'12;8$-=)0'24'0)-,'&2$CD'+%32"=,'02'0)%'.*0)2$B
E102+%$'FGHG
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
2/96
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
3/96
!"#$%!&$
!"#$%&'()*$+,$-#.*#/0$1+2/0(3%.*.$"(.$4##0$%5#0*%,%#5$%0$6(/%+2.$)/2)%(3$120)*2/#.$+,$
7"%0(8. $ *9#0*%#*":)#0*2/; $ "%.*+/;< $ !"%. $ *"#.%. $ #6(32(*#. $ *"# $ %&'()* $ +, $ -#.*#/0$
)+//#.'+05#0*.$%0$7"%0($4#*9##0$=+6#&4#/$>?@A$(05$B'/%3$>?@?C$(*$*"#$"#%D"*$+,$*"#$
E#&+)/();$-(33$F+6#*
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
4/96
!"#$%&'()*(+($,-
!"#$%&'(&)**+&$",-.#.&%/),0$&12$%&3'&%'&%/.&$24.#5"$'#$&'(&%/"$&4#'6.-%+&7),3&8"&),9&:)#;&
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
5/96
!"#$%&'(&)'*+%*+,
!"#$%&'$ ((
!')*+,-./0.1.*$# (((
2*$%+/3'$(+* 4
56&7$.%89*.:8;6.8H
!77.*/(I82:8;6.84JG>8;(&*&*1.*82*'(/.*$ >K
!77.*/(I822:8;6.8C(#.8+=8?.*0 GL
!77.*/(I8222:8C.7+%$(*0856(*&8(*8$6.84JGL# GM
!77.*/(I82N:82*$.%B(.,8,($68O38
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
6/96
!"#$%&'(#)%"
!"#$%&'(#)%"
!!"#$%&'"()%'"*$++,-.$%#,%*,/"!"()%'"%,(-0"
#$%&'()*)&+$&,-./+$-0$123+&,$4-.565/578($1$+,23%"4$++,-.$%#,%'"9:;
?6&$-032@&05&$/3$3/+&-A0$5/++&()/0,&0.($(@+3*5&,$()&5.*5@2*+2B$.6+/@A6$*$0@CD&+$/3$
.'&0.-&.6E5&0.@+B$&F&0.($-0$G6-0*H$?6&$:;=R$472%)"9,.$+'2%3="B%"$+);"72-'$+E"$F"B6,+2*)%"G$)%%,''"4,%',+"D$H$S&&$*2(/$4*B3/+,R$GH$9V==b>R$LS0/'R$N6-.&$[$S&F&0$G6-0*$J&F/[email protected]/0$
G2*((-5(8R$B-2)A,#2)R$6..)acc'''H*(-*C&,-*H@52*H&,@c*+.-52&H*()d)*+&0.-,eI__Vf$W7(&0D&+AR$MH$9:;;R$L?6&$1C&+-5*0$5/++&()/0,&0.$-0$G6-0*8R$-0$GEGH$X&&$9&,H>R$472%)&-"A,#2)/"A,#2)&-"472%)R$
)HV=bH$NH4H$g/0*2,R$*0/.6&+$1@(.+*2-*0$h/@+0*2-(.R$*C/0A$C*0B$/.6&+$&i)2/-.(R$D&5*C&$/0&$/3$G6-*0A$
T*-E(6&78($./)$*,F-(&+(R$*0,$'*($-C)/+.*0.$-0$(&5@+-0A$G6-*0A8($+&2&*(&$*3.&+$6&$'*($7-,0*))&,$-0$
'6*.$-($70/'0$*($.6&$j-8*0$k05-,&0.$-0$g&5&CD&+$:;]bH$g/0*2,$6*,$)+&F-/@(2B$D&&0$*0$*,F-(&+$./$
U6*0A$j@&2-*0AR$.6&$'*+2/+,$'6/$6*,$7-,0*))&,$.6&$P&0&+*2-((-C/$-0$*0$*..&C).$./$3/+5&$6-C$./$
5/05&0.+*.&$/0$3-A6.-0A$.6&$-0F*,-0A$K*)*0&(&R$+*.6&+$.6*0$.6&$G6-0&(&$G/CC@0-(.(H$S&&$\+&056R$OH$9V==;>R$57+$
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
7/96
!"#$%&'(#)%"
!"#$%&"'()$(*"+,('-.."+"%)(/$+#'0()$()$'1,203(4$++-0$%()$(1%("+1($.(56$/"+02(1%'()7"-+(
"89-+"03(:%$/( )$($%"($.(/-'"09+"1'(-'"1#-08(1!$;)( !;''-%&( +"*$#;)-$%0$++"09$%'"%)0( -%.#;"%>-%& ( )7" ( 0$>-")-"0 ( )7", ( +"9$+) ( $% (/$;#' ( 0-)(
;%"10-#,(/-)7(81%,(>$++"09$%'"%)0()7"80"#*"0-91)"$++"09$%'"%)0(0-89#,('$-%&()7"-+(?$!B
C7-#"(."/(-%'-*-';1#(?$;+%1#-0)0(71*"(-%.#;"%>"'(/$+#'(1..1-+03(-.(/"(+"&1+'(.$+"-&%(
>$++"09$%'"%)0(>$##">)-*"#,3("D189#"0($.()7"-+(-%.#;"%>"(1+"(9#"%)-.;#1%(
0;99$+)( .$+(N1)-$%1#-0)( +;#"($%( )7"(I7-%"0"(81-%#1%'1##,3(-)(/10(+"9$+)0(.+$8(
F8"+->1%(>$++"09$%'"%)0()7+$;&7()7"(KL@P0()71)(71'(Q#1-'()7"(&+$;%'/$+RS3(1>>$+'-%&(
)$(7-0)$+-1%(:)"97"%(41>M-%%$%3(.$+()7"(>#$0"(+"#1)-$%07-9(!")/""%()7"(T:(1%'(I7-%120(
M4=(&$*"+%8"%)(-%()7"(KLGP01(A"-?-%&(>$++"09$%'"%)(F#(6"00-%(+"09$%'"'()$(I7-%"0"(&$*"+%8"%)(1>>;01)-$%0(7"(
71'(-%>-)"'();+8$-#(-%(I7-%1(!,(01,-%&3(Q=71)20(%$)(/71)(H('$+-)->0($.()7"(1##"&"'#,(9"+%->-$;0(9+$a>$88;%-0)(#"1%-%&0($.(F8"+->1%(
>$++"09$%'"%)0(/10(d$##-%&)$%(M;#1+(*-0-)()$(J1%21%(-0(.1+(.+$8(>#"1+a>;)3(41>M-%%$%(f(V+-"0"%(XKLLP3(91%(9;!#->(/-)73(Q1(&+"1)(
071+"($.()7"(-%.$+81)-$%(;9$%(/7->7()7",(!10"'()7"-+($9-%-$%0S
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
8/96
!"#$%&'(#)%"
!"#$#% &'%()*"% #+&,#-*#% ')..#'/&-.% /"# %(#$#% 0$#'#-*#% 12% 21$#&.-% *1$$#'01-,#-/'% &-%
3#&4&-. % &- % 5676 % &-28)#-*#, % /"# % 0$1.$#''&1- % 12 % /"# %!&9-9-(#- % :;)9$# %(1+#(#-/#'/#$-% *1$$#'01-,#-/'% "9+#% 98'1% ?##-% 9**)'#, % 12% /9@&-.% 9 % $1(9-/&*% +A% 12% /"#%
(1+#(#-/%9-,%&/'%*"9-*#'%21$%')**#''B%A&/"%'1(#%9$.)&-.%/"9/%21$#&.-%*1$$#'01-,#-/'%
'"9$#%'1(#%09$/%12%/"#%?89(#%21$%/"#%(9''9*$#%12%C)-#%D%9-,%E#'/#$-%*1$$#'01-,#-/'%1-%H"&-9%
,)$&-.%9%'0#*&2&*B%#J*#0/&1-98%/&(##'/#$-%A1$8,&/"1)/%;)#'/&1-B%3#&4&-.G'%'/),#-/'%A#$#%
$#9*"&-.%.#'/#$-%/#8#+&'&1-%*9(#$9'%A#$#%$#+#98#,%/1%?#%8&//8#%(1$#%/"9-%090#$%'",'
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
9/96
!"#$%&'(#)%"
!" #$%!"#!$ % &"#'"(! % )$ % *+#,#&'$ ()*( $ )*+ $ ,-.(/.012$ (-$ (-2*3456$ 70,) $ +)-8(189:/;12'$
)-+1:;1+$/.$"0C:/,$-.$*$C18$-=$2/==181.($1 $ *2281++12 $ "-:/(/,*: $ (-"/,+4 $ K( $ =/8+( $ ()/+ $ >*/.:3 $ /.;-:;12$
1J"81++/.?$+0""-8($=-8$L/,19M81>/18$E1.?$N/*-"/.?$*.2$()1$"8-"-.1.(+$-=$81=-8>$/.$()1$
M*8(3'$C0($.0>18-0+$-+($*,(/;1$"*8(/,/"*.(+$1;1.$=-8>12$()1/8$-*8/:3$()1$!@K'$!f'$g8*.,1$*.2$K0+(8*:/*'$=-8$()811$>*/.$81*+-.+V$
h K,,1++/C/:/(3$/.$(18>+$-=$:*.?0*?1i
h O)1$+/>/:*8/(3$-=$/21*+$*C-0($()1$"81++$*.2$B-08.*:/+>$/.$+0,)$,-0.(8/1+i$*.2'
h F1+(18.$2->/.*.,1$-=$()1$?:-C*:$.114
F/()$81?*82$(-$()1$E1>-,8*,3$F*::$7-;1>1.('$()/+$()1+/+$/+$>-+(:3'$()-0?)$.-($1.(/81:3'$,-.,18.12$0,)$:1++$/+$U.--;1>1.($1:+1
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
10/96
!"#$%&'(#)%"
!"#$%&'()"'&&! "##$%&&%&! '($%)*+!,($$%&-(+#%+.&/!$%-($.)+*! ('! .0%!1%2(,$",3!4"55!
6(7%2%+. ! "+# ! 0(8 ! .0%3 ! 9%,"2% ! -"$.),)-"+.& ! )+ ! .0% ! %7%+.&: ! ;. ! &0(8& ! .0". ! .0%3!
,(+,%+.$".%#!(+!.0%!2(7%2%+./&!2(&.!$"#),"5!%5%2%+.&%&!.0".!A0)+"/&!"&,%+#"+.!5%"#%$!1%+*!D)"(-)+*!>&%#!4%&.%$+!
,($$%&-(+#%+.&!)+!.0%!&%$7),%!('!0)&!(9E%,.)7%&!".!0(2%!"+#!"9$("#:
F0)&!)&!"!&.($3!"9(>.!2%#)"!%''%,.!)+!0(8!4%&.%$+!'($%)*+!,($$%&-(+#%+.&!
2"3!,(55%,.)7%53!)+'5>%+,%!%7%+.&!)+!A0)+"!".!"!.)2%!('!-(5).),"5!.$"+&).)(+
)+'5>%+,%!,"+!9%!,(G(-.%#%+,%&:!;.!)&!0(-%#!.0".!.0)&!
8)55!&%$7%!.(!)+,$%"&%!>+#%$&."+#)+*!('!.0%!.0$%%G8"3!$%5".)(+&0)-!9%.8%%+!.0%!4%&.%$+!
2%#)"
?@ F0%!2%.0(#(5(*3!('!A0"-.%$!F0$%%!)&!#%.")5%#!)+!H--%+#)C!I:!40)5%!.0)&!.0%&)&!8"&!9%)+*!-$%-"$%#
&%7%$"5!)+.%$7)%8&!8%$%!,(+#>,.%#!8).0!'($%)*+!E(>$+"5)&.&!"+#!A0)+%&%!",.)7)&.&!-$%&%+.!)+!J%)E)+*!".!
.0%!.)2%:!K)+,%!.0%!)#%"&!8%$%!#%7%5(-%#!2")+53!.0$(>*0!&.>#3)+*!%C)&.)+*!5).%$".>$%$-(&%!('!
.0%&%!)+.%$7)%8&!8"&!-$)+,)-"553!.(!,(+')$2!'",.&!"+#!.(!.%&.!,(+,5>&)(+&!"+#!.0%($)%&!.0".!0"#!9%%+!#$"8+!'$(2!.0)&!5).%$".>$%:!F0%&%!)+.%$7)%8&!0"7%!.0%$%'($%!*%+%$"553!+(.!9%%+!$%5)%#!(+!"&!&(>$,%&:!
-
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
11/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(
34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%&' ( )"##$*+"',$'-*.( /#$( "0( )"1#*$2 ( 0%#*-( /', ( 0"#$3"*-2( 4"1#'/5%*-*6 (7( 4"1#'/5%*3(
-$8-9"": ( ,$0%'$* ( / ( 4"1#'/5%*- ( /* ( ;*"3$"'$ ( $('"-(-=$3*$5>$*(
,%**$3%'/-$,('$$#(*"3$(*+$)%0%)($>$'-("#(*-"#AK(/',(>/#%"1*(
:%',*("0(*-#%'&$#*2($#*%'&(-=$(05"$#*/-%"'695"&*6)"3b`Xa_6+,0
!
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
12/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"##$%&"'($')%*+'(*+*,$-*.&+#+!/0)1%)%23*+%*)/$#$*-$#$*4$#5*,$-*6"0#'+71%)%*",*+'5*")/$#*
)5&$*1'*8$161'9*1'*:;:;(1%!0%%$(*1',70$'!$*!+'*B$*!">"&)$(*B5*")/$#*+!)"#%?
!"#$%&"'&$()*#(+,-(.,#.+#./)#$01(&'#&".)%)2.
I$%&1)$* )/$*1A&"#)+'!$* ",* A$(1+*"#9+'1%+)1"'%3*'")* 7$+%)* +%* )/$*&+5$#%*", *6"0#'+71%)%2*
%+7+#1$%3*6"0#'+71%)%*/+4$*B$$'*D$$'*)"*%)#$%%*)/+)*)/$1#*,1#%)*7"5+7)5*1%*)"*)/$1#*+0(1$'!$3*
'")*)/$1#*$A&7"5$#%?*8$)-$$'*:;;
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
13/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%"#&'()$*"##&+,")-&).+/$0"120.1$."$*'.'3&)+$'+$4"#&$*"4,0'*2.&-56$7"8$&92*.01$-"&+$
)&8+$%#"4$%2#2821$,02*&+$+:&$.;&$,&+.)$*"2#$#&,"#.')($
&):'#")4&).$')$42)1$821+$-&+*#'=&+$.;&$+'.
