and Study Guide Copy rrigh - Wikispaces Power Lesson 3... ·...
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Becoming a World Power, 1872-1917 netw rks Name _______________________________________ Date _______________ CLaSS _________ Content Vocabulary sphere of influence section of a country where a foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers Open Door policy a policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence dollar diplomacy a policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad guerrillas armed fighters who carry out surprise attacks Academic Vocabulary access freedom or ability to obtain or make use of tension friction or opposition between groups Reading Essentials and Study Guide ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are empires built? Reading HELPDESK Lesson 3 New American Diplomacy
Transcript of and Study Guide Copy rrigh - Wikispaces Power Lesson 3... ·...
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Becoming a World Power, 1872-1917
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Content Vocabularysphere of influence section_of_a_country_where_a_foreign_nation_enjoys_special_rights_and_powers
Open Door policy a_policy_that_allowed_each_foreign_nation_in_China_to_trade_freely_in_the_other_nations’_spheres_of_influence
dollar diplomacy a_policy_of_joining_the_business_interests_of_a_country_with_its_diplomatic_interests_abroad
guerrillas armed_fighters_who_carry_out_surprise_attacks_
Academic Vocabularyaccess freedom_or_ability_to_obtain_or_make_use_of
tension friction_or_opposition_between_groups
Reading Essentials and Study Guide
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow are empires built?
Reading HELPDESK
Lesson 3 New American Diplomacy
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Becoming a World Power, 1872-1917
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TAKING NOTES: Organizing
ACTIVITY Complete_a_graphic_organizer_similar_to_the_one_below_to_list_reasons_the_United_States_wanted_a_canal_through_Central_america.
Reading Essentials and Study Guide Cont.
IT MATTERS BECAUSE…The influence of the United States continued to expand into foreign countries. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated disagreements in Asia and Latin America. He also gained the Panama Canal Zone. Presidents Taft and Wilson increased U.S. trade and influence in Latin America.
American Diplomacy in AsiaGUIDING QUESTION Why_did_the_United_States_want_to_eliminate_spheres_of_influence_in_China?
In_1899_the_United_States_was_a_major_power_in_asia._It_had_naval_bases_all_across_the_Pacific._the_United_States_Navy_was_then_the_world’s_third-largest_navy._It_could_use_U.S._power_anywhere_in_east_asia_when_it_operated_from_those_bases._the_nation’s_main_interest_in_asia_was_trade,_not_conquest._U.S._exports_to_China_grew_four_times_greater_between_1895_and_1900._China_bought_only_about_two_percent_of_U.S._exports._But_the_large_Chinese_markets_excited_U.S._business_leaders._Leaders_in_the_textile,_oil,_and_steel_industries_were_especially_excited.
The Open Door PolicyIn_1894_war_began_between_China_and_Japan_over_Korea._Korea_was_very_weak_and_relied_greatly_on_China._Westerners_were_surprised_when_Japan_easily_defeated_China’s_large_military._the_war_showed_that_Japan_had_learned_Western_technology._It_also_showed_that_China_was_weaker_than_anyone_had_thought._China_recognized_Korea’s_independence_in_the_peace_treaty._China_also_gave_Japan_territory_in_manchuria._
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Becoming a World Power, 1872-1917
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the_Russians_were_concerned_about_Japan’s_growing_power._they_did_not_want_Japan_to_get_the_territory_in_manchuria_because_it_bordered_Russia._Russia_forced_Japan_to_return_the_manchurian_territory_it_had_received._France_and_Germany_supported_Russia._then,_in_1898,_Russia_demanded_China_rent_the_territory_to_Russia_instead.Leasing_meant_the_territory_would_still_belong_to_China,_but_a_foreign_
government_would_have_overall_control._Soon_Germany,_France,_and_Britain_also_demanded_“leaseholds”_in_China._each_leasehold_became_the_center_of_a_country’s_sphere of influence._this_was_an_area_where_a_foreign_nation_controlled_economic_development_or_growth.U.S._politicians_and_businessmen_worried_about_these_events._President_mcKinley_
and_Secretary_of_State_John_Hay_both_supported_what_they_called_an_Open Door policy._this_policy_would_allow_all_countries_to_trade_with_China.In_1899_Hay_asked_countries_with_leaseholds_in_China_to_allow_other_nations_to_
do_business_in_their_spheres_of_influence._each_nation_said_it_accepted_the_Open_Door_policy_but_would_not_follow_it_unless_all_the_others_agreed._Hay_then_said_that_the_United_States_expected_all_the_other_powers_to_uphold_the_policy.
