And aspirated and reinforced consonants

Daniel RasbandBrigham Young University

Korean AssimilationPhoneme 1 P 2 P 3

_# V_V, N_V

V_N #_ _C[-tense],[-aspiration]

Tensed Aspirated

ㄱ : /k/ /g/ /ŋ/ /k˺/ /kCC/ ㄲ : /k’/ ㅋ : /kh/

ㄷ : /t/ /d/ /n/ /t˺/ /tCC/ ㄸ :/t’/ ㅌ : /th/

ㅂ : /p/ /b/ /m/ /p˺/ /pCC/ ㅃ : /p’/ ㅍ : /ph/

ㅅ : /s/ /s/ /n/ /t˺/ /tCC/ ㅆ : /s’/ Ø

Hunminjeongeum ( 訓民正音 )

Modern Hangul ( 한글 )위 뒤 아래 비 나무 깨 해 고기 수수 바다 가루 가 기타윗 글자쇠 뒷 번호

아랫 귀퉁이 빗골짜기 나뭇가지 깻묵 햇곡식 고깃간 수숫겨 바닷가 밀가루 강가 누빗대

윗 조상 뒷 사람 아랫 줄 빗길 나뭇결 깻잎 햇볕 고깃국 수숫대 바닷고기 건칠가루 개울가 가감법

윗거리 뒷 안부 아랫것 빗물 나뭇광 햇빛 고깃덩이 수숫단 바닷물 겟가루 바닷가가게거밋과

윗공간 뒷 트렁크 아랫계단 빗발 나뭇단 햇살 고깃배 수숫묵 바닷가고 겨잣가루 창가 가겟방

윗구석 뒷 편 아랫길 빗방울 나뭇잎 햇수수숫잎괭이 바닷바람 계핏가루 냇가 가겟집

윗기울기 뒷간 아랫녘 빗소리 나뭇조각수숫잎덩이 바닷빛 고깃가루 갯가 가금법

윗길 뒷갑판 아랫니 빗속 나뭇짐수숫잎틀이 바닷속 고춧가루 개천가 가락짓벌

윗녘 뒷거래 아랫단 빗자국 바닷풀 광가루 물개

윗니 뒷걸음 아랫도리 빗줄기 바닷길 금가루노란가루진디물

가운뎃 발가락

윗단 뒷걸음질 아랫돌 바닷비늘 깻가루가운뎃 손가락

윗대 뒷고대 아랫동네 바닷개 날콩가루 감정가

윗도리 뒷골 아랫두리 바닷게 녹말가루 감화가

윗돌 뒷골목 아랫마 바닷말 눈가루 강가

What is Sai-sios?Noun-binding

Reinforcing

/ㅅ / = /s/ = ?

/nn/ before high front vowel

/d/ before other vowels

-> /kk/, /pp/, /tt/, /ss/ before the respective consonant

Aspirated and Tensed Consonants

Two SidesStandard Orthography Nonstandard FormsSai-sios should not be used

before aspirated consonants or tensed consonants.

The National Institute of the Korean Language

No (significant) Pronunciation Change

Sai-sios not explicit in other words (where the pronunciation does change).

MisspellingsAnalogyValid Morpheme (has a

morpho-semantic function and therefore there is no need to omit it from standardized spellings)

MethodologyMorphological Analysis of Compound Words

Analysis of Corpus DataGreat Dictionary of Standard Korean ( 『

표준국어대사전』 )MalmungchiGoogle, Naver, Daum

Analysis24 words from each group

Morphological Parse

Internet search

Compare

WordsGroup 1 Group 2

twi-s-kan ‘latrine’ ‘twi-kkuth’ ‘the end’

twi-s-keli ‘back street’ twi-ttang ‘the pieces behind the front in yuchnoli’

twi-s-kewul ‘back mirror’ twi-ppwuli ‘back root (of spine)’

twi-s-kelum ‘back step’ twi-ccok ‘backside’

twi-s-kol ‘back of the head’ twi-cha ‘car in the rear’

twi-s-kolmok ‘back alley’ twi-chang ‘rear window’

twi-s-kwumeng ‘back hole’ twi-cheli ‘after-measures’

twi-s-kwi ‘back of the ear’ twi-chwuk ‘heel of shoe’

twi-s-kulwu ‘back stump’ twi-chwum ‘rear pant waist’

twi-s-kulimca ‘rear shadow’ twi-chung ‘floor in the rear’

twi-s-kul ‘afterward’ (in book) twi-kho ‘rear nose on needle’

Words continued…twi-s-kil ‘back road’ twi-thal ‘later trouble’

twi-s-namwu ‘tree in the back’ twi-thay ‘figure from rear’

twi-s-nal ‘later days’ twi-thayto ‘figure from rear’

twi-s-tali ‘back leg’ twi-thek ‘back edge’

twi-s-tam ‘back fence’ twi-thongswu ‘back of the head’

twi-s-ton ‘off-the-books money’ twi-thum ‘back gap’

twi-s-tongney ‘back neighborhood’ twi-phan ‘back plate’

twi-s-matang ‘back yard’ twi-phyen ‘back side’

twi-s-mamwuli ‘finish’ twi-phyoci ‘back cover’

twi-s-maul ‘back village’ twi-phwuli ‘entertainment after a ceremony’

twi-s-mal ‘backbiting’ twi-phwum ‘shoulder width of garment’

twi-s-mas ‘aftertaste’ twi-heli ‘rear waist’

twi-s-mosup ‘figure from behind’ twi-hyokwa ‘after effect’

Percentages

ConclusionsMorphological parse shows that the words

with aspirated and tensed consonants are of the same category morpho-semantically as the words with the sai-sios.

Words with the aspirated and tensed consonants very often “misspelled” by native Korean speakers

There is something more to the sai-sios than just a pronunciation change.

Further WorkSpeech Corpora (Phonetic Analysis)

Other Problems with the Epenthetic ‘S'

More Corpora

Better Querying Functionality

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