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
14/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%&'$&(")&*)+(&$),(#-*&.#//&$"-.%&"'$&/)$$&(-&0-&.#("&12#*,#1/)$&("'*&)$('3/#$")0&
12',(#,)456
!"#$%&'()'*+#"*,-#.&/0*-
7*&12#*,#1/)%&'$&8)*(#-*)0&'3-9)%&(")&:-3&-;&;-2)#& 1)-1/) & G & -;()* & -20#*'2>& 1)-1/) & 3)#*&-2&)*,-=*()2#*&,#2,=8$('*,)$4D 73.*/(58
D 93":/)'(8
D 90%%*"'5+&3)#*
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
15/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$# % '$% ()*+#$% ,)-% ./0(# % 10,.)234*# % '32"% 2"# % 50+/&)*3$26$ % "37"#$2 % ./3&13.*# % 08%
*0-)*2-%20%2"#%.+4*31%3&2#/#$29%4+2%2"3$%3$%1#/2)3&*-%&02%)*')-$%2"#%1)$#:%!"#%;/323$"%
?0-)*%@0,,3$$30&%0&%2"#%A/#$$9%80/%#B),.*#9%80+&C%2")2%'$%()*+#$%")C%D)%C3$20/23&7%
#88#12E%0&%'$%/#.0/23&7%2"#/#:;F%G#'$%8/0,%C3$2)&2%.*)1#$9%0&%2"#%02"#/%")&C9%7#/)**-%
")$%*#$$%C3/#12%4#)/3&7%0&%2"#%.+4*31%3&2#/#$2%3&%H#$2#/&%10&2#B2$:%!"#/#80/#%'$%()*+#$%
,)-%.*)-%)&%#(#&%,0/#%./0,3&2%/0*#%3&%C#13C3&7%'")2%10&$232+2#$%80/#37&%'$:%
@").2#/%!"/##%'3**%$"0'%2")2%'$%()*+#$%20%)%7/#)2%#B2#&2%3&80/,#C%2"#%/#.0/23&7%08%2"#%
I#,01/)1-%H)**%J0(#,#&2%3&%@"3&)%3&%;-%
3&2#/&)*3$3&7%'$%()*+#$9%)%50+/&)*3$2%C#(#*0.$%'")2%3$%M&0'&%3&%2"#%3&C+$2/-%)$%D'$%$#&$#E:;=% O)&/R% '/32#$% 2")2%C#$.32#% 2"#3/ %/#*)23(# %)+20&0,-9%80/#37&% 10//#$.0&C#&2$%
)&C%2"#3/%#C320/$%7#/)**-%)7/##%0&%'")2%3$%)%700C%$20/-%4#1)+$#%2"#-%)/#%+$+)**-%
$013)*3$#C%'32"3&%2"#%H#$2#/&%'$%0/7)&3$)230&$%2")2%./0(3C#%2"#,%'32"%#,.*0-,#&2: ;K%
;F SA/3()1-%)&C%$#&$)230&)*3$,T%U%>/323$"%(3#'6%V;
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
16/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%&'()*%)#+,)-%.//)-%0'%1'$0%'2%0",%3'44,$/'5*,50$%#5%6,#7#58%#5%9:;%.5%,4.%
&",5%7'(45.)#$0$%&,4,%($(.))-%04.#5,*%'5%0",%7'?@%!",%,A#$0,53,%'2%3'11'5%5,&$%B.)(,$>%
.5*%.%5,&$%3()0(4,%#5%8,5,4.)>%1,.5$%0",%)#+,)-%/4'2,$$#'5.)%4,$/'5$,$%'2%?'0"%0",%
C,$0,45%1,*#.%.5*%#5*#B#*(.)%4,/'40,4$%3.5%$'1,0#1,$%?,%/4,*#30,*%?-%'0",4%.30'4$@%D$%
E#))1.5%5'0,$>%0"#$%#$%.%/.40#3().4%$+#))%'2%/(?)#3%4,).0#'5$%/4'2,$$#'5.)$>%&"'%F.//)-%
5,&$%B.)(,$%0'%#52'41.0#'5%"%.%/(4/'$,2()%.#1G @9:%!",%5,A0%0&'%$,30#'5$%))%*#$3($$%
0",%C,$0,45%1,*#.H$%#52)(,53,>%.5*%"'&%#0%3.5%?,%3'='/0,*%?-%'0",4$@
!"#$%&"''"()*
!".0%0",%.30#B#0#,$%'2%0",%1,*#.%#5%C,$0,45%$'3#,0#,$%3.5%.5*%*'%#52)(,53,%0",%,B,50$%0",-%
4,/'40%'5%#$%*,)-%.33,/0,*@%D0%0",%1'$0%'?B#'($%),B,)%0",%C.0,48.0,%$3.5*.)>%&"#3"%),*%
0'%0",%4,$#85.0#'5%'2%I4,$#*,50%J#3".4*%K#A'5>%$0.5*$%.$%.%3),.4%,A.1/),%'2%"'&%0",%
5,&$%1,*#.>%.5*%#5*,,*%#5*#B#*(.)%4,/'40,4$>%3.5%".B,%.%*,3#$#B,%#52)(,53,%'5%*'1,$0#3%
.22.#4$@% L#+,$,>%2'4,#85%5,&$% 4,/'40$% 3.5%*#4,30)-% #1/.30% '5% #50,45.0#'5.)%4,).0#'5$>%
$(3"%.$% .% 9:% '4% R$,00#58% 0",% .8,5*.H%2'4%/(?)#3% *#$3($$#'5% '5% 3(44,50%
.22.#4$>%.5*%0"($%$"./#58%/(?)#3%/,43,/0#'5$%'2%&".0%#$%.5*%#$%5'0%.5%#$$(,@P9%!",%ST%
U(03"#5$%V'11#$$#'5%'5%W4,,*'1%'2%0",%I4,$$%#1/)#3#0)-%.3+5'&),*8,*%0"#$%/'#50%#5%
9:X;%&",5%#0%2'(5*>%F!",%'&5,4$%.5*%1.5.8,4$%'2%0",%/4,$$%*,0,41#5,%&"#3"%/,4$'5$>%
&"#3"%2.30$>%&"#3"%B,4$#'5$%'2%0",$,%2.30$>%$".))%4,.3"%0",%/(?)#3@GPP%O5%'0",4%&'4*$>%0",%
9: E#))1.5%YPQQ%//@PX:=PZQ[@
PQ U,5*,4$'5>%I@%Y9:%RW'4,#85%.22.#4$%.5*%0",%4'),%'2%0",%1,*#.H>%/012)-.*-$&3(0)$-.*14&5%6*%7>%K'@:>%/@ZQ@%N,5+#5$H%.40#3),%3'1/.4,*%O5*'5,$#.5%I4,$#*,50%T',".40'%0'%0",%2.1'($)-%3'44(/0>%4,3,50)-%
*,/'$,*%I"#)#//#5,$%*#30.0'4%W,4*#5.5*%\.43'$@
P9 W'4%,A.1/),>%\3V'1?$>%\@%]%T".&>%M@%Y9:;P[>%R!",%.8,5*.%$,00#58%2(530#'5%'2%0",%/4,$$H>%809.*:&;%3#0,*%#5%C.58>%\=L@%Y9::9[>%RC"'%#$%*'1#5.0#58%&"'$,%#*,')'8-`H>%/1*-$&3(0)$-.&(>&?(440$*:-2*($>%PY9[>%//@Z9=_:@%
PP a('0,*%#5%T#,?,40>%W@%I.00#$'5>%!@%]%T3"4.11>%C@%Y9:;^[>%RO504'*(30#'5H>%#5%@(0)&AB%()*%1&(>&2B%&8)%11>%/@Z@
++
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
17/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%&"'()%!*+%*!,-%'".('"%#/)+%($%!"#$!"#$0%+/"-%),$*%$/)1"%123,(.%1"4."1+(*!$%*5%
+/*$" %($$2"$% +/)+% '* %3".*&" %!"#$6% 7/($% &(8/+ % $""&% *39(*2$0% 32+ %(+ % ($% *5% 1)4+(.2,)4%
(&1*4+)!."%(!%+/"%.)$"%*5%!"#$%54*&%5)4)#)-%1,)."$%3".)2$"0%)$%:)!!"4;%1*(!+$%*2+0%
#/"!%+/"%)2'("!."%/)$%,(++,"%*4%!*%5(4$+324'"!?%*5%
5*4"(8!%!"#$%(!%$/)1(!8%+/"(4%1"4."1+(*!$%(!.4")$"$6@A
B*&"%.*&&"!+)+*4$%4"52+"%+/"%('")%*5%+/"%C"$+"4!%&"'()%)$%)!%(!'"1"!'"!+%5*4."0%
$""(!8%(+%(!$+")'%)$%)%5*4."%5*4%+/"%$+)+2$%D2*%*4%+/"%42,(!8%",(+"%(!%C"$+"4!%$*.("+("$6 @E%
F!"%.*&&*!,-
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
18/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%&'()*+'(,-..(/"*,("*,(%"&(0*'&-12(3&4-#(4+'-21(567895676(:*20&''&4(:'&4-;-.-%&-(a-21/"&21E(*2&(*0(*2.
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
19/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%#&!#'($)#*+,-&$+(./0#(1#234$ 56+1#$6.$7)#'+1,$16''#&86(*#(!$9#!!:$;$.60(*$
)#'#/:$+*#(!+.:+(+!"60!$&!,!+(>>2/'I21620?]GDP](43]1",6"0,J>,(),($>'6!#$+($4PTW$!",!$!"'60
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
20/96
!"#$%&'()*&+(,"&(-&.%&'*(/&01#2.(34'&15*(!4''&.$4*0&*%.
!"#$%&'("#
!"#$%&"'()*+%,*-'.%,/%*0'1#.#.-%)"*%,'$#&%.')2+*%34%5*$)*+.%43+*#-.%&3++*$(3.6*.)$7%
83+9 % '$ % :32+.';#$)$ % *1(;3/*6 % ,/ % 5*$)*+. % 1*6#' % 3+-'.#$')#3.$< % !"*#+ % #.62$)+/7$%
42.6'1*.)';%(+#.(;*%34%;3/';)/%)3%)"*%(2,;#&%8'$%)"*.%#.)+362&*6=%'.6%#)%8'$%(+3(3$*6%
)"')%)"#$%832;6%+*>2#+*%5*$)*+.%&3++*$(3.6*.)$%#.%?"#.'%#.%@ABCD@ABA%)3%4#)%*E*.)$%)"*+*%
#.)3%'%5*$)*+.%4+'1*%34%+*4*+*.&*
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
21/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(
3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&'(#)*#+,-,#'"#./'0'"1*#2#34&56678(99:'"1#;2"#%53'9"#96#?2((*#?/&3#96#2((#3'B/3@#C'42(#9&12"'32>'9"3#>#
7#3'=/?2(:3#2(9"1#>7#(/2=/&3*#&/69&;3#2"=#49&&5%>'9"#>9#%/&39"2(#1&'%/3@#.5>#
N/"H3#/3327#>9=27#%&9>/3>/=#&/4/">(782""95"4/=#45&K3#9"#%93>/&8?&'>/&3#2"=#>#96#
2"#24>'A'3>#3'L#=273#/2&('/&@#R/#?23#%5>>'"1#5%#9(=#K7#%9('4/#>#>/&"2(#2662'&T*#
;/2"'"1#39;/>'"1#2"=#>*#K5>#'>#495(=#2(39#('"/3#>*#2"7#?#=/34&'K/3#
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
22/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&%!"'$()* +,-* &.''-&$%.'( * /-$0--'* $,-* 1.2-1-'$3( * -1-#4-'&-* "'5* 6%&-78#-1%-#*
9-'4*:%".!%'4*"'5*,%(*";;%-(*%'*$,-**1.2-1-'$3*%'-2%$"/;>*
1%(&,"#"&$-#%(-(*$,-*1.2-1-'$3(*'"$=#-)
!"#$%&'()*+
C-'*D"'5%'43(* "##-($*&"1- *$,-* 5">*/-E.#-* $,-*$,%#5*"''%2-#("#>*.E*$,-*F!#%;* GA*HIJK*
+%"'"'1-' * L'&%5-'$A * $,- * !.%'$ * E#.1 * 0,%&, * 1.($ * "&&.='$( * .E * $,- * -1-#4-'&- * .E*9-1."&>*D";;*/-4%')H*+,"$*5">A*"'4#>*.05(*.E*M-%N%'4-#(*,"5*&;"(,-5*0%$,*!.;%&-*
%'*+%"'"'1-'*OP="#-*.2-#*$,-*#-1.2";*.E*0#-"$,(*"'5*!.($-#(*,.'.=#%'4*$,-*8#-1%-#*
Q,.=*R';"%A*0,.*,"5*5%-5*$,#--*1.'$,(*-"#;%-#)S* +,-*8#-1%-#*,"5*/--'*"*2.%&-*.E*
1.5-#"$%.' * $,#.=4, * $,- * &,".( * .E * * .E * $,-*
+%"'"'1-'*!#.$-($-#(*$..T*$,%(*.!!.#$='%$>*$.*5-'.='&-*,%(*#"5%&";*-'-1%-(A*!"#$%&=;"#;>*
Z*%'*-"#(* ;"$-#A*.' *[.2-1/-#* HKA*HIJ\A* $,-*("1-* .EE%&%";* 1-5%"*
"''.='&-5*%$*0"(*.EE%&%";;>*Y"*&.1!;-$-;>*#-2.;=$%.'"#>*-2-'$Z)]*9"2%5*O)X)*X..51"'A*
"*(%'.;.4%($*!#-(-'$*%'*M-%N%'4*"$*$,-*$%1-A*0#%$-(*$,"$*$,%(*0"(*Y$,-*(!"#T*$.*%4'%$-*$,-*
H R)4)*^=*V%0-%*_S``abA*B^=*c"./"'4*>=*:%5"'*U%'d,=*W%"'4*e^=*c"./"'4*"'5*$,-*:%5"'*9-1."&>*
D";;3A*!"#$%&'($%&e!)$*#$*()$fA*,$$!ghh000)#-&.#5,%($.#>).#4h1-5%"0%T%h%'5-?)!,!h!"#$%&
'()i*X..51"'A*9)*_HI\HbA*+#(,($%&-*.##*&/)(0#1 A**!)]Hi*9%$$1-#A*j)*_HI\JbA*!"($231&!)$*($4)41&5#6)74*()$8&9"#&:)1*;?)0"@&ABCB;ABDAA&!)S]Hi*X.;51"'A*U)*_HIIabA*-)E($%&*"#&-##F1&)G&
!"($#1#&H#I)0.20Ji*["$,"'A*F)*_HI\GbA*!"($#1#&H#I)0.20JK*M;"&TA*X)*k*U='#.A*C)*_HII]bA*+720L&M2$F1&)G&+#(,($%8&*%'**D";;3A*9"#&H2(7J&9#7#%.2?" A*!)a)
S O--*F!!-'5%?*L)] M=$$-#E%-;5A*@)*_HIJ\A*[.2-1/-#*HJbA*B
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
23/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&'%( ) *$+"#",-./0) 12" ) 3$44$56,7 ) 8'(9 ) ' ) :;< ) 4$'8"8 ) 56-2 ) %$=6"< ) $3 )!"#$
!%&'&'(#' $ )*#(+9 ) ' ) ?@A) 8"#$,
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
24/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&'(#)*+%,(-."&/(0%&1)$(23456'(%7%+(899%*%,(:8"6#(1)#$8/%+(;%%+(
@($=%(A8+*B()+(8+(C899D"
O)$=("&,)+8&@(G=)+%#%(!%"!9%'(%#!%E)899@("+(!"9)$)E89($"!)E#'($=%()1!8E$("F(O=)E=(O)99(>%(
E"+#),%&%,()+(G=8!$%&(T"
5 A8),%(?UM5U'(!!IZUZDZU4BIM J98E/(b(:
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
25/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#"$%&' ( )*'+ ( *", ( -./,01',( 2"13 ( %&( 40%$*/0 ( 05% ( " ( *"&,61."&3',( !%!'/#."-*(
!"1*%&'7(
8()."%9(*",(2''&(29"$',7(:;/(,"+5(9")'.("(5'1/&,(!%!'/#."-*',("&0".+()*'.'(;'.'(")(9'"5)();'9?'(501*(0&/==%1%"9(-029%1")%/&5(1%.109")%(%&(
@'%
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
26/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&'$(!(&()*'+,*-.&'(-/!&!'*..&-/+"0'()&'+&1$*0-2!&3*,!'&/-!!&+,4-0*!-'*+0!&!*0#(&'$(&
1".'",-.&5(6+."'*+07&8##+,)*04&'+&9+.)/-0%&'$(&-#'*6*!'!&:(,(&;/+!'.5()&9"-,)!&
-0)&:+,?(,!@%&/-0Z]]%&
3++'0+'(&``D&L+!*'!&'$(&.-#?&+3&!'")(0'!&-0)&*0'(..(#'"-.!&-!&A(*04&)"(&'+&-.++30(!!%&'$(&(=L(#'-'*+0&+3&-&
A,*4$'&3"'",(&-0)&-&:(..>4,+"0)()&3(-,&+3&L(,!(#"'*+07&8!&)*!-33(#'()&-!&'$(&U(/+#,-#
L-,'&+3&-&4,+"L&+3&L(+L.(&:+,?*04&'+:-,)!&-&!$-,()&4+-.d&-0&+,4-0*e-'*+0%+-.*'*+0%&+,&-..*-0#(&+3&
L(+L.(&:+,?*04&'+&-)6-0#(&-&!$-,()&L+.*'*#-.%&!+#*-.%&+,&-,'*!'*#&+AP(#'*6(7&R,(K7&:*'$&/+)*3
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