The Boxer RebellionWhile_foreign_countries_debated_access_to_China’s_market,_secret_Chinese_societies_organized_to_fight_foreign_control_and_influence._access_is_the_right_to_use_something._One_secret_group_was_the_Society_of_Righteous_and_Harmonious_Fists._Westerners_called_this_group_the_Boxers._In_1900_the_group_decided_to_destroy_both_the_foreigners_and_their_Chinese_Christian_converts._they_believed_these_people_were_hurting_Chinese_society.the_Boxers_and_some_Chinese_troops_attacked_foreign_embassies_in_Peking_(now_
Beijing)_and_tientsin_(now_tianjin)._this_was_called_the_Boxer_Rebellion._they_killed_more_than_200_foreigners_and_took_others_prisoner._after_the_German_ambassador_to_China_was_killed,_eight_nations—Germany,_austria-Hungary,_Britain,_France,_Italy,_Japan,_Russia,_and_the_United_States—became_involved._many_nations_came_together_to_rescue_the_foreigners_and_end_the_rebellion.During_the_crisis,_Secretary_of_State_John_Hay_worked_with_British_diplomats_to_
convince_the_other_powers_not_to_break_up_China._Hay_convinced_the_participating_powers_to_accept_payment_from_China_for_damages_caused_by_the_rebellion._the_powers_agreed_not_to_break_up_China_into_european-controlled_colonies._the_United_States_kept_access_to_China’s_profitable_trade_in_tea,_spices,_and_silk_and_gained_a_larger_market_for_its_own_goods.
PROGRESS CHECKMaking Inferences What_was_the_importance_of_the_Open_Door_policy_to_the_United_States?
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Roosevelt and Taft’s DiplomacyGUIDING QUESTION Was_President_Roosevelt_correct_in_his_belief_that_a_strong_
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military_presence_promoted_global_peace?
President_mcKinley_was_reelected_in_1900,_but_his_second_term_was_cut_short_when_an_assassin_shot_him_in_September_1901._Vice_President_theodore_Roosevelt_then_became_the_president._Roosevelt_wanted_to_increase_U.S._power._He_also_accepted_some_of_anglo-Saxonism’s_ideas._He_believed_that_the_United_States_had_a_duty_to_shape_the_“less_civilized”_parts_of_the_earth.
Balancing Power in East AsiaPresident_Roosevelt_supported_the_Open_Door_policy_in_China._He_worked_to_stop_any_nation_from_controlling_trade_there._He_helped_negotiate_an_end_to_a_war_between_Japan_and_Russia_that_had_begun_in_1904._at_a_1905_peace_conference,_Roosevelt_talked_Russia_into_recognizing_Japan’s_territorial_gains._He_also_persuaded_Japan_to_stop_seeking_more_territory._the_relationship_between_the_United_States_and_Japan_grew_worse_after_the_
resolution._the_two_nations_each_wanted_more_influence_in_asia._But_they_said_they_would_respect_each_other’s_territories,_continue_the_Open_Door_policy,_and_support_China’s_independence.
