And signal transduction
Transcript of And signal transduction
Transmitter receptors
And signal transduction
Nicotinic channels
• Two molecules of acetylcholine bind. • agonist from Nicotinia tabacum • found in vertebrate • all (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
autonomic ganglia (the first synapse, not the neuro-effector junction),
• muscle and other places
cloning
• Torpedo - electric ray, up to 75 V (not that much) but 20 Amps.
• Lots of generator potentials added up • (vs. Electrophorus - lots of spikes, used
to isolate the Na+ channel of the action potential).
• (There are also fish with electric sense, not just those that stun prey.)
more
• bound by alpha-bungarotoxin - from banded krait Bungarus multicinctus (snake), 74 amino acids binds receptor irreversibly
• causes paralysis by blocking transmission, • label receptor 125I alpha-bungarotoxin. • 5 subunits - 2 alpha, beta, gamma and delta • in neurons, 3 alpha, 2 beta (and no alpha
bungarotoxin sensitivity)
more • spans the membrane 4 times. • M2 likely lines the pore. • Nicotine is an agonist; but like an antagonist • blocks transmission at autonomic ganglia by
depolarization blockade. • antagonists (curare, a plant alkaloid from
Clondodendron tomentosum). • muscular relaxatants used (like
succinylcholine). • must prove that anesthesia is adequate.
Recent paper • BAOrser, Lifting the fog around anesthesia, • analgesia (absence of pain) is paramount • Unconsciousness (hypnosis) • Immobility • Interestingly, amnesia (loss of memory) • Dentist William Morton, ether in Boston, 1846 • These days, drugs that keep GABA-A
channels open (benzodiazepines like Valium also affect these)
Additional points
• Developmentally, diffuse receptors cluster. • Acetylcholinesterase, is all over the place. • molecules are very concentrated at n.m.j.
crest, 20,000 - 30,000 per square micron • (about as tightly packed as possible in
contrast with punctate voltage gated sodium channels).
• Probably water filled pore.
Finally • All 4 subunits needed in expression • 10 to the 6th ACh molecules from one a.p.
into n.m.j. cleft. • 2.5 x 10 to the 5th channels transiently open. • 400 nA n.m.j. end plate current. • 1 ms open time. • 10,000 Na+'s flow through each channel in
this time. • Channel conductances of 25 pS
Myasthenis gravis
• Smaller miniature end plate potential.Great weakness Receptors low
• autoimmunity to nicotinic receptors. • (NS proteins generally separated from
immune surveillance by blood brain barrier.) • Thomas Willis (1685, of circle of Willis fame.) • that action potentials are increased by
neostigmine treatment. • Involvement of thymus.
Comments
• Glutamate (AMPA, NMDA, Kainate), GABA, glycine, setotonin, purine
• Keeping in mind that we already discussed ACh (nicotinic) receptors (above), the notable ligands missing from the channel receptor list are epinephrine and dopamine.
• There is a staggering diversity of different types.
NMDA
• NMDA = N-methyl D-aspartate. • blocked by AP5 (2-amino-5-
phosphonovalerate) • central excitatory - like inputs to
hippocampus • On the basis of the reversal potential, it
is inferred that the channel is nonselective cation channel.
NMDA
• Na+ & Ca2+ Calcium influx - • excitotoxicity in injury or stroke. • Voltage, glutamate, calcium cause
"vicious cycle of glutamate release.” • Ca2+ "second messenger" • important neural processes, such as
"learning," are attributed to NMDA receptors
AMPA and Kainate
• = alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate
• Kainate (from red alga Digenea simplex) and Quisqualate (from seed of Quisqualis indica) are excitotoxic amino acids
• reversal potential is at 0 mV so it is likely opening for K+ & Na+ channels
GABA
• GABA-A channel is for Cl-. • Different combinations of 5 different subunits • makes for a lot of diversity. • Diazepam (Valium) and chlordiazepoxide
(Librium) [tranquilizers] bind to alpha and delta subunits - enhance GABAergic transmission.