27/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%"! & $% & '($) & *+, & -+%& *" & .%!"/)'+%! & +00 & '(" & "0"1"%')& !")-/$2"! & +234"& +) & +&
5134"1"%'67&8'&$)&'("/"#3/"&/"#"//"!&'3&("/"&+)&'("&9"13-/+-,&:+00&;34"1"%'1"/$-+%&
=/3#"))3/&=/")"%'&+'&'("&'$1"27",
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
28/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&'()*+,-.)%$/0'&-$1#&2.!$34567$8'9!#&$,!!,:-#*$;,'$')$+,9.9$!",!$"#$",*$
9(88'&!#*$!"#$,)%$]`aa6^F$/0#.$I.)%9"#)%$=,)%!,)$C($_g#:'&*$'=$,)$.)!#&G.#D$D.!"$0#.$I.)%9"#)%b7F$21#3(
4'*5,#&(6'*+7#*$_8,&*#(9':;('*%bF$h'A`Q3F$I,)(,&E$`BF$"!!8eiiDDDA:)*A'&%i\@0LiLja6ik-`Q3O`A%+A"!2CA$R"#$T('!#$.9$!"#$,(!"'&79$!&,)9C,!.')AB4 0#.$I.)%9"#)%$]`a[6^F$/R"#$>.=!"$;'*#&).k,!.')7F$"!!8eiiD#.K.)%9"#)%A'&%i*':i#)iR\ZlB3>H>R\
lB3;d?ZghHLURHdhA"!2CA$R"#$1,&!E79$>'(&$;'*#&).9,!.')9$D#$!'$+#$:,&&.#*$'(!$.)$!"#$,,9$'=$
,%&.:(C!(F$.)*(9!&EF$*#=#):#$,)*$9:.#):#ABY J,(2$]`aaQF$8AY`^A$V##$,C9'$.=!"$;'*#&).k,!.')$S$
?#2':&,:E7(#:"'#*$,$h'G#2+#&$,&!.:C#$.)$!"#$'==.:.,C$8c$:,CC#*$/H!$.9$)#:#99,&E$!'$+&.)%$*#2':&,:E$
.)!'$=(CC$8C,E7F$.)$D".:"$.!$D,9$,&%(#*$!",!$!"#$>'(&$;'*#&).9,!.')9$:'(C*$)'!$+#$,:".#G#*$D.!"'(!$
M,*#T(,!#$8#'8C#79$*#2':&,:E$,)*$,$"#,C!"E$C#%,C$9E9!#2PA$R"#$,&!.:C#$:,CC#*$='&$9#:!$+,CC'!$
#C#:!.')9F$#)*$!'$!#)($,)*$8c$=#*'2A$R"#(?'-!.'@;('(&$;'*#&).k,!.')9$2(9!$+#$,::'28,).#*$+E$8'C.!.:,C$*#2':&,!.k,!.')P$]'(&AB[
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
29/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%$&'()$*+,'-$#.'/+$'#)'0123$&.'!'()14*!3'#.+5'"!33+,'!"#$%&'()%*+,6-'*+.%789:
;(+3,'4),&?!!4,B& '%$+-G ' -.+* ' A+@)"4!"5' /!33' C$4 ' 23)&&)@+,' $*' K)%+@2+4'
LIM:'#.+'@)%+@+*#'-!&'$*'!'D&)"$!3$',+@)"4!#$"'0.!&+E8'>1#'#-)'@)*#.&'3!#+4G'.+'
&!5&G'D!2)3$#$)*$E'()14*!3&'D$*"4+!&$*?35'"!@+'#)'4+04+&+*#'#.+'@)%+@+*#E8NO'
P.+ ' )2&+4%!#$)*& ' )C ' )#.+4' ")@@+*#!#)4&G ' .)-+%+4G ' &1??+ ' #.!# ' #.+ ' D!2)3$#$)*$&E'
&.)13,'2+'&++*'!&'@)4+')C'!'4!,$"!3'C4$*?+'#.!*'4+04+&+*#!#$%+')C'#.+'@)%+@+*#'!&'!'
-.)3+'!#'!*5'#$@+8'Q+43+'R)3,@!*G'C)4'+S!@03+G'-4$#+&'#.!#'/+$G'-$#.'.$&'4+(+"#$)*')C'
Q!4S$&@FT+*$*$&@G',$CC+4+,' C4)@'D@)')C' #.+' )#.+4' ,+@)"4!#$"'!"#$%$&E8NL' R!4&$,+'
")*"14&G'&!5&'/+$'-!&'D!3@)'!3)*+'$*'"!33$*?'$*#)'U1+$)*'#.+'?)),'C!$#.')C'#.+'
04!?@!#$"'VW!4#5X'4+C)4@+4&E8 N9' Y*,' &100)4#$*?' A+*?B& '4$&+' #)' 0)-+4 '-!&' !"#1!335' !'
@!()4')2(+"#$%+')C'#.+'4),&?!!4,'
*!@+&'!3)*?&$,+'/+$B&'!&'D!2)3$#$)*$E8NN'P.1&G'1&$*?'>4),&?!!4,B&'"!#+?)4$+&G'#.+'?4+!#'
@!()4$#5')C'#.+'A+@)"4!"5'/!33'0!4#$"$0!*#&'!*,'!"#$%$&'-+4+'D&)"$!3$',+@)"4!#&E'
4!#.+4'#.!*'D!2)3$#$)*$&E8'P.+'#-)'+S!@03+&')C'#.+'3!##+4G'!3)*?'-$#.'[+*B&'\1@!*'
[$?.#&'Y33$!*"+'65/%*44.%,62*7.'*,-%*482*47G'#.1&'4+04+&+*#+,'#.+'@)'4!,$"!3'
+3+@+*#& ' )C ' #.+ ' A+@)"4!"5 ' /!33 ' Q)%+@+*#8N]' ^_!*?1!4,B ' -)13, ' 2+ ' ! ' =$*,+4'
9: 4),&?!!4,'6LI:LG'08Md]FMd:78'>4),&?!!4,'"3!&&+&'#.+'
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
30/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%&'(&)*+,-*!,'"%.-'#,(.-(,/)01!,.-2",'%)2"!,(.",$-#",&3,(.",4)2"4"*(,.-!,5""*,
-11)/"!,(),$)*(&*0",1)*6"%+,50(,&(,,&4')%(-*(,(),%"$)6*",(.-(,(."&%,2&"/#,/"%",*)(,
%"'%"#"*(-(&2",)3,(.",7"4)$%-$8,9-11,:)2"4"*(,-#,-,/.)1";,9",/&11,#"",&*,)0%,.-!,)%6-*"!,(.",=&-*-*4"*,H*$&!"*(,(),!$%"!&(,7"*6+,-*!,/"%",$1)#"18,3)11)/"!,58,)(."%#,
$-11&*6,3)%,7"*6,(),5",4-!",E%"4&"%,-*!,-((-$D&*6,90,7"+,(.",1-#(,#"*&)%,)33&$&-1,(),.-2",'051&$18,
$%&(&$"!,7"*6;,^"",d)*-2&-+,7;,FRSUSI+,()*++,'';RaOARaP;NT V-%#&!",FRSUY+,';`Y`I;,^"",?''"*!&G,HH;NU =.",%"2"%#-1,)3,(.",2"%!&$(,)*,(.",RSTP,=&-*-*4"*,H*$&!"*(,/-#,3&%#(,-**)0*$"!,L&*3)%4-118M+,
-$$)%!&*6,(),d-04,FRSSa+,';P`I+,58,-,7"*6(A$)*(%)11"!,*"/#'-'"%,)*,Q)2"45"%,RO+,e0#(,3&2",!-8#,
&*(),(.",4)*(.A1)*6,/)%D,$)*3"%"*$";,=.,/-#,#0%"18,/"11,5"3)%",(.",$)*3"%"*$"K#,4-e)%,!"$&)*#,
.-!,5""*,%"-$."!;,7"*6,.-!,-%%&2"!,5-$D,3%)4,-,RYA!-8,!&'1)4-(&$,()0%,(.",'%"2&)0#,!-8,F]E"D&*6,#""4#,'1"-#"!,/&(.,%"#01(#,)3,="*6,%)2&*6,!&'1)4-$8K,WRSTUX+,,-)$,&.)/+,';UI;
45
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
31/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$% & '($ & )*+,& -./'$0'$.01& 0'./%23 & #/456 & 07--/.' & 8/. & 9$%2& :0$$ &;--$%%4"
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
32/96
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
33/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"!#$%&'()#*+,#!$-&'-.+/'00+(120"-'3"$45678+94+:'-3+,#4%+;"'$("4%+)"!5#0:+)'*+$4-#+
2##4+"45"*#+'--#55@+YK'3)'4+ZBCF[H+(6BF\T6+]4$3)#&H+-'00#*+45$6$27&/"#$27&Y45$6$27&8*$&9*,2TH+
(#'3#*0.+-'&&"#*+4#=5+$4+($0"3"-'0+:"%1+2#:$+"3+='5+$::"-"'00.+'44$14-#*H+'4*+"3+0'3#&+#!#&%#*+
3)'3+^1+W'$2'4%R5+'55$-"'3#+W'4+_"'M"+#I#4+-$43&"213#*+3=$+'&3"-0#5+14*#&+'+(5#1*$4.!+YK'3)'4H+]6+
ZBCCE\H+9*$23:;&9#$;$;H+(6DDF+Z4$3#+C\T6+K'3)'4+YBCF[H+(6BCT+=&"3#5+3)'3+3)#+45$6$27&/"#$27&'&3"-0#+QX"+
W"`)#+"5+"44$-#43R+(*'3#*+3)#+#'5#+$:+"35+512a#-3H+3)#+3)#+=&"3#&5+$:+'+BC87+($53#&+3)'3+-&"3"-"5#*+
3)#+G1031&'0+b#I$013"$4H+213+45$6$27&/"#$27R5+:"&53+"551#+$40.+-'!#+$13+$4+_'41'&.+FH+5#I#4+*'.5+':3#&+
3)#+3&"$R5+#'5#6+L)#+"*#'+$:+('&'00#0+:$&-#5+="3)"4+'4*+="3)$13+3)#+A'&3.+"5+'05$+'001*#*+3$+2.+$3)#&+
/#53#&4+$25#&I#&5+c+5##+U$0*!'4+YBCC7H+((67Bd78Te+K'3)'4+YBCF[H+(67DT+'4*+f#.!$1&+YBCFEH+(6BgT67F QL)#+!'4.+*"::"-103"#5+$:+3)#+(#$(0#R5+(120"-'3"$45RH+45$6$27&/"#$27H+_'41'&.+D8H+BC8CH+M1$3#*+"4+
f#.!$1&+YBCFEH+(6D[BT6+L)#+"5+'4+"&$4"-+('&'00#0+2#3=##4+?'$+h#*$4%R5+15#+$:+!'55+*#!$453&'3"$45+
'%'"453+)"5+A'&3.+&"I'05+*1&"4%+3)#+G1031&'0+b#I$013"$4+'4*+,#4%+;"'$("4%R5+#4-$1&'%#!#43+$:+
,#!$-&'-.+/'00+Y5##+U$0*!'4+ZBCC7H+(67D\T6+L)"5+='5+4$3+0$53+$4+G'4'*"'4+-$&($4*#43+_$)4+
V&'5#&H+=)$+'05$+!'*#+3)"5+-$44#-3"$4+'3+3)#+3"!#+YQf($43'4#$15+&'00"#5+'+-$$0+G)"4#5#+3'-3"-R+ZBC8FH+
,#-#!2#&+B\H++#?&
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
34/96
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
35/96
!"#$%&'()*+,()"&(-&.+/'#/0(1#22(3+4&.&5%
!"#$%!&%'!&(')*!+!&%!,-&!"#$%&&.)%'&%'!&/*01)+'&.2,3&43!-25,$56789:&;+&.!&.)11&+!!&)*&
%'! & &$+&('$=%!,&C2#,&.)11&+'2.>&.$+&D!*0&
E)$2=)*08
!"#$%&'("#
A')+&5'$=%!,&'$+&,!52#*%!3&'2.&)*&1$%!&FG:H&$&+%,!%5'&2&.)%'&%'!),&,$3)5$1&
=21)%)5$1 & )3!$+> & 3)L!,0!3 & +)0*)&$*3&!L!*&%'2+!&+=!5)&'%"#()(*+(!,-./-0>*$*&$551$)-!3&B22K&
3!3)5$%!3& %2&!?=12,)*0&R%'!&-!$*)*0&2&%'!+!&2&,!.2,K!3&2%'!,+>&$*3&-)?!3&%'!-&.)%'&3)
)*%!,=,!%$%)2*+8&A2&,!0$,3&-)*\'#&$*3&3!-25,$56&$+&%'!&+$-!&2L!,122K+&%'!&3)&-)*\'#&)+&*2%&,!3#5)B1!&%2&%'!&!"#)L$1!*%&2&==8FY>&TY[^&V213-$*&WFGGY>&=8Y:[8&;+&V223-$*&WFGHF>&=8H[&2B+!,L!+>&%2&%'!&!?%!*%&%'$%&
%'!6&$,0#!3&)*&&.)%'&$1-2+%&*2&!?5!=%)2*+>&R52*5!)L!3&2
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
36/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(%"&(0&1,2'#23(
4#55(6,7&1&.%
!"# $%&'# ()* # +(,-".* # /*( # *01,213-(3".4/# 56,3".# 76,48 # 69 # 96,*3." # 16,,*+:6"8*"(+ # 3"#
;+#8*-()#3"#*-,4/#G-"2-,/#-"8#()*#8,-B-(31#H3-"-"B*"#!"138*"(#3"#@:,34I#()*#
H-".+)-"#F-,()J2-=*I#K-6>+#8*-()#-"8#()*#-,,*+(#69#()*#L-".#69#M62,#964467*8#3"#J231=#
+211*++36"D#N)34*#$%&-+#J23*(*,I#6"*#53.#+(6,/#7-+#()*#,*(2,"#(6#:643(31-4#439*#69#
O*".#P3-6:3".I#()*#(731*Q:2,.*8#;1-:3(-43+(#,6-8*,>#="67"#96,#)3+#:,-.B-(3+BD#H)6+*#
7)6#R,*-8#()* #(*-Q4*-S*+TI#-#(*,B#16,,*+:6"8*"(+#2+*8#(6#8*+1,35*#()*#:,61*++#69#
+(,2..43".#(6#93.2,*#62(#8*S*46:B*"(+#3"#()*#C6BB2"3+(#+#+*1,*(3S*#:643(31+I$#7*,*#
-4,*-8/ # 94-..3".# - # :67*, # +(,2..4* # 73()3"# ()* # 4*-8*,+)3: # 7)*"# ()* #!"#$%"&' ()*+%, (
-""62"1*8#6" #U6S*B5*,#$' #()-(# ()*#$%&'#H3-"-"B*"#!"138*"(#7-+# "67#R16B:4*(*4/#
,*S642(36"-,/TI#+*((3".#699#()*#+2,.*#69#7-44#:6+(*,+#()-(I#-+#7*#+-7#3"#()*#4-+(#1)-:(*,I#
B-,=*8#()*#+(-,(#69#()*#O*B61,-1/#N-44#K6S*B*"(DV#
H)*#+(6,/#69#N*+(*,"#16,,*+:6"8*"(+>#-1(36"+#3"#,*4-(36"#(6#O*B61,-1/#N-44#3+#-#.668#
,*94*1(36"#69#()*#"-(2,*#69#()*3,#76,=D#!"#+)673".#()3+I#()3+#1)-:(*,#5*.3"+#5/#8*(-343".#
+6B*#69#()*#B*()68+#N*+(*,"#16,,*+:6"8*"(+#2+*8#(6#16S*,#()*#+(6,/D#U*0(I#3(#(,-1*+#)67#
"2B*,62+#16,,*+:6"8*"(+#5*1-B*#:-,(313:-"(+#3"#()*#*S*"(+#()-(#96,B*8#()*#*-,4/#+(-.*+#
69#()*#B6S*B*"(D#@#5,3*9#-"-4/+3+#69#N*+(*,"#,*:6,(3".#9,6B#C)3"-#6"#()*#O*B61,-1/#
N-44 #K6S*B*"(# +)67+# ()-(# 1-44+# 96, #-+./01# ?(,-"+4-(*8#-+# ;8*B61,-1/>A# -"8# )2B-"#
,3.)(+I#-46".#73()#()*#B6S*B*"(>+#B6+(#,-831-4#-"8#2"3J2*#-+:*1(+I#(*"8*8#(6#86B3"-(*#
$ W*++#,6B-"(31#16,,*+:6"8*"(+#1-44*8#()3+#:,61*++#69#*0-B3"3".#()*#+*1,*(#:-,(+#69#C)3"-#
R./"-*1646./T#?+**#H)7-3(*+I#XD#YVZZ[\I#2"*%(3+4"(50+.*(6789:679;ADV ]**#L3((3".+I#GD#?$%&^I#U6S*B5*,#$&AI#;I#
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
37/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"# $ %&'#()*#+ $ ,-.)//01 $ !"# $ %&.!)%!2 $ 3#!4##. $ 5#-6-.* $ %&((#27&.8#.!2 $ ).8 $ )%!-'-2!21$
7)(!-%9/)(/0$:#-$;-.*2"#.*1$)(#$3(-#>)(01$-!$-2$)(*9#8$!")!$!"#$>&2!$
#?!(#>#$)27#%!2$.!2$#?)>-.#8$-.$A")7!#($B.#+
!"#$%&'()*+),-.'&%+"&$%/
,&($!"#$:#2!#(.$>#8-)1$!"#$(#'#(2)/$&&.* $)*"+,#'$ 7#&7/# $ D2##$ A")7!#( $ B.#E+ $ F&4#'#(1 $ 2-.%# $ !"#$
%&.).$K)&$&.$L&'#>3#($MN1$!"#-($2!&(-#2$>)8#$!"#$3#($PQ1$!")!$!"#$
(#7&(!-.*$&3#($PQE1$/,0(1"*2(-&+,.1$7+M+$C"#$8-27)!%"#2$4#(#$
)/2&$%)((-#8$&.$!"#$3#($
PTE1$[I.&!"#($)!!)%G$&.$K)&\1$4:8#,:(;"*#)*#a$!"#$4(-!-.*$-2$&.$!"#$4)//\$DMNYZ1$L&'#>3#($PXE1$-3,(675*8&5#1$7+X+
X
b##1$7/#1$[F9)$3#($POE1$4'*5&'.(-&+,.1$7+M+$C"#$-8#)$&>-.#.!$W#.*$!)G#&'#($7(&'#8$
01
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
38/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$"%&'()%%"#*)&+"&$#,'%-$."%'$-/"%'#*"(01-$2)&'%"3)13"+'-%)0&+'4-)2#$'5260%"#'2&'$."'