The Panama CanalRoosevelt_believed_that_displaying_U.S._power_to_the_world_would_keep_nations_from_fighting._He_used_a_West_african_saying,_“Speak_softly_and_carry_a_big_stick,”_to_describe_his_policy._the_policy_became_known_as_the_“big_stick”_policy._this_policy_was_seen_when_the_United_States_built_the_Panama_Canal._Roosevelt_and_others_believed_that_having_a_canal_through_Central_america_was_necessary_to_U.S._power_in_the_world._He_also_thought_it_would_save_time_and_money_for_commercial_and_military_shipping._In_1889,_a_French_company_stopped_building_a_canal_in_Panama._It_then_offered_to_sell_the_rights_and_the_property_to_the_United_States._In_1902_Congress_agreed_to_the_purchase_and_to_the_building_of_a_canal.Panama_was_a_province_of_Colombia_at_that_time._In_1903_the_United_States_
offered_Colombia_a_lot_of_money_and_yearly_rent_for_the_right_to_build_the_canal._the_United_States_also_would_control_a_narrow_strip_of_land_on_either_side_of_the_canal._Colombia_refused._Tension_increased_between_Colombia_and_Panamanians._the_Panamanians_were_against_Colombian_rule._the_French_were_worried_that_the_United_States_would_back_out_of_the_offer._the_French_company_met_with_Panamanian_officials_and_decided_to_make_a_deal_with_the_United_States._In_November_1903,_with_U.S._warships_offshore,_Panama_revolted_against_Colombia._Within_days,_the_United_States_recognized_Panama’s_independence._the_two_nations_signed_a_treaty_allowing_the_canal_to_be_built.During_the_construction,_malaria_and_yellow_fever_sickened_workers_and_slowed_
their_progress._malaria_and_yellow_fever_are_two_deadly_diseases_passed_from_person_to_person_by_mosquitoes._Surgeon_General_of_the_army_William_Crawford_Gorgas_helped_create_an_area_called_the_Canal_Zone_where_mosquitoes_could_not_live._His_efforts_decreased_disease_and_allowed_workers_to_continue_building_the_canal._
The Roosevelt CorollaryBy_the_early_1900s,_U.S._officials_began_to_worry_about_large_debts_that_Latin_
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american_nations_owed_european_banks._In_1902_Venezuela_failed_to_repay_its_debts._Britain,_Germany,_and_Italy_then_blockaded,_or_closed_off,_Venezuelan_ports._the_crisis_was_resolved_peacefully_after_the_United_States_pushed_both_sides_to_reach_an_agreement._Roosevelt_then_spoke_to_Congress._He_stated_that_the_United_States_would_become_involved_with_Latin_american_issues_when_it_was_necessary._He_thought_it_was_necessary_to_keep_economic_and_political_strength_in_the_Western_Hemisphere._this_policy_became_known_as_the_Roosevelt_Corollary_to_the_monroe_Doctrine.the_goal_of_the_Roosevelt_Corollary_was_to_keep_european_nations_from_using_
Latin_america’s_debt_problems_to_justify_intervening_in_the_region._the_United_States_first_used_the_Roosevelt_Corollary_in_the_Dominican_Republic._the_Dominican_Republic_was_late_making_its_debt_payments_to_european_nations._In_1905_the_United_States_marine_Corps_began_collecting_customs_taxes_in_the_Dominican_Republic.
Dollar DiplomacyWilliam_Howard_taft_became_president_after_Roosevelt._He_focused_less_on_military_force_and_more_on_economic_development._taft_believed_that_supporting_Latin_american_industry_would_increase_trade_and_profits_for_U.S._business._He_also_thought_it_would_lift_Latin_american_countries_out_of_poverty_and_social_disorder._His_policy_came_to_be_called_dollar diplomacy._taft’s_administration_worked_to_replace_european_loans_with_loans_from_U.S._
banks._they_did_this_to_give_europeans_less_reason_to_become_involved_with_Latin_american_issues._In_1911_U.S._bankers_began_making_loans_to_Nicaragua_to_support_its_unstable_government._the_next_year,_civil_unrest_forced_Nicaragua’s_president_to_ask_for_more_help._U.S._marines_entered_Nicaragua._they_replaced_the_customs_collector_with_an_U.S._collector._they_also_formed_a_committee_to_control_the_customs_commissions,_or_fees._U.S._troops_stayed_to_support_the_government_and_customs_until_1925.
PROGRESS CHECKExplaining Why_was_it_important_for_the_United_States_to_influence_Latin_american_nations?
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Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in MexicoGUIDING QUESTION How_did_“moral_diplomacy”_shape_President_Wilson’s_foreign_policy?
When_Woodrow_Wilson_became_president_in_1913,_he_knew_that_foreign_affairs_were_not_his_strength._He_had_written_books_on_state_government,_Congress,_and_George_Washington._He_also_wrote_about_the_history_of_the_nation._His_experience_and_interest_were_in_domestic_policy._Wilson_was_a_university_president_before_he_entered_politics._He_was_also_a_committed_progressive._However,_Wilson’s_time_and_
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energy_as_president_were_spent_mostly_on_foreign_affairs.Wilson_opposed_imperialism._He_believed_that_democracy_was_essential_to_a_
nation’s_stability_and_economic_success._He_wanted_the_United_States_to_promote_democracy_to_create_a_world_without_rebellion_and_war._He_hoped_the_United_States_would_lead_by_moral_example,_but_his_first_international_crisis_ruined_that_hope.