• Barbiturates [hypnotics] like phenobarbital bind to gamma subunit.
GABA, glycine, 5HT
• GABA-A receptors blocked by bicuculline from Dutchman's breeches and picrotoxin from Anamerta cocculus.
• Glycine receptor blocked by strychnine, alkaloid from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica - causes seizures.
• 5HT3 is also an ion channel - maybe the molecule only spans the membrane 3 times.
Metabotropic
• 1971 Nobel Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (US) • "mechanisms of actions of hormones," • father of signal transduction. • cAMP as a second messenger • adrenergic effects on metabolism in
liver (which mobilizes glucose from glycogen).
Autonomic: Ach, NE
• nicotinic (ionotropic) ganglia, • muscarinic (metabotropic") neuro-effector • Adrenergic only in neuro-effector. • alpha excitatory, arteriole, agonist
Neosynephrine (phenylephrine). • Beta inhibitory (excitatory heart) • beta blocker propranolol for hypertension. • several alphas & betas. • adrenergic is metabotropic, not ionotropic
Lefkowitz
• Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin, Nature 321, 75, 1986
G protein coupled receptors
By hydrophobicity, they all cross membrane in 7 alpha-helices.
• Rhodopsin was the prototype, • followed closely by the beta adrenergic
receptor. • Then many neurotransmitter and
hormone receptors were found.
Super(duper)family
• 1990's, olfactory Axel & Buch 2004 Nobel • In summary, there is an enormous diversity! • (>1000 in mammals). • N terminus outside cell, glycosylation • C-inside (heptahelical) -phosphorylation, • 2nd and 3rd loops and C terminus for
interaction with a subunit of G protein
Many for transmitters
• mGluR1-8, • NE alpha 6 types, beta 1 , 2, & 3, • D1-D5, • GABA-B(1&2), • 5-HT-12 types • Purines 12 types • And muscarinic (1-5)
Muscarinic
• (postganglionic parasympathetic) - • muscarine - from poisonous red mushroom
(Amanita muscaria) stimulates, • atropine (from deadly nightshade) blocks
(belladonna = beautiful lady). • Acetylcholine from Vagus (X) slows heart, • acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as
insecticide malation or nerve gas) would stop • atropine, block receptor, would save your life.
notes
• “G” -alpha subunit binds GTP • AGGilman and M Rodbell, Nobel 1994 • heterotrimer alpha, beta and gamma • alpha and beta are about the same size,
gamma is smaller • alpha and gamma linked to membrane by
fatty acid • alpha subunit affects effector and is GTPase
notes
• cascades with different second messenger (signalling) systems (effectors)
• beta adrenergic, Gs (stimulatory), adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylation
• For glutamate, Gq (q is designation here) activates Phospholipase C (PLC) or PLA2.
• For dopamine, a Gi (inhibitory) inhibits the cAMP cascade
Phosphoinositide cascade
• phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate PIP2 • DAG (diacyl glycerol) IP3 (inositol
trisphosphate • IP3 causes release of Ca2+ from
nonmitochondrial stores, IP3 receptor. • Ca2+ intracellular messenger. • binds calcium binding proteins like calmodulin • DAG activates PKC (protein kinase C) • [kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates].
Lipids are interesting
• In 1970, lipids seemed boring, hold proteins. • 1980's, turn over, and to be signaling • NorpA (no receptor potential) Drosophila • have rhodopsin but lack phospholipase C. • I did not isolate the mutant or make this
discovery, but I did work on norpA. on lipids and fatty acids in Drosophila with reference to phototransduction.
also
• ATP -> adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP -> phosphodiesterase -> 5'AMP.
• Caffeine and theophylline inhibit PDE (phosphodiesterase for cAMP),
• thus potentiating the "upper" action of norepinephrine by making its second messenger longer lasting.
Recent paper
• LTD=Long term depression, • model for learning. • Conditioned eyelid response • paradigm for learning. • Transgenic with Purkinje-specific promotor • used to express a molecule to inhibit PKC. • These mice lack LTD for this learning.