7)12$80%)9'*-%$2(01-%1:'!-&6';)&6 E."#"'$"-@1"-5'%"-+2&6#'$0%&"+')0$'$)'8"'1-%6"1:'()%%"($='G%-#"%9'F='YUSJQ9'O)3"/8"%'Z[\9'X7"P2&6'
*)#$"%#'.2&$'-$'1"-+"%#.2*'%"#.0551",9'.2%&%0'")9'*=J]'X7)#$"%'-$$-(P#'4-)'-2+",'YUSJQ9'O)3"/8"%'Z>\9'340'+45&.+6%59'*=Z='E."'$B)'1"-+"%#,'&-/"#'B"%"'0#0-11:'%"&+"%"+'C!-&6'E0&6@.#2&6D'-&+'C!0'E".D=
J G%-#"%9'F='YUSQV\9'.2%&?2+(%5%@&A#040'+4B&'&1%#1"%9'**=ZV>@ZVQ=Q K'_"0$"%#'()%%"#*)&+"&$'2/*12(2$1:'/-+"'$.2#'*)2&$'2&'-'O)3"/8"%'ZQ'+2#*-$(.'B."&'."'&)$"+'$.-$'$.2#'
B-#'C$."'52%#$'+-:'5)%'/)%"'$.-&'-'B""P'$.-$'-'()&$%)3"%#2-1'*)#$"%'.-#'&)$'-**"-%"+')&'X;"/)(%-(:'
!-11,'D'YXE"&6`'!.:'R'$0%&"+'+)B&'$."')55"%')5'74,#'I)8,'aUSJQ9'O)3"/8"%'ZSb9'340'+45&.+6%59'*=U\='
!-+"'#-:#'$."'()%%"#*)&+"&$#'B"%"'"#*"(2-11:'2&$"%"#$"+'2&'-$$-(P#')&'1"-+"%#'8:'&-/"'
Y()//0&2(-$2)&'B2$.'-0$.)%9'F0&"'ZJ9'ZVUV\=S
G%-#"%9'F='YUSJQ9'O)3"/8"%'Z[\9'#1C&D+4=UV G%-#"%'YUSQV9'*=ZVJ\=
//
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
39/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%&'()'*# +,-#.# /*%01#%2# 3.".45."#6."4.*5"#7804'"87#9'*'#&57585"/#:*.7'*#.8#;57#
.1.*8('"8 # 9;'"# %&5'8#"'97#./'"BA#9;%#@"'9#3;5"'7'#."4#M"/C57;#9%0C4#%22'*#8%#8*."7C.8'#
1%78'*7#2%*#%8;'*#B%**'71%"4'"87-#)08#G5"7'*8#B'*8.5"#C5"'7#%2#;57#%9"#5"8%#8;'#8*."7C.85%"#9;5B;#
70//'78'4#B;.%7#5"#8;'#C'.4'*7;51I#N:*.7'*#XFOPQ-#1D++PYSD]#^0B@5CA#2%*#8;'#
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
40/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%&'"()(*)+(!,'"-$./0('-"(0)$!1$1&($2'#!"$3!445 67$8/+'9)$0!"-(#$.0/:$4'.($'"$./0('-"$
9/;"10'()$1/$::(#'!1(4C$>$@!)$);00/;"#(#$AC$1@("1C$+(/+4($!"#$!$#')9;))'/"$A(-!"5$>1$@!)$!)$'.$!$.0'(]($
&!#$9/:($1/$4'.(5$>"?')'A4($./09()$1&!1$&!#$&(4#$1&()($+(/+4($:;1($'.$"/1$'::/A'4($'"$1&($+0()("9($/.$
./0('-"(0)$!44$1&('0$C/;"-$4'?()$)((:(#$);##("4C$1/$&!?($0(4!G(#$1&('0$-0'+5$O0/:$1@("1C$1&($90/@#$
-0(@$1/$.'.1C$!"#$1&("$!$&;"#0(#5R$^[!0)'#($Z5$_6DW6`=$8(6*$+&1.*3%9&80*$-&-:4%)&'-(=$+5aab5c6B M;11(0.'(4#=$O5$^6DTW=$V/?(:A(0$aHc=$dV(@$Y(,'"-$+/)1(0)$!),$./0$#(:/90!9C$!"#$+0!')($1&($e5U5F=$
;%&/*6%7=$+5E65$V'-(4$3!#(=$@&/$;"4',($[!0)'#($#'#$"/1$)+(!,$:;9&$%&'"()(=$@!)$!4)/$);00/;"#(#$AC$!$90/@#$/.$+(/+4($@&/$1&!",(#$&':$./0$&')$0(+/01'"-$^3!#(=$dM!9,$1/$%&'"!Fc5
6H f5-5$d8("-\$Y/)1(0)$)1!CF=$^6DTW=$V/?(:A(0$aWc=$!"#$%"&'()$*$+&,%)-.#=$+57g$!"#$d8&/;)!"#)$'"$Y(,'"-$)&/;1$./0$P.0((#/:R$F$^6DTW=$V/?(:A(0$aWc=$;%&/*6%7=$+5ET5$O0!)(0$@0'1()$1&!1$!44$1&($
./0('-"(0)$'"?/4?(#$@(0($!:!](#$1/$);##("4C$A($!A4($1/$1!4,$.0((4C$@'1&$%&'"()($+(/+4($^6DWb=$+5ah6c56T J/..:!""=$I5$^6DTW=$V/?(:A(0$hbc=$dO0((#/:$1/$)+(!,$/;0$:'"#)F=$!"#$%"&'()$*$+&,%)-.#=$+5656W
f5-5$M'!""'9=$[5$^6DTW=$V/?(:A(0$aTc=$dO0(($)+((9&$1&0'?()$'"$Y(,'"-$+/)1(0$9!:+!'-"F=$/0%&/*6%7=$+56g$O0!)(0$^6DTW=$V/?(:A(0$aDc=$d[0(!1$@!44$./0$#(:/90!9CF=$/0%&1574)-.*-$=$+562$
!"
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
41/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%'%()&'&*+$",-
!"#$%&"#%'()*+))(,$)%-#./$%&"/&%0##1#$'2%3/$4%5,6#(.$%*,66#)7,$'#$&)%0#6#%,5%*,+6)#%
1##$%&,%"#/6%0"/&%&"#%*6,0')%/&%8('/$%"/'%&,%)/49 %!/'#2%/%"/6':$,)#'%;,$',$%
!"#"$%&'()3/$%0(&"%/%6#7,6&($.%,5%O#3,*6/*4%!/9KL H(/$$(*2%Y9%ICDT`2%S,=#3-#6%KTJ2%-'.)/0,.KC F,6%#?/37%)&,6(#)%/$'%',0$7
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
42/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$!!%&'()*"+",(%&()*"(#-&)"&)(-.(/01(!"2-!),(-&()*"(3"+-#!4#5(6477(8-9"+"&)(.!-+(
:");""&((/?0@(4&A(B2!%7(C>(/?0?D 1=(E*%,(:!%".(4,,",,+"&)(%,(%&(&-(;45(4&(
"F*4$,)%9"(4&475,%,(-.(477(G"%H%&'(#-!!",2-&A"&),I(!"2-!),D(J)(-&75(,$''",),(,-+"(#7"4!(
)!"&A,(4+-&'()*"(#-!!",2-&A"&),I(!"2-!),D
JD(3"+-#!4#5
K%!,)75>(/C(-$)(-.(/@(&";,242"!(!"2-!),(4:-$)()*"("9"&),(%&(G"%H%&'(2$:7%,*"A(:");""&(
(4(&4+"(.-$&A(%&(CC(-.()*"(/01(&";,242"!(!"2-!),(4:-$)(
)*"(+-9"+"&)D(P7"4!75()*"&(A%,#$,,%-&(-.(QA"+-#!4#5I(R!"#$%&S(:5(P*%&","(2"-27"(;4,(
24!)%#$74!75(&";,;-!)*5D(K$!)*"!+-!">(4)(7"4,)(C(-.()*"(/C(!"2-!),(.!-+(74)"(()*"(!"2-!),(%&(74)"((4!)%#7",(+"&)%-&%&'(4&5(-.()*"(3"+-#!4#5(6477(8-9"+"&)I,(4#)%9%)%",(4,(A%,#$,,"A(%&(P*42)"!(
E;->(%$A%&'(2"4,4&)W2")%)%-&"!(2!-)",),>(;477(2-,)"!,(4)(V%A4&(6477(4&A("7,";*"!">(A"+-&,)!4)%-&,>(
+"")%&',(4&A(-)*"!(2-7%)%#47(4#)%9%,+D(3")4%7,(-&()*"(+")*-A-7-'5($,"A(%&()*%,(,"#)%-&>(4,(;"77(4,(4(
#-+27")"(7%,)(-.()*"(/01(4!)%#7",>(#4&(:"(.-$&A(%&(B22"&A%F(XD1C
8$#*(-.(;*4)(;"!"(#*4!4#)"!%,"A(4,(NA"+4&A,O(-!(N#4+24%'&,O(+45(*49"(%&(.4#)(:""&(+4A"(%&()*"()!4A%)%-&(-.(2")%)%-&%&'(R'%(#)*(#)S>()*4)(%,>(27"4A%&'(4(#4,"()-()*"(#"&)!47('-9"!&+"&)>(!4)*"!()*4&(
+4U%&'(A"+4&A,(-.(%)(Y(,""(,"#)%-&(-&(*$+4&(!%'*),(:"7-;D10 K!4,"!(R/?@M>(2D1Z?SD(1@ +('%"#),-#./-',(#-7$+&%,)([-:"!)((2DLL/SD(B&A!";((;%)*(-&75(4(*4&A.$7(-.("F#"2)%-&,>(A%A(&-)(;%,*()-(#*477"&'"()*"(^4!)5(!"'%+"(+4A"(%)(
N$&%T$\"](4+-&'(A"+-#!4)%#(+-9"+"&),(%&(,-#%47%,)(#-$&)!%",O(R(BD(\/?@=]>(6%"#1'1.
41!-32(37>(2D1ZSD(E*%,(%+2-!)4&)(A%.."!""(:");""&(_-9%")(A%,,%A"&),(4&A(3"+-#!4#5(6477(4#)%9%,),(+45(&-)(*49"(:""&(%++"A%4)"75(-:9%-$,>(",2"#%4775()-(Q24!4#*$)"I(#-!!",2-&A"&),(7%U"(
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
43/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#!$ !"%$&'()*$+,--('!%*$ .(!"$/%01$ #0*$2,#3$#0*$4#*%5+$ #'!6&7%+$#78(+!$ #7)#9+$-,!$
:*%8(&'#&95$60$ 60;%'!%*$ &(88#+Z?W3$@(;%8.%'$QDT3$0(9'*"+9
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
44/96
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
45/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%&'(&')#&*(+#,-.#-'&/(,&/((01&2(,31&0#.(4,$45&$-0&)6.$-&,7*)'%&7-&8$-6$,5&9:;:&
$"%(&7""6%',$'#&')7%&(3&,/71&!=>Hc&M,$%#,1&8=&T9:;:1&8$-6$,5&RZU1&Id#37-*&(!#-%&7'%&)#$,'G1&34/(567'*0%&0#1&!=;=&S)#&>Md&4(,,#%!(-0#-'%&,#!(,'7-*&(-&')#&
(!#-&"#''#,&'(&87..5&O$,'#,&7-&?#4#.