The Mexican RevolutionPorfirio_Díaz_ruled_mexico_as_a_dictator_for_more_than_30_years._During_Díaz’s_
time_in_power,_mexico_became_much_more_industrialized._But_foreign_investors_owned_and_paid_for_the_new_railroads_and_factories_that_were_built._most_mexican_citizens_were_poor_and_did_not_own_land._In_1910_a_revolution_led_by_Francisco_madero_began._madero_was_a_reformer_who_seemed_to_support_democracy,_constitutional_government,_and_land_reform._madero,_however,_was_an_unskilled_leader._Conservative_forces_plotted_against_madero_because_they_were_worried_about_his_plans_for_land_reform._In_1913_General_Victoriano_Huerta_took_power,_and_madero_was_murdered.Huerta_was_a_cruel_leader._Wilson_did_not_approve_of_him_and_refused_to_
recognize_the_new_mexican_government._Instead,_Wilson_announced_a_new_policy._to_win_U.S._recognition,_groups_that_seized_power_in_Latin_america_would_have_to_establish_a_government_based_on_law,_not_on_force._Wilson_believed_that_without_U.S._support_Huerta_would_soon_be_overthrown._Wilson_ordered_the_navy_to_stop_weapons_shipments_to_Huerta’s_government_and_also_allowed_americans_to_give_weapons_to_Huerta’s_enemies.
Wilson Sends Troops Into MexicoIn_april_1914,_american_sailors_visiting_the_mexican_city_of_tampico_were_arrested_after_entering_a_restricted_area._they_were_quickly_released,_but_their_U.S._commander_demanded_an_apology._the_mexicans_refused._Wilson_saw_the_refusal_as_a_chance_to_overthrow_Huerta._He_asked_Congress_to_allow_the_use_of_force._Congress_agreed,_and_Wilson_soon_learned_that_the_crew_of_a_German_ship_was_unloading_weapons_at_the_mexican_port_of_Veracruz._Wilson_immediately_ordered_U.S._warships_to_Veracruz,_and_U.S._marines_used_force_to_take_the_city.the_president_expected_the_mexican_people_to_welcome_his_action_but_anti-
american_riots_broke_out._Wilson_then_accepted_international_mediation_to_settle_the_dispute._Venustiano_Carranza,_whose_forces_had_earlier_received_U.S._weapons,_became_mexico’s_president._mexican_forces_opposed_to_Carranza_were_not_satisfied._they_made_raids_into_the_
United_States_hoping_to_force_Wilson_to_become_involved._In_march_1916,_Pancho_Villa_(Vee_yuh)_and_a_group_of_guerrillas—armed_fighters_who_carry_out_surprise_attacks—burned_the_town_of_Columbus,_New_mexico,_killing_17_americans._Wilson_responded_by_sending_6,000_troops_under_General_John_J._Pershing_across_the_border_to_capture_Villa._the_effort_dragged_on_with_no_success._Wilson’s_growing_concern_over_the_war_in_europe_finally_caused_him_to_bring_back_Pershing’s_troops_in_1917.Wilson’s_mexican_policy_hurt_U.S._foreign_relations._the_British_laughed_at_the_
president’s_attempt_to_force_the_mexicans_into_self-government._Latin_americans_thought_his_“moral_imperialism”_was_no_better_than_theodore_Roosevelt’s_“big_stick”_diplomacy._In_fact,_Wilson_followed_Roosevelt’s_example_in_the_Caribbean._In_1914_he_negotiated_sole_rights_for_naval_bases_and_a_canal_with_Nicaragua._In_
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_1915_he_sent_marines_into_Haiti_to_end_a_rebellion._the_marines_stayed_there_until_1934._In_1916_he_sent_troops_into_the_Dominican_Republic_to_keep_order_and_to_create_government_that_he_hoped_would_be_more_stable_and_democratic_than_the_current_one.
PROGRESS CHECKExamining Why_did_President_Wilson's_“moral_diplomacy”_not_accomplish_its_intended_purpose?
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