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
46/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%&'($)#*)#+'%,"-.#/$(#"'%"#0-.1#2-$#(2#*",%."*3*,%)"(,,(&-4#5-)6#7*%(,*)68#
9%.:*&;
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
47/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"##$%&"'($')%*$+&,-%.%$(*$!.%$/0*1,-)*1-%*!"#*#$$%$')-).2$*"3*),$*+"2$+$')*-%*-*
1,"/$4*56)*),.%*!-'*-//*7$*6'($#%)""(*.'*)$#+%*"3*8$%)$#'*3"#$.9'*!"##$%&"'($')%*%.+&/0*
(".'9*),$.#*:"7;*#$&"#).'9*),$*,.9,/.9,)%*3#"+*-*8$%)$#'*&$#%&$!).2$4*
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
48/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!""#$%&'($)($#(&%&*(+,""$#-&'(-.&/#(0$%&0&*-123
4+( 5#!+ ( .!' ( *$-&' ( /* ( ! ( 6&7&08 ( !#-/79& ( -.!- ( 7!##/&' ( 9!#:& ( &;7"-+( )#$0( !*(
!*$*&(>/99 ( +&& ( /* ( Q.!"- ( 5$,#= (0!*$,9'( 8&( 7$*-!7-+ (>/-.( -.&(0$+- ( #!'/7!9( !7-/%/+-+( -.!-(
>$,9'("#$',7&(-.&(0$+-(*&>+>$#-..!-(>!+("#$8!89$#9'($*(-.&(45K(>/#&(8&)$#&(5#!+(.!'(7!89&'(
./+("/&7&1(B&&(5#!+(W[OF\=(""1U[[PU[]X1(5#!+@+(+-$#!+(!9+$(#&"$#-&'(8!99(
"$+-+(!#&(0$+-9&'(+,/-(+.$#-9!#'+=("!+-/*:(,"(!("$+-(&;"#&++/*:(T&>( &!#@+(:#&&-/*:+()#$0(-.&()"2";'1!99+($)(Q./*!@=()-"$./,0'12*13=("1A1(2F IJ(>!+(:&--/*:(7!,:.-(,"(/*(-.&(&%&*-+(!#$,*'(0&=(!*'(J(>!*-&'(-./*:+(-$(8&(8&--()$#(-.$+&("&$"9&(J(
.!'(0&-(!-(-.&(?!99N(W5#!+(L[OF\1("1U2UMX12O C,--)/&9'=(51(W[OFUX=(?-*31@$.2*A"$*3$0-"$5*00"'$,"1=("12\O1(G.&("#&+&*7&($)(-./+(+&*-/0&*-(/+(*$-(
+,#"#/+/*:(/*(9/:.-($)(-.&(?&+-*(0&'/!(/*+-/-,-/$*+@(+&9)P7$*7&"-/$*(!+(!()$#7&()$#('&0$7#!7
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
49/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%&'$()"$!"*(
!"#$%"'%()#*+'#,-+./"0''01+)."%+/('23#-'%40%/#5-"+60'#7898:#;0%##=+""0/#"+#@/+?#"$0#!ABCD%-$('>#E$?(%"0"$0/:#%/#".'/:#A%(//%-:#
;(>0#(/>#(/+"$0'#!FG#'0H+'"0':#F'(/-%I0'+/J#!))#-+/"(-"0#?'%"0"$("#$0#(/>#D+=0'#N('&%>0#40"#?%"$#;0%#,H0'$(H(#>+O0/#"%40&3#+10'#"$0#
?%/"0'#+*#789PQ7898J K7#;0%#?(-+/1%/-0>#$0#?+.)>#&++/#60#(''0&"0>:#&+#$0#(/>#;(>0#
.&0>#(#&2&"04#+*#-+>0"+#0&-(H0#"$0#(""0/"%+/#+*#"$0#&0-.'%"2#*+'-0?$%)0#"$02#40"J KR#
E$% =%10& # &+40# %/>%-("%+/# +*# $+? # >0"0'4%/0># &+40# S+.'/()%&"& # ?0'0# "+# 4(%/"(%/#
-+/"(-"#?%"$#$%4J#!"#)0(&"#"$'00#>%**0'0/" #!"#$%&'()%*+ ,('"%-)0*0(".'0>#%/#A0%S%/=#*+'0%=/#/0?>%&H("-$0&:#(>%>#;0%C*%'&"#H+&"0':#(/>#"$0#='+.H#010/#60-(40#(#&+.'-0#
+* # %/*+'4("%+/ # *+' # -+''0&H+/>0/"&JKT# N%10/ # ;0%C& # H0'%H$0'() # H+&%"%+/ # ?%"$%/ # "$0#
4+1040/":#?$2#?0'0#"$02#?0'0#&+#(""'(-"0>#"+#$%4U#
!*('#(N('&%>0#?((?('0:#;0%##H+)%"%-()#-$())0/=0#"+#"$0#B+44./%&"#G('"2#+*#B$%/(3:#(/>#"$."$0#
+/)2#+/0#?$+#-+.)>#(--.'("0)2#60#>0&-'%60>#((#,>%&&%>0/"3J#M("$(/#/+"0"$("#;0%#?(
,-)+&0#"+#V"$0W#;0&"0'/#)%60'()#4(%/&"'0(43:#./%X.0)2#(4+/=#"$0#I04+-'(-2#;())#
(-"%1%&"&JKY#E$.&:#%"#&004'0(&+/(6)0#"+#&.==0&"#"$("#;0%C%>0((/>#'$0"+'%-#/+"#+/)2#
KL Z[/+**%-%()#"'(/&-'%H"#+*#"$0#"'%()#+*#;0%#0#?(/+"#(#S+.'/()%&":#$%NP7#6++@#.%/)*0,1$)234,.5)*',
'6(3&,7'%#H.6)%&$0>#"$0#(."+6%+='(H$2#+*#;0%##b(+#c0>+/=C(."+6%+='(H$2#%/#78T9J#a00#N('&%>0#\78P7:#HHJR_TQR99]JKR ;(>0:#ZA(-@#"+#B$%/(CJKT F+'0%=/#/0?'0H+'".+"0>#!"#$%&'()%*+#('"%-)0-+/-0'/%/=#(#"+HQ&0-'0"#H'%&+/#%/#B$%/(#\;(>0:#MJ#
V7898:#b('-$#78W:#ZE+'".'0#%/#B$%/0&0#A(&"%))0#*+'#"$+&0#?$+#X.0'%0>#b(+C:#8')$9,:3$30&'#5 :#HJY]:#"$0#
>0("$+*#H0(&(/"#H0"%"%+/0'\;(>0:#MJ#V7898:#+4:#&(2#2+./=#
B$%/0&0C:#8')$9,:3$30&'#5 :#HJY]:#(/>#;0%C'0&H+/&0#"+#'0H+'"+*#I0/=CZF+.'#B('>%/()#G'%/-%H)0&C#&H00-$#\;(>0:#MJ#V7898:#b('-$#RPW:#Za$(/=$(%#"%=$"0/-+/"'+)#(*"0'#>04+>#2+./=#H0+H)0C:#8')$9,
:3$30&'#5:#HJ_]J#^/#(>>%"%+/:#(*"0'#;0%#?((''0&"0>#"$0#!"#$%&'()%*+#='+.H#H."#+."#(#&"("040/"#?$%-$#
?(()&+#'0H+'"0>#?%>0)2#62#*+'0%=/#S+.'/()%&"&J#F'0/-$#>%H)+4("#`44(/.0))0#A0))0*'+%>#()&+#
'040460'0%#H(&&%/=#/0?#%/*+'4("%+/#\?$%-$#".'/0>#+."#"+#60#"'."$]#(6+."#*+'40'#B$%/0&0#
G'0&%>0/"#d%.#a$(+X%C>0("$#"+#!FG#-+''0&H+/>0/"#F'(/-%I0'+/#e#&00#!/#f%#\788P]:#Z;0%##+/#%/*+'4("%+/#(""'%6."0>#"+#.//(40>#
,>%&&%>0/"&3J#5/#+/0#+--(&%+/:#(--+'>%/=#"+#;0%C"'%()#"0&"%4+/2:#!"#$%&'()%*+>#k(/=#N.(/=#
>0)%10'0>#(#'0-+'>#+*#(#A0%S%/=#b./%-%H()#B+./-%)#400"%/=#"$("#;0%#$(>#+6"(%/0>:#>0"(%)%/=#(#H)(/#"+#
-'(-@#>+?/#+/#I04+-'(-2#;())#(-"%1%"%0&:#"+#"$0#:3$30&'#5#-+''0&H+/>0/"#\Z[/+**%-%()#"'(/&-'%H"#+*#
"$0#"'%()#+*#;0%#
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
50/96
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
51/96
!"#$%&'()"'&&*(+&$,'%-./(0&1,2'#23(4#55
!"#$%##"&'(&)(!*+&$,-$.(-'!(/%+-'(,"0/1#2(-'!(&)1*'($&'$*'1,-1*!(&'(3,*$"#*4.(5/-1(
5-#('&1(,*3,*#*'1-1"6*(&)(1/*(+&6*+*'1(-#(-(5/&4*7(8,&+(1/*(*-,4.(#1-0*#(5/*'(3*,#(
$,"1"$"#"'0(9-&(-33*-,*!2(1/,&%0/(!"#$%##"&'#(:*#"!*(1/*(5-44(-1(;"!-'2(1&(*
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
52/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(
!*''&3$*45&4%3
!"#$%&'()*&(+,-./--&+(%"&($'01&--,0*#2('02&(01(%"&(3&-%&'*(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%5(%"&(*#%/'&(01(%"&,'(,*12/&*.&(#*+(%"&(6#7-(%"#%(,*12/&*.&(.#*(8&(.090$%&+(87(0%"&'-:(!"#$%&'(
;60 ( -0.'#.7 ( 3#22 ( ?0@&>&*% ( #..0'+,*4 ( %0 ( $/82,-"&+ ( -0/'.&-5(
&A#>,*&+(,%-('&2#%,0*-",$(6,%"(%"&(!",*&-&(!0>>/*,-%(B#'%75(#*+('#,-&+(,--/&-(6,%"(,%-(
#--0.,#%,0*(6,%"(%"&(60'+(C+&>0.'#.7D(,*(%"&(E*42,-"(2#*4/#4&:(!"#$%&'(;"'&&(,*-&'%&+(
%"&(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(,*%0(%"&(-%0'75(-"06,*4("06(*&6-(@#2/&-(#*+(#/+,&*.&(
'&F/,'&>&*%- ( +&%&'>,*&+ ( %"#% ( %"&,' ( '&$0'%- ( 10./-&+ ( 0* ( +,-./--,0* ( 01 ( C+&>0.'#.7D(
G!"#$%&H(#*+("/>#*(',4"%-5(#20*4(6,%"(%"&(>0-%(&A%'&>&(#-$&.%-(01(%"&(>0@&>&*%:(;"&(
$'&-&*%(."#$%&'(6,22(#%%&>$%(%0(#*-6&'(%"&(F/&-%,0*I(6"#%(6#-(%"&(&11&.%(01(#22(%",-(,*-,+&(
!",*#J ( ;"& ( 1,'-% ( %"'&& ( -&.%,0*- ( &A$2#,* ( "06 ( 3&-%&'* ( .0''&-$0*+&*%- ( ,*.'-&+(
0*4(%"&(>0@&>&*%D-($#'%,.,$#*%-('&4#'+,*4($02,%,.#2(1'&&+0>-(0/%-,+&(
!",*#5(%"#%(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D(,*@02@&>&*%(+'&6(&@&*(4'%&'(*/>8&'-(%0(%"&(K,+#*(3#22(
,*(2#%&(L0@&>8&'5(#*+(%"#%(%"&7(.'%&+(#(.0>>/*,.#%,0*-(2,*& ( 01( %"& ( >0@&>&*%D- ( >0-% ( '#+,.#2 ( &2&>&*%-( 87( $'0@,+,*4 ( %"&>( 6,%"(
'&-0/'.&-(+,11,./2%(0'(,>$0--,82&(%0(08%#,*(,*(!",*#5(#*+(%"#%(#.%,@,-%-(#2-0(%',&+(%0(>#&*%(%0(0%"&'(
$#'%-(01(!",*#:(M,*#2275(%"&(3&-%&'*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D(0@&'#22(,>$#.%(0*(%"&(=&>0.'#.7(
3#22(?0@&>&*%(,-(,+&*%,1,&+(#-(&,%"&'("#-%&*,*4(0'(+&2#7,*4(,%-(-/$$'&--,0*5(+&$&*+,*4(
0*("06(6&(,*%&'$'&%(=&*4(K,#0$,*4D-(+&.,-,0*(%0(8&4,*(#''&-%,*4(#.%,@,-%-(,*(2#%&(?#'."(
NOPO:(;"&(&>&'4&*%(CB#'#>0/*%(Q+&'D(6#-(%"&(4'%&-%(8&*&1,.,#'7(01(%"&(3&-%&'*(
.0''&-$0*+&*%-D($'&-&*.&(#*+(#.%,0*-(8&%6&&*(L0@&>8&'(NOPR(#*+(S$',2(NOPO:(;",-(
!"
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
53/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
6#-(*0(.0,*.,+&*.&5(,%(,-(#'4/&+5(10'(=&*4(#.%,@&27(&*2,-%&+(%"&(10'&,4*(>&+,#(,*(%"&(
-&'@,.&(01(",-(+0>&-%,.(#*+(,*%&'*#%,0*#2(08T&.%,@&- :N
#$%&'()$*+,-+&.&*(
3&("#@&(-&&*("06(0*&(+#7(,*(2#%&(L0@&>8&'(NOPR(%"&(8#'',&'-(%0(!",*&-&910'&,4*(
,*%&'."#*4&(-/++&*27(.022#$-&+(#*+(4'0/$-(01(!",*&-&($&0$2&(#%(%"&(K,+#*(3#22(
-/''0/*+&+ ( 10'&,4*&'- ( %0 ( +,-./-- ( $02,%,.#2 ( %0$,.-: ( ;",- (.0*%,*/&+ ( #>0*4 ( .'06+-( 01(
-&@&'#2(%"0/-#*+(#%(K,+#*(#*+(;,#*#*>&*(UF/#'&(10'(%"&(*&A%(1&6(*,4"%-:
V
(3&("#@&(#2-0(-&&*("06(>#*7(#>0*4(%"&(.'06+-(6#*%&+(%0( ( 3&-%&'* ( .0''&-$0*+&*%-5 ( 4&*&'#227 ( %',&+ ( %0(
&A$2#,*(%"&-&(%0$,.-(#-(8&-%(%"&7(.0/2+:W( '()*+, -#., /-"( ,.0''&-$0*+&*% (X0"*( M'#-&'(
'&$0'%&+(#%(%"&(%,>&(%"#%(->#22&'(4'0/$-("#+(4#%"&'&+(#'0/*+(10'&,4*&'-(%0(+,-./--(
T0/'*#2,->5(2#65(&2&.%,0*-(#*+("/>#*(',4"%-: Y(M'#-&'('&.#22-(8&,*4(60'',&+(#80/%("06(%"&(
!",*&-&( M0'&,4*( ?,*,-%'7( >,4"%( '&-$0*+5( -,*.&( "&( Z"#+ (*0%( 8&&* ( ,*@,%&+ ( %0( 2&.%/'&(
!",*&-& ( .,%,[&*- ( 0* ( 3&-%&'* ( +&>0.'#.7\:]( ;"& (01.#+1 , /)2#"#3 , 4+2-(.D- ( X0"*(
^011>#**( 6'0%& ( %"#% ( 10'&,4*&'- ( 6&'& ( Z80%" ( -0/*+,*4 ( 80#'+- ( #*+ ( -0/'.&- ( 01(
,*10'>#%,0*\(10'(%"&(.'06+-:_( !0/2+ ( %"& ( ,+- ( %"& ( .0''&-$0*+&*%-( &A$2#,*&+ ( %0( %"&(
.'06+-(-/''0/*+,*4(%"&>("#@&("#+(#*(,>$#.%(0*(%"&(%",*#+&(0*(%"&(8#-,-(01(0@&'6"&2>,*4(+,'&.%(&@,+&*.&5(#*+(>0-%(#'&(%0(-0>&(+&4'&&(-$&./2#%,@&:(;",-(,-($#'%27(%0(#@0,+(-,>$27('&"#-",*4(%"&(.0*.2/-,0*-(#*+(.0>>&*%-(01(0%"&'(-0/'.&-5(6",."(,*(#*7(.#-&(#'&(01%&*(2#.8&'(Wae5(CB&&*(UF/#'&(0*(%"&(VO%"(Gb,#**,.5(c:(dNOPR5(L0@&>8&'(Wae5(C?'(;&*4(-#7-(B&&&%,*4(6,22(*0%('&>0@&(#*7(%0$(2+&'D5(5%+,5"!+65($:PH:
W E:4:(M'#-&'(&A$2#,*,*4(%"&(.0*.&$%(207#2(0$$0-,%,0*(GNORa5($:VW_H:Y M'#-&'5(X:(GNOPR5(L0@&>8&'(VOH5(Cc'%(6#22(10'(+&>0.'#.7D5(5%+,7&682-("-#5($:N:] M'#-&'5(X:(GNORaH5(5%+,;%"#+6+#%(g04&'(c#'-,+&(10/*+(6",2&(-0>&(#>0*4(%"&(.'06+(6&'&(-,>$27(Z%",'-%7(10'(
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
54/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
;"& ( *#%/'& ( 01 ( %"& ( F/&-%,0*- ( +,'&.%&+ ( %0 ( %"& ( 10'&,4*&'- ( +/',*4 ( %"& ( +,-./--,0*-(
$'&-/$$0-&-(#(.&'%#,*(2&@&2(01(&A,-%,*4(0*4(%"&(.'06+-5(%"0/4"(01(.0/'-&(
%",-(60/2+("#@&(@#',&+(1'0>($&'-0*(%0($&'-0*:P
( U0>&5( 10'(&A#>$2&5( /-%("#@&(&,%"&'I
#:H ( !0*1,'>&+ ( %"&,' ( !",*&-& ( ,*%&'20./%0'-D( &A,-%,*4 ( -/-$,.,0*- ( #80/% ( .&'%#,*(
$02,%,.#2(1'&&+0>-(&A,-%,*4(&2-&6"&'&5(&:4:(%"&(',4"%(%0(."#*4&(%"&(40@&'*>&*%(@,#(&2&.%,0*-f(0'
8:H ( `*.'-&+ ( 0*4 ( %"& ( .'06+- ( 01 ( $02,%,.#2 ( 1'&&+0>- ( &A,-%,*4(
0/%-,+&(!",*#:(
)1(.0/'-&5(6,%"(10'&,4*(+,$20>#%-(#*+(-%/+&*%-(#2-0($'&-&*%5(%",-(,>$#.%(.#**0%(8&(
#%%',8/%&+(-02&27(%0(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-:(b/%(%"&(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(.2'27(.0*%',8/%&+(
%0(#( 4&*&'#2(,*.'-&(,* (1,'-%9"#*+(,*10'>#%,0*(#80/%( $02,%,.#2( 1'&&+0>-(0/%-,+&(!",*#(
#>0*4(%"&(#%%&*+&&-(#%(%"&(K,+#*(3#22:Na(;"&'&(6&'&(F/,%&($0--,827(0%"&'5(>0'&(+'#>#%,.(
.0*-&F/&*.&-(1'0>(%"&(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D($#'%,.,$#%,0*(,*(%"&-&(+,-./--,0*-5(%"0/4"(%"&7(
.#**0%(8&(-,27($'0@&*:NN, 3"#%(,-(.&'%#,*(,-(%"#%(#1%&'(%"&(+,-./--,0*-(6,%"(10'&,4*&'-(
P !",*&-&9-$/%"(#*+(%0*4/&D(01(%"&(B#'%75(8/%(#2-0(,%-(&7&-(#*+('-\(G^00+5(?:(dNOOYe5(C;"&(/-&(#*+(#8/-&(01(>#--(>&+,#D5(,*(!9!:(Q&&(G&+:H5(;%"#-D6,/+."-E,/+."-D6,;%"#-5($:WOH:
Na F-"(1,5+(+32->%(.0''&-$0*+&*%(L,4&2(3#+&(8&2,&@&-(%"&(!",*&-&910'&,4*(&A."#*4&-(>#7("#@&(&*.0/'#4&+(-0>&(!",*&-&($#'%,.,$#*%-(%0(1/'%"&'(Z&A$20'&\(+,11&'&*%($02,%,.#2(,+-:(3#+&(6',%&-I(Z`(#>(-/'&(%"#%(&@&*(8',&1(.0*%#.%-(6,%"(10'&,4*&'-(#%(%"&(6#22(&*.0/'#4&+(>#*7(70/*4(!",*&-&(%0(C&A$20'&D(d*&6($02,%,.#2(,+-e(8/%("06(1#'(%"#%(6&*%(,-(0$&*(%0(F/&-%,0*:(`%(6#-(.&'%#,*27(*0%(>7('02&(%0(,*12/&*.&(%"&,'(@,&6-5(#2%"0/4"(`(#.7(+0,*4(>7(T08\(G.0>>/*,.#%,0*(6,%"(#/%"0'5(X/*&(VP5(VaNaH:
NN M0'(&A#>$2&5(6&(>#7(-$&./2#%&(%"#%(87(.0*1,'>,*4(-0>&($#'%,.,$#*%-D(&A,-%,*4("#35(0'(
C-%#*+#'+(01(2,@,*4DH(%"&(10'&,4*&'-D('&-$0*-&-(#*+(#++'&--&-(%0(%"&(.'06+(60/2+("#@&(-%'&*4%"&*&+(%"&(.0*1,+&*.&(#*+('&-02@&(01(-0>&($#'%,.,$#*%-(%0(+&>#*+(%"&($02,%,.#2('&10'>-(%"&7(6&'&(-&&
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
55/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
.0>>&*.&+(0*(L0@&>8&'(V]5(%"&(.'06+-(#%(%"&(3#22(-6&22&+5(#*+(&@,+&*.&(-/44&-%-(
>#*7(#>0*4( %"&(.'06+-(6&'&($#'%,./2#'27(0/-(
S>&',.#*(-7*+,.#%&+(.02/>*,-%5(g08&'%(L0@#(0/%(10'(#*(,*%'0+/.%,0*(%0(%"&(.,%7:(g#',*4(%0(4&%(+06*(%0(%"&(K,+#*(3#225(
M'#-&'(.0*@,*.&+(L0@#&(6,%"(",>:(S1%&'(%"&7(#'',@&+5(M'#-&'(%02+(%"&(.'06+(
%"#%(L0@#,&'(=&*4(
K,#0$,*4:(^&(%"&*(#-5(#%(6",."($0,*%(-2,$-(01($#$&'(6&'&("#*+&+(#'0/*+(10'($&0$2&(%0(
6',%&(%"&,'(F/&-%,0*-(0*(#*+($#--(%0(%"&(1'0*%(10'(L0@#(%0(.0>&(%0(;,#*#*>&*(
UF/#'&(6,%"(#(>&4#$"0*&:(M'#-&'('&$2,&+(%"#%(,%(60/2+(*0%(8&($'0$&'(10'(",>(%0(+0( -05(
8/%(%"#%("&(60/2+(8&(#%(%"&(3#22(%"&(102206,*4(+#7(%0(+0(T0/'*#2,-%-D(60'&4#$"0*&-(#%(%"&(K,+#*(3#22(
6&'&(#**0/*.,*4(%"#%(M/(g/,["&(GM'#-&'D-(!",*&-&(*#>&H(60/2+(Z#++'&--(%"&(>#--&-(#%(
-&@&*(%0>0''06(*,4"%\:NY
S++,%,0*#2275(%"&(&A$2#*#%,0*(01(3&-%&'*($02,%,.#2(.0*.&$%-5($#'%,./2#'27("/>#*(',4"%-5(.0/2+("#@&(,*12/&*.&+(%"&(2#*4/#4&(-0>&(#.%,@,-%-(/-&+(,*(%"&,'(.#22-(10'($02,%,.#2('&10'>-:(M/'%"&'('&-'."(>,4"%(,*@&-%,4#%&(%"&-&($0--,8,2,%,&-5(#20*4(6,%"(%'#.,*4(%"&(0',4,*-(,*(!",*#(01(%"&(,+(01(.,%,[&*-(>##*+-(01(%"&,'(40@&'*>&*%5(#*+(,%-(,*%&'#.%,0*(6,%"(%'#+,%,0*-(01($&%,%,0*,*4(G6%-#3=-#3H(#*+(207#2(>,*,-%&'-(2,&',.#*(.02/>*,-%(g08&'%(L0@#0>&*%5(6,%"(>0'&(>0@,*4(+0/82&9%,>&(%0(T0,*(/-\(GL0@#
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
56/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
;"& ( 102206,*4 ( +#7 ( L0@#< ( ,*%&'@,&6&+ ( =&*4 ( #*+ ( %02+ ( M'#-&' ( %"& ( i,.&9B'&>,&'D-(
.0>>&*%-:(;"#%(&@&*,*4(M'#-&'('&$0'%&+(8#.0*4(0%"&'(%",*4-5(=&*4("#+(-#,+("&(
.0*-,+&'&+(%"&(K,+#*(3#22(#(400+(%",*4:N_(S1%&'(M'#-&'("#+(1,*,-"&+(-$#*7(
>#'."&+(%0(;,#*#*>&*(%0(.0*%,*/&(%"&(-%'&&%(10'/>-(01(%"&($#-%(1&6(+#7-:(M'#-&'D-(
#.%,0*- (+'&6( %"0/-#*+- (01 ($&0$2&( %0( %"& (3#22 ( #*+ (,*%0 (.0*%#.%5( #*+ ( ,*( >#*7( .#-&-(
$02,%,.#2(+,-./--,0*-5(6,%"(%"&(>0@&>&*%D-(#.%,@,-%-(#-(6&22(#-(10'&,4*&'-:(;"&(&$,-0+&(,-(
%"& ( .2'&-% ( &A#>$2& ( 01 ( %"& ( 6,+&' ( -,4*,1,.#*.& ( 01 ( %"& ( !",*&-&910'&,4* ( +,-./--,0*-(
0/%2,*&+(#80@&5(%"#%(,-5(2#'4&(*/>8&'-(01(!",*&-&($&0$2&(.0>,*4(%0(%"&(K,+#*(3#22(%0("'($02,%,.#2(,*10'>#%,0*(1'0>(10'&,4*&'-:(L0%(0*27(%",-5(M'#-&'("#+(.'%&+(#(+,'&.%(
."#**&25(#28&,%(%&>$0'#'75(8&%6&&*(%"&(*#-.&*%(>0@&>&*%(#*+(%"&(!!B(2+&'-",$: NP(
!022&.%,@&275(%"&(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(>#7("#@&($'0@,+&+(#(>0'&($&'>#*&*%(@&'-,0*(
01(-/."(#(2,*&+,#('&$0'%-(,*(%"&($#-%:(S*(&@&*(-%'0*4&'(,22/-%'#%,0*(,-(
,%-( #--0'%>&*% ( 01 ( '&-%',.%&+9.,'./2#%,0*( $/82,.#%,0*-( .0*%#,*,*4 ( %'#*-2#%,0*- ( 1'0> ( %"&(
10'&,4*($'&--:(;"&(8&-%(0*4(,*.'-&-:NR( B#'%,.,$#*%-( #%( %"&( K,+#*( 3#22 (6&'&( #6#'&( 01( %",-5(
N] ;",-(1,4/'&(,-(F/0%&+(,*(",-(NORa(800,2#'(&-%,>#%&(G;"6#,%&-5(g:(dVaaYe5(J+-(,K"=+,;%"#-,LMNOPLMOQ:H:(^06&@&'5(,*(*&6-$#$&'('&$0'%-(+#%&2,*&+(L0@&>8&'(VR(#*+(VO5(M'#-&'(&-%,>#%&+(%"&(.'06+(#%(Z0@&'(]5aaa\5(#*+(#$$'0A,>#%&27(W5aaa('&-$&.%,@&27(G-&&(100%*0%&(V(#80@&H:
N_ ;"&(Z$#*+&>0*,/>\(%"#%(8'0#--(>&+,#D5(,*(!9!:(Q&&(G&+:H5(;%"#-D6,/+."-E,/+."-D6,;%"#-5($$:Ya9YNf(g/+02$"5(X9?:(GNORYH5(C!#*(01(%"&(B&0$2&D-(g&$/82,.(01(!",*#DE,RGG-6")#-(,:->+26SJ+>2"#8(0+2"+6,"#,76"-#,08&."+65(L0:_]5($:NPf(b/%%&'1,&2+5(M:(GNORVH5(;%"#-8&'(
8:
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
57/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
M'#-&'(6',%&-5(-0(Z87(-&%%,*4(,+-(#.'0--(%0(/-(d10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-e(*065(%"&7(1&2%(
%"#%(%"&7("#+(#( &($#'%,.,$#*%-(6&'&(&-$&.,#227(5(+&>0.'#.7(#*+("#$$,*&--(01(>#*&'0/-(
10'&,4*('&$0'%&'-(>#,*%#,*&+(.20-&(.0*%#.%-(6,%"(#.%,@,-%-5($#'%,./2#'27(3&,(X,*4-"&*45(
#*+(,%(6#-(#2-0(-"06*(%"#%(-0>&(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(1&2%(#(-&*-&(01('&-$0*-,8,2,%7(%06#'+-(
%"&,'(!",*&-&(.0*%#.%-:VV(`%(,-($&'"#$-(*0%(-/'$',-,*45(%"&*5(%0(1,*+(%"#%(0*(0..#-,0*-(%"&(
&A."#*4&-(6&*%(8&70*+(>&'&('&$0'%&'9-0/'.&('&2#%,0*-",$-:(
NOPR(*&6-('&2-&(1'0>(%"&(!0>>/*,-%(B#'%7D-(011,.,#2(*&6-(#4&*.75(K,*"/#5(6",."(F/0%&+(1'0>(
10'&,4*(*&6-(#4&*.,&-(#*+(*&6-$#$&'-(%0(>#0@&>&*%(6#-(8#.(GCb&6#'&(01(^#*0,D-(+&-,4*-D(dNOPR5(=&.&>8&'(Re5(082-"86,5"!+65($:NH:NO M'#-&'5(GNORa5($:V_VH:(U&&(#2-0(S$$&*+,A(`i:Va 3#+&5(L:5(Cb#.(/*$/82,-"&+($',@#%&(>&>0,'-:(;"&('&-$0*-&(%0(X0"*(M'#-&'D-(
$0-%&'(GNORa5($:V]OH(%"#%(#$$'&+(0*(%"&(K,+#*(3#22($'0@,+&-(#*0%"&'(&A#>$2&(01(%",-I(Q0@&(01(+&>0.'#.7(#*+(%'/%"(1,*+-(0/%(%"&(8&-%(01(1',&*+-:^&'&5('#*+0>(%0/'-(*&&+(*0(4/,+&-5`*%&'@,&6-(*&&+(*0(-/'@&,22#*.&;0(>##,*%#,*&+(%"&(.20-&-%(.0*%#.%(6,%"(3&,(X,*4-"&*45(.#%&40',.#227(+&*,&-(%"#%(%",-(#$$2,&+(%0(",>:
8;
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
58/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
3",2&(3&,D- (TI>()2-8")#6 ,>#4#[,*&(6#-(*0'>#227(-02+(10'(*0(>0'&(%"#*(a:](7/#*(
G#80/%(Wa(lU(.&*%-H5(%"&(4'0/$(#-()2-8")#6D,.,'./2#%,0*(1'0>(2&--(%"#*(
Vaa(.0$,&-(%0(>0'&(%"#*(N5Paa: VY(3&,(6#-(@&'7(10'6#'+(,*('&F/&-%,*4(+,'&.%(#--,-%#*.&5(
&-$&.,#227(.#-"(#*+(&F/,$>&*%5(1'0>('&$0'%&'-:(^&(0*.&(#-,*4(,>$'0$&'27(
,*@02@&+5(8/%( "&( +,+(4,@&(3&,( #* (766)G"-8+., :2+66, 9)2(.,7(!-#-G ,1/22( 01 (1#.%-( #*+(1,4/'&-( %"#%( 3&,( .0/2+(/-&( ,*( ",- (TI>()2-8")#6 ,#'%,.2&-:V](U0>&(TI>()2-8")#6 ,#'%,.2&-5(
#..0'+,*4( %0(S*+'&6( L#%"#*5(Z.#'',&+( >#%&',#2(4#'*&'&+( 1'0>(10'&,4*( '&$0'%&'-\5(#*+(
3#+&(6#-( *0%(%"&( 0*27(10'&,4*&'(%0( "&2$(3&,(X,*4-"&*4(6,%"(,*10'>#%,0*(/*#@#,2#82&(
,*-,+&(!",*#:V_( )%"&' ( 3&-%&'* ( .0''&-$0*+&*%- ( 6&'& ( 6,22,*4 ( %0 ( 40( >/." ( 1/'%"&'5 ( 10'(
VW Cl*011,.,#2(%'#*-.',$%(01(%"&(%',#2(01(3&,(X,*4-"&*4D(GNORaH5(S>*&-%7(`*%&'*#%,0*#25($:V]:VY Cl*011,.,#2(%'#*-.',$%(01(%"&(%',#2(01(3&,(X,*4-"&*4D(GNORa5($:N]H:(g&4#'+,*4(%"&(10'&,4*&'-D(6,22,*4*&--(
%0("&2$(87(-/8-.',8,*45(3&,(%&-%,1,&+I(ZdUe0>&(10'&,4*&'-(&@&*($'0>,-&+(%0("&2$5(%"0/4"(%"&(>#T0',%7(T/-%(-#,+5(C3&D22(-/8-.',8&(%0(70/'($/82,.#%,0*5(#*+(,*(%",-(6#7(6&D22("&2$(70/:D(\(GCl*011,.,#2(%'#*-.',$%(01(%"&(%',#2(01(3&,(X,*4-"&*4D(dNORa5($:NVeH:(`*(#*(,*%&'@,&6(6,%"(3/(M#*4(01(0@&'--(!",*&-&(0*2,*&(>#4#[,*&(4&-I"-,9+#$%-"5(3&,(+&-.',8&-(%"&(-"0&-%',*4($'0.&--(01($/%%,*4(0/%(",-(C$&0$2&D-($/82,.#%,0*D5(TI>()2-8")#6I(
Z3&(6'0%&(0/'(06*(#'%,.2&-5(.#'@&+(0/'(06*(d6#Ae(>#-%&'-5(#*+(6&*%(&@&'76"&'&(0/'-&2@&-(%0(%'7(%0(4&%(>,>&04'#$"(>#.",*&-:(S%(%"#%(%,>&(>,>&04'#$"(>#.",*&-(6&'&(#(8#**&+(,%&>(%"#%(,*+,@,+/#2-(.0/2+*D%(4&%(%"&,'("#*+-(0*5(70/("#+(%0(.0>&(/$(6,%"(6#7-(01(80''06,*4(0*&(%"'0/4"($&'-0*#2(.0**&.%,0*-(d3&-#I"e:(3&(80/4"%(0/'(06*($#$&'5(8/%(80%"($',*%,*4($#$&'(#*+(,*&5(%0(4,@&(%",-(82&:(3&225(`(-#,+5(2&%(%"0-&(6"0(2,82&5(6&D22(T/-%(+0(0/'(06*(%",*4(h(`(%&22(70/5(%"&(B#'%7(,-(*0%(40,*4(%0(4,@&(/-(>/."(%,>&5(#80/%(W(%0(_(>0*%"-(,*(1#.%5(-0(6&("#@&(%0(#.%(1#-%:(3&("#+(*0(6#7(01('#,-,*4(>0*&7(-,*.&(&@&'70*&(,*(!",*#(6#-($00'(#%(%"#%(%,>&:(U0(6&(60/2+(-&22(,%5(N(7/#*($&'(.0$7:(;"&7(-#,+5(C`-*D%(%"#%(%00(&A$&*-,@&J(
4)#3U"(d%"&(!!B(%"&0'&%,.#2(T0/'*#2e(,-(0*27(]a(.&*%-:D(`(-#,+I(C;"&(!0>>/*,-%(B#'%7(/-&-(%"&($&0$2&D-(>0*&7(%0(-/8-,+,-&(4)#3U"(h(6&(+0*D%("#@&(%"#%(#+@#*%#4&:(S(+022#'(#(.0$7n(3&(+0*D%(0*27(6#*%(%0(>#>(+!+#8e5(L0:(NYa5(X#*/#'7(NV5("%%$Ioo666:.*+:0'4o^K3popqORo[
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
59/96
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
60/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
2,-%&*&+(%0(%"&(i)S(#*+(bb!(#%(%"#%(%,>&5(#*&.+0%#2(&@,+&*.&(-/44&-%-(%"&(*/>8&'(6#-(
-,4*,1,.#*%:WY
!"#$%&'()*&(%0/."&+(/$0*(%"&(%"&0'7(%"#%(%"&(>#--(>&+,#(Z8&-%06($'&-%,4&(#*+(&*"#*.&(
%"&(#/%"0',%7(01(,*+,@,+/#2-(#*+(4'0/$-\(6,%",*(%"&(-0.,09$02,%,.#2(-7-%&>-($"#-,-&(%0(",-(,*%&'20./%0'-(%"#%(*0%(#22(3&-%&'*(>&+,#(6&'&(#-(>,4"%7(#*+(8'#@&(#*+(%'/%"1/2(#-(%"&(3#%&'4#%&(4,#*%9
-2#7&'-:W](B&'"#$-(>0-%(-%',(+D6,F-"(1 ,#*+(#(>/."(",4"&'('+&'-",$5(+&-$,%&(,%-(
011,.,#2(Z'&-%',.%&+\(-%#%/-: W_( `*( '&-'."( .0*+/.%&+(8&%6&&*( NOPO (#*+ ( NORV5(S*+'&6(
L#%"#*(10/*+(%"&(>#,*('-0*(10'(J+=+2+#G+,@+A6D,$0$/2#',%7(#>0*4(",-(Bg!(&>,4'#*%(
'&-$0*+&*%-(6#-(%"#%(%"&7(-#6(,%(#-(Z>0'&(%'/%"1/2(#*+(+&%#,2&+(%"#*(%"&('&-%(01(%"&(
$'&--\:WP( ;",- ( ,>$2,&- ( %"#%5 ( 87( '&$0'%,*4 ( %"& ( =&>0.'#.7 ( 3#22 ( ?0@&>&*%5 ( 3&-%&'*(
.0''&-$0*+&*%-(6&'&(.0*1&'',*4(2&4,%,>#.7(0*(,%(6,%",*(!",*#: WR
c#'-,+&(GNORN5($:VWYH(+&-.',8&-(%"&($'0.&--I(ZB0-%&'-(60/2+(40(/$(0*&(+#75(8&('&$0'%&+(,>>&+,#%&27(87(#4&*.,&-(#*+(8&('&8'0#+.#-%(8#.&*%5(,%(,-(F/,%&($0--,82&(%"#%(%"&(&@&*%-(,*(b&,T,*4(8'0/4"%(#80/%(,*.'-&+(2,-%&*&'-",$:(S..0'+,*4(%0(@+A,B)2C,5"!+6,.0''&-$0*+&*%,U"&'72(3/=/**5(,*(Z%,>&-(01(%/'>0,25(!",*&-&($&0$2&("#@&(#26#7-(-.'#>82&+(10'(#..&--(%0(10'&,4*(*&6-('&$0'%-\(+/&(%0(%"&(!",*&-&(
011,.,#2($'&--D-(-,2&*.&(G3/=/**5(U:(dNORO5(?#7(Oe5(Ci0,.&(01(S>&',.#("#-(60*(%"&('(01(!",*#D5(@+A,B)2C,5"!+65("%%$Ioo666:*7%,>&-:.0>oNOROoa]oaOo60'2+o@0,.&9019#>&',.#9"#-960*9%"&9'9019.",*#:"%>2H:
W] M'#-&'(GNORa5($:VYRH:W_ g/+02$"(GNORY5($:]Hf(b/%%&'1,&2+5(M:(GNOPO5(X#*/#'7(VNH5(C`*-,+&(!",*#(h(>0'&(%"#*(#($&'-$&.%,@&(,-(
."#*4&+D5(@+A,B)2C,5"!+65($:EWf(L#%"#*(GNOR]5($:N]RH(6',%&-(%"#%(;%"#-,B)&8%,F-"(1 (GW%)#33&),\"#3#"-#,]-)H,0@&'%00&*%(#.'0--(%"&(.0/*%'75(,%(,-(#2-0(#%(2-%(60'%"6",2&(.0*-,+&',*4(6"#%(*&6-(#*+(6",."(@,&6-:(3&(-#6(,*(!"#$%&'(;"'&&(%"#%(6"#%(%"&(.0''&-$0*+&*%-('&$0'%&+(%0(%"&(60'2+(%&*+&+(%0(8&(+0>,*#%&+(87(+,-./--,0*(01(!"#$%&,#*+("/>#*(',4"%-5,#20*4(6,%"(%"&(>0-%(-&*-#%,0*#2(
$0-%&'-(#*+(>0-%('#+,.#2(@,&6$0,*%-:(3",2&(,%(60/2+('&F/,'&(-$&.,1,.(,*@&-%,4#%,0*(%0(+'#6(#*7(1,'>(.0*.2/-,0*5(,%(60/2+(8&('-0*#82&(%0(&A$&.%(%"#%(%"&(*#%/'&(01(%"&(i)S(#*+(bb!(.0*%&*%(8'0#+.#-%&+(
88
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
61/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
?'($+$2(2@)A2&),B)B,%&$7*)',%%&23,*4&*(2
EA.&$%(,*(-,%/#%,0*-(6"&'&(T0/'*#2,-%-(",+&(%"&,'(,+&*%,%75(%"&,'($'&-&*.&(#%(%"&(-.&*&(01(
#*7(&@&*%(,*&@,%#827(#2%&'-(%"&(-,%/#%,0*:WO(`*(>#*7(.#-&-(%",-(,>$#.%(>#7(8&(>,*0'5(8/%(
%"&'&(,- ('-0*(%0(8&2,&@&(%"#%(%"&($'&-&*.&(01( %"&(3&-%&'*($'&--(-,4*,1,.#*%27(."#*4&+(
%"&( $'04'&--,0*( 01( %"&( =&>0.'#.7( 3#22 ( ?0@&>&*%:Ya( S-(c#'-,+&(&A$2#,*-5(6,%"(%"&(
i)S(#*+(bb!(%'#*->,%%,*4(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D('&$0'%-(8#.$#%',0%-\:YN(
!0''&-$0*+&*%-D('&$0'%-(01%&*(.#'',&+(*/>&'0/-(+,'&.%(F/0%&-(1'0>(6#22($0-%&'-5(#*+(&@&* ( &A.&'$%&+ ( #.%,@,-%-D( 6',%,*4- ( #% ( 2&*4%":YV( S1%&' ( 3&,D- ( #''&-%5 ( ",-, TI>()2-8")#6,
.022/&-(,--/&+(#(-%#%&>&*%( %"'0/4"(10'&,4*(T0/'*#2,-%-(%"#%( 6#-(6,+&27( '&$',*%&+( ,*(
%"&(10'&,4*(>&+,#:YW(S..0'+,*4(%0(#*(SMB(#--,-%#*%(#%(%"&(%,>&5(?#',&(^02[>#*5(/-,*4(
%"&(10'&,4*($'&--(,*(%",-(6#7(6#-(#($#'%,./2#'(-%'#%&47(01(3&,(X,*4-"&*4D-:(^06&@&'(K/(
3&*2,5(6"0-&(4'0/$($/82,-"&+(%"&(7>2"(,^)&28%,^)2&!(G0"A&,K-#H5(,*-,-%-(%"#%(>#*7(
=&>0.'#.7(3#22(#.%,@,-%(4'0/$-(&>$207&+(,%:(;"&(!",*#(^/>#*(g,4"%-(Q/&D-(1,'-%(
$0-%&'(&A$2,.,%27(+&>#*+&+(%"&(',4"%(%0(.0*@&'-&(6,%"(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-5(6",."(
-"06-(%"&,'(,>$0'%#*.&(%0(%"#%(4'0/$(01(#.%,@,-%-:(S..0'+,*4(%0(K/(%",-(6#-(0*27(*#%/'#2(
4,@&*(%"&(Z>0/%"$,&.&\(@,&6 (01(%"&(>&+,#(#-(#(%002(%0(8&(&>$207&+(10'(-0.,#2,-%(
,*%0(!",*#(60/2+(*0%("#@&(+,11&'&+(4'%27:(S-(%0(6"&%"&'(%"&(10'&,4*('&$0'%,*4(8&-%06&+(.'&+,8,2,%7(0'(#/%"0',%7(0*(3&,(X,*4-"&*4(0'(%"&(^/>#*(g,4"%-(Q/&5(%"&(#*-6&'(,-(-/'&27(7&-5(8/%(0*27(0/%-,+&(!",*#:(^#+(8&&*(%"&(.#-&(6,%",*(!",*#5(%"&*(%"&(TI>()2-8")#6,#*+(!",*#(^/>#*(g,4"%-(Q/&(0'4#*,-#%,0*-(-"0/2+("#@&(+&@&20$&+(8'#*."&-(,*(0%"&'($2#.&-5(8/%(%"&(#/%"0'("#-(-&&*(*0(-/44&-%,0*(%"#%(%"&7(+,+:
WO U&&(!"#$%&'()*&:Ya
`*(NOPR9NOPO(>#*7(10'&,4*&'-(6&'&(-,4*,1,.#*%27(%#22&'(%"#*(#2>0-%(#22(%"&(20.#2-5(-0(%"&,'($'&-&*.&(#>0*4(%"&(.'06+-(6#-(/-/#227(@&'7(08@,0/-:(YN c#'-,+&(GNORN5($:VWYH:YV EA#>$2&-(01(&A%&*-,@&(F/0%,*4(01($0-%&'-D(.0*%&*%(,*(10'&,4*(*&6-(#'%,.2&-(#'&(%00(*/>&'0/-(%0(2,-%5(
#*+(6&'&($#'%,./2#'27(.0>>0*(,*(=&.&>8&'(NOPR:(U&&5(,*($#'%,./2#'5(M'#-&'5(X:(GNOPR5(=&.&>8&'(VNH5(CS*0%"&'(.'#.8&'(RH5(CB&8&'(RH5(CB&8&'(NRH5(C!",*#(6#22$0-%&'($2(10'("/>#*(',4"%-D5(F-"(1,5+(+32->%5($:Y:
YW
c#'-,+&(GNORN5($$:V]R9V]OH:(Q#%&'(,*(NOPO(%"&(SMB(*&6-6,'&(.#'',&+(#*(&--#7(87(#(70/*4(#.%,@,-%(#*#27-,*4(%"&(1#,2/'&(01(%"&(>0@&>&*%:
8C
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
62/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
.0*-%'/.%,0*(%"#%(>0-%(!",*&-&($&0$2&("#+(4'06*(/$(6,%":YY(;"/-5("#+(%"&'&(8&&*(*0(
10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-($'&-&*%5(0'("#+(%"&(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(%#&(.0,*5(T0/'*#2,-%-(.#*(0*27,'&$0'%(6"#%(1,%-(6,%"(%"&,'(*&6-(
@#2/&-(#*+(#/+,&*.&(.0*-,+&'#%,0*-:(;"&'&10'&(%"&(b&,T,*4(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(,*(NOPR9NOPO(
6&'&(#2-0(%"&(C4#%*(
',4"%-5(#$$'(%0("#@&(8&&*(6',%%&*(6,%"(#(10'&,4*(#/+,&*.&(,*(>,*+:(;"&(&11&.%,@&*&--(01(
-/."($0-%&'-('&2,&+5(1,'-%(#*+(10'&>0-%5(0*("#@,*4(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(%0('&$0'%(%"&>(%0(%"&(
60'2+:YP(;"&(8&-%(."#*.&(01(,*12/&*.,*4(%"&(lU(B'&-,+&*%(6#-(@,#(lU($/82,.(0$,*,0*5(
#*+(,%(6#-(0*27(%"&($'&-&*.&(01(%"&(3&-%&'*(>&+,#(%"#%(>#+&(%"#%(#($0--,8,2,%7:(^&*.&5(,%(
.0/2+(8&(#'4/&+(%"#%(%"&-&(802+5(,*12#>>#%0'7(+0./>&*%-5(6",."(,*(%"&(B#'%7D-(@,&6(
.#22&+(10'(10'&,4*(,*%&'1&'&*.&(,*(!",*#D-(#11#,'-5(#$$'&+(#-(#(+,'&.%('&-/2%(01(%"&(
$'&-&*.&( 01(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-( ,*(b&,T,*4:YR(;",-($0,*%-(%0(%"&($0--,8,2,%7(%"#%(%"&(
10'&,4*($'&--(>,4"%("#@&(-&'@&+(%0(&*+#*4&'(%"&(>0@&>&*%5(#($'0$0-,%,0*(%"#%5(#-(%"&(
*&A%(-&.%,0*(&A$2#,*-5(,-(#2>0-%(.&'%#,*27(%0(-0>&(&A%&*%(%'/&:
YY `*%&'@,&6-(6,%"(?#',&(^02[>#*(GX/*&(V]5(VaNaH(#*+(K/(3&*2,(GX/*&(VP5(VaNa(h(-&&(S$$&*+,A(`iH:(Y] `*%&'@,&6(6,%"(K/(3&*2,5(X/*&(VP5(VaNa(G-&&(S$$&*+,A(`iH:(?#',&(^02[>#*('&.#22-($0-%&'9'+&'-(#%(
%"&(K,+#*(3#22(#-&*%(G-&&(S$$&*+,A(```H:YP U/."(2&%%&'-(.0/2+("#@&('."&+(3#-",*4%0*(@,#(+,$20>#%-(,*(b&,T,*4(6"0(>0*,%0'&+(%"&(6#22($0-%&'-5(
8/%(6,%"(%"&(!#'%&'(#+>,*,-%'#%,0*(0*(%"&(@&'7(8',*&27(-2,>:(
YR ;",-($0,*%(.0/2+(8&(%#,*#%&+(87(+,-./--,0*(01(!"#$%&,#*+("/>#*(',4"%-5,#20*4(6,%"(%"&(>0-%(-&*-#%,0*#2($0-%&'-(#*+(>0-%('#+,.#2(@,&6$0,*%-:(3&("#@&(#2-0(-&&*(,*(%",-(-&.%,0*(%"#%(10'&,4*(>&+,#(.0@&'#4&(6#-(,>$0'%#*%(%0(-0>&(#.%,@,-%-(#*+($0-%&'96',%&'-:(`-(,%(*0%($0--,82&5(%"&*5(%"#%(-0>&(>#7("#@&(-%'&*4%"&*&+(%"&,'('"&%0',.5(.0*-.,0/-27(0'(/*.0*-.,0/-275(,*(0'+&'(%0(#++(*&6-(@#2/&(#*+(#%%'#.%(%"&(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D(#%%&*%,0*J(!&'%#,*27(%"&(!",*&-&910'&,4*(+,-./--,0*-(,*(2#%&(L0@&>8&'(60/2+("#@&(4,@&*(>#*7(=&>0.'#.7(3#22($#'%,.,$#*%-(#*(,+(01(6"#%(%0$,.-(10'&,4*(T0/'*#2,-%-(6&'&(>0-%(,*%&'&-%&+(,*:(;"#%(-#,+5(%"&(0$&*(2&%%&'-(0*("/>#*(',4"%-(#'&(%"&(0*27('(&@,+&*.&(%"#%(%"&($/'-/,%(01(
10'&,4*(#%%&*%,0*(,*12/&*.&+(#*7(=&>0.'#.7(3#22(#.%,@,-%-D(6',%,*4-(0'(2#*4/#4&:(;"&'&(,-5("06&@&'5($2&*%7(01(&@,+&*.&(%"#%($'&.,-&27(%",-("#$$&*&+(#%(;,#*#*>&*(UF/#'&(,*(NORO(G-&&(`*%'0+/.%,0*H:
8"
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
63/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
1,%%&23,*4&*(2@),+&%5--)$.35'(
E@#2/#%,*4(%"&(0@&'#22(,>$#.%(01(%"&(3&-%&'*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D($'&-&*.&(#*+(#.%,0*-(
+&$&*+-(0*("06(6&(,*%&'$'&%(=&*4(K,#0$,*4D-(+&.,-,0*(%0(0'+&'(%"&(.'#.5*4)B,%'&4
='&*5%$,)FG,E
#&*7)'>5*7&4)>$2).$*4
='&*5%$,)F>%&&E
H5'>$5+&--$5*)#&*7
=&*4(6#*%&+(%0(#2206(%"&(
>0@&>&*%(%0(.0*%,*/&(8/%(6#-(10'.&+(%0(0'+&'(#(.'#.(.0#2,%,0*5($#'%,./2#'27(02+&'(1,4/'&-(2,,4"%(&*+(/$(.#/-,*4(!/2%/'#2(g&@02/%,0*9-%72&(."#0-:YO(S%(#(>&&%,*4(01(%"&(B02,%8/'0(,*(>,+9?#'."(NOPO5(#(>#T0',%7(6#*%&+(#(.'#.#T0',%7:]a(
^&*.&(6"7(,*(",-(^)&2,;-2."#-(,:2"#G">(+6,-$&&."(=&*4('&$%&+27('&1&''&+(%0(%"&(@,&6-("&(6#-(&A$'&--,*4(#-(%"0-&(01(%"&(!&*%'#2(!0>>,%%&&5(*0%(",-(06*:]N
;",-(@,&6(,-($/%(10'6#'+(87(
g/#*(?,*45(6"0(6#-($#'%(01(=&*4D-(-$&&."6',%,*4(%>(#%(%"&(%,>&:(g/#*('&>&>8&'-(=&*4(",4"2,4"%,*4(%"&(*&&+(%0(10'(%"&($#'%7(%0(Z.#''7(10'6#'+(:(:(:(%"&(400+($0,*%-(01(
80/'4&0,-(+&>0.'#.7\(#%(^/(k#08#*4D-(;"&0'&%,.#2(30'&(01(,%-(,+-5(Z-"0.&'(
$0,*%-(0/%(%"#%(=&*45(#-(#(@,.%,>(01(%"&(!/2%/'#2(g&@02/%,0*5(>#7(*&@&'('("#@&(#$$'0@&+(01(%"&(>#--&-(1'&&27(&A$'&--,*4(%"&,'(6,-"&-5(#-("&($'01&--&+(%0:]Y(`*(%",-(
-.&*#',05(%"&*5(=&*4(/-&+(%"&(=&>0.'#.7(3#22(?0@&>&*%(%0(%#(011&*-,@&(,*(%"&(lU5(%"&*(6"&*(,%(+,+(*0%(1#+&(#6#7(01(,%-(06*(#..0'+("&(%00:(S-(%"&(.0>>#*+&'9,*9.",&1(01(%"&(i,&%*#>(0$&'#%,0*5(=&*45(%005(20-%(1#.&:\(
]N L0*&(01(%"&(0%"&'(-$&&."&-(0'(&--#7-(,*(=&*4D-(0+(+G8+.,9)2C6(.0*%#,*&+(#*7(-,>,2#'(+&1&''#2(01('&-$0*-,8,2,%75(#..0'+,*4(%0(b#/>(GNOOY5($:YaN5(*0%&(]WH:(U&&(=&*4(K,#0$,*4(GNOPOH5(Cl$"02+(%"&(M0/'(!#'+,*#2(B',*.,$2&-D5(,*(0+(+G8+.,9)2C6,)=,F+#3,H"-)>"#3,a)(&!+,bb5($$:N_R9NON:(
]V g/#*(?,*4(GNOOYH5(F+#3,H"-)>"#3&'0/-(
.0*@&'-#%,0*-\(6,%"(g/#*(,*(NORR:]Y =,%%>&'(GNORP5($:VWVH:
8/
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
64/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
l*+&' ( &,%"&' ( 01 ( %"& ( %"& ( 1,'-% ( %60 ( -.&*#',0-5 ( %"& ( 3&-%&'* ( .0''&-$0*+&*%- ( $'08#827(
"#-%&*&+(%"&(>0@&>&*%D-(-/$$'&--,0*:(`%(6#-(>&*%,0*&+(#80@&("06(!",*&-&(2+&'-(
"#@& (#..&--( %0( @#',0/-( ,*%&'*#2(+,4&-%-(01 (10'&,4*(*&6-('&$0'%-:( `*( U.&*#',0( )*&(%"&(10'&,4*(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D(10./-(0*(%"&('#+,.#2(1',*4&(01(%"&(>0@&>&*%(60/2+("#@&(
$'0@,+&+(#>>/*,%,0*(10'(%"0-&(2+&'-(6"0(6#*%&+(%0(-&&(#(.'#.&(>#7("#@&(.0*%',8/%&+(%0(=&*4D-(."#*4&(01("'%:(?0'&0@&'5(%"&(
.0''&-$0*+&*%-D( .20-& ( .0*%#.%- ( 6,%" ( #.%,@,-%-5 ( ,*.2/+,*4 ( -0>& ( ,*.,+&*.&- ( 01 ( +,'&.%(
#--,-%#*.&5(0$&*&+(%"&(>0@&>&*%5(0'(&2&>&*%-(6,%",*(,%5(%0(%"&(."#'4&(01(8&,*4(10'&,4*9
#--,-%&+5(10'&,4*9,*12/&*.&+(0'5(60'-%(01(#225(/*$#%',0%,. :]_( ;"& ( 2#%%&'( #../-#%,0* ( 6#-(
.&'%#,*27(2&@&22&+(#%(%"&(6',%&'-(01(%"&(0$&*(2&%%&'-(%0(%"&(lU(B'&-,+&*%(0*("/>#*(',4"%-(,*(!",*#5(6",."(=&*4(&@&*(-,*42&+(0/%(10'(.',%,.,->: ]P(;"&(0$&*(2&%%&'-(#2-0(-/44&-%("06(
%"&(.0''&-$0*+&*%-D($'&-&*.&5(#*+($&'"#$-(&@&*(%"&,'('&$0'%,*45(>#7("#@&(,*+/.&+(
=&>0.'#.7(3#22(#.%,@,-%-(%0(-$'&(-%'0*4275(%"#%(,-5(>0'&(>&*#.,*427(1'0>(%"&(
B#'%7D-( $&'-$&.%,@&5(%"#*( %"&7(0%"&'6,-&(>,4"%( "#@&: (`*(%"& (.#-&( 01(3&,(X,*4-"&*45( #(
10'&,4*(T0/'*#2,-%($'0@,+&+(%"&(B#'%7(6,%"(%"&($'&%&A%(#*+($0--,827(&@&*(%"&(&@,+&*.&(10'(
",-(T#,2,*4:]R()1(.0/'-&5(,%(60/2+(8&(*#,@&(%0(-/44&-%(3&,(60/2+(*0%("#@&(8&&*(#''&-%&+(
#*+(T#,2&+(#*76#75(8/%(%"&*(#4#,*5(10'&,4*(T0/'*#2,-%-("#+(>#+&(3&,D-(#''&-%(>0'&(2,0@&>&*%D-(-/$$'&--,0*(>0'&(2,,4"%(.0*-,+&'5(10'(&A#>$2&5(%"&(2,5(-#7(70/*4(!",*&-&D5(0'(*&6-(%"#%(#.%,@,-%-(8&2,&@&+(Z-0>&(10'&,4*&'-5(6,%"(%"&,'(%'#+,%,0*(01(+&>0.'#.75(6&'&(8&%%&'(-/$$0'%&'-(01(+&>0.'#%,.('&10'>-(%"#*(
!",*&-&(2+&'-\:(3#+&5(L:(GNOPO5(X#*/#'7(WaH5(C3&(60/2+(+,&(10'(0/'(1'&&+0>5(-#7(70/*4(!",*&-&D5(F-"(1,5+(+32->%5($:Yf(3#+&5(L:(GNOPO5(X#*/#'7(V]H5(CB0-%&'-(+&17(B&&(,*($#'%(+/&(%0(%"&(.0**&.%,0*-(8&%6&&*(10'&,4*(T0/'*#2,-%-(#*+(Z+,--,+&*%-\5(#*+(8&.#/-&(01(%"&(i)SD-(#>$2,1,.#%,0*(01(,%:
]P )*(%"&($/82,.('&.0'+(,*(",-(Cl$"02+(%"&(M0/'(!#'+,*#2(B',*.,$2&-D(-$&&.":(U&&(=&*4(GNOPO5($:NRVH:]R S('&.0'+,*4(01(#(.0*@&'-#%,0*(8&%6&&*(3&,(#*+(?#.q&*[,&(%"#%(6#-(/-&+(87(%"&($'0-&./%,0*(+/',*4(
%"&(%',#2(6#-(.2'27(>#+&(6,%"0/%(3&,D-($&'>,--,0*5(-,*.&(,*(,%(3&,(#-#+&(%"&('&.0'+,*4(#*+("#*+&+(,%(0@&'(%0(%"&(!",*&-&(#/%"0',%,&-:(?#.q&*[,&(6#-(87(#22(#..0/*%-(*0%(0*&(01(%"&(>0'&(#.%,@&(.0''&-$0*+&*%-(,*('&2#%,0*(%0(=&>0.'#.7(3#22:(^&(+&*,&+(%"#%("&("#+(011&'&+(3&,(>0*&75(8/%(.0*1,'>&+(0*($/82,.('&.0'+(
%"#%(3&,("#+(011&'&+(",>(>,2,%#'7(,*10'>#%,0*(GCU&.'&%-(.2#,>(+&*,&+D(dNOPO5().%08&'(VOe5(5%+,'&-2."-#5($:_H5(#*(&%",.#227(F/&-%,0*#82&('&-$0*-&(,*(;"6#,%&-D(@,&6:
80
-
8/8/2019 Andrew Chubb -- Foreign Correspondents & Democracy Wall: The impact of the Western media in China, 1978-1979
65/96
!"#$%&'()*+',(-"&(./$#0%(*1(2&3%&'4(!*''&3$*45&4%3
l*+&'(U.&*#',0(;"'&&(%"&(10'&,4*(T0/'*#2,-%-("#+(2,%%2&(%0(+0(6,%"(%"&(.'#.0@&>&*%(0*.&(,%(6#-(*0(20*4&'(
/-&1/2(%0( ",>:(`1 (%",-(6#-( %"&( .#-&5(%"&*(%"&( 3&-%&'*( $'&--D-( $'&-&*.&(#*+( #.%,0*-( ,*(
'&$0'%,*4(%"&(K,+#*(3#22($'08#827(&A%&*+&+(,%-(2,1&-$#*5(#*+(>#7(&@&*("#@&(-&'@&+(%0(
$'0%&.%(-0>&(#.%,@,-%-(,*(b&,T,*4:(S>0*4(%"&(1,'-%(6#@&(01(#'0/*+(Wa(#''&-