Ancient RomeAncient Rome

Rome’s GeographyRome’s Geography

Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic location. How?and strategic location. How?– Location on Italian peninsula in center of Location on Italian peninsula in center of

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea– Built on Seven hills on Tiber RiverBuilt on Seven hills on Tiber River

Map of Roman EmpireMap of Roman Empire

Origins of RomeOrigins of Rome According to Roman legend, Rome was According to Roman legend, Rome was

founded by Romulus (Rome named founded by Romulus (Rome named after) and Remusafter) and Remus– Father was Mars, mother Latin princessFather was Mars, mother Latin princess– Raised by a she-wolfRaised by a she-wolf

Latins settled around Rome 1000 to Latins settled around Rome 1000 to 500 B.C.E500 B.C.E

Greeks also established colonies in Greeks also established colonies in ItalyItaly

Etruscans = N. ItalyEtruscans = N. Italy

Romulus and RemusRomulus and Remus

Influence of EtruscansInfluence of Etruscans Writing Writing ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

Roman RepublicRoman Republic509 BCE - 27 BCE509 BCE - 27 BCE

Romans establish Republic in 509 B.C.E.Romans establish Republic in 509 B.C.E.– Republic: government power rests in citizensRepublic: government power rests in citizens

Fight between Patricians (wealthy Fight between Patricians (wealthy landowners) and Plebeians (merchants & landowners) and Plebeians (merchants & farmers)farmers)– Plebeians protected by Plebeians protected by tribunestribunes (elected (elected

representatives) representatives) 12 Tables – laws to protect all citizens12 Tables – laws to protect all citizens

– Basis for later Roman lawBasis for later Roman law– Citizenship is limited to adult male landownersCitizenship is limited to adult male landowners– Hung in the ForumHung in the Forum

12 Tables12 Tables

Government of RomeGovernment of Rome 2 Consuls

– 2 rulers of Rome– 1 to rule army, 1 to direct government

Senate – Representative body for patricians –

upper class Tribal Assembly

– Representative body for plebeians – lower class, common people

Dictators – appointed in times of crisis

Roman ArmyRoman Army All land owners had to All land owners had to

serve in the Armyserve in the Army Organized into large Organized into large

military units called military units called legions.legions.– 5,000 foot soldiers5,000 foot soldiers– Cavalry (soldiers on Cavalry (soldiers on

horses)horses) Divided into even Divided into even

smaller groups called smaller groups called centuries – 80 mencenturies – 80 men

Key factor in greatnessKey factor in greatness

Roman Power SpreadsRoman Power Spreads Rome conquers Italy, but access to Rome conquers Italy, but access to

Mediterranean Sea blocked by Mediterranean Sea blocked by Carthaginian Empire. Treats people Carthaginian Empire. Treats people humanely. humanely.

Punic Wars (264-146 BC)Punic Wars (264-146 BC) Wars(3) between Rome and CarthageWars(3) between Rome and Carthage

– Carthage, powerful city state in North Africa, Carthage, powerful city state in North Africa, rivals Romerivals Rome

11stst Punic War, Rome wins, takes Sicily in 23 Punic War, Rome wins, takes Sicily in 23 year old waryear old war

Punic Wars (264-146 BC)Punic Wars (264-146 BC) 22ndnd Punic War, Hannibal led the Punic War, Hannibal led the

Carthaginians against Rome. Carthaginians against Rome. – Tried to surprise Romans by sneak attack by Tried to surprise Romans by sneak attack by

going through Spain and France crossing over the going through Spain and France crossing over the Alps into ItalyAlps into Italy Included 37 elephantsIncluded 37 elephants

– It worked. Terrorized Italy for a decade but didn’t It worked. Terrorized Italy for a decade but didn’t capture Rome. Cannae 45,000 Romans killed.capture Rome. Cannae 45,000 Romans killed.

– Scipio (Skip-ee-oh) finally defeated Hannibal at Scipio (Skip-ee-oh) finally defeated Hannibal at Battle of Zama in 202 BCEBattle of Zama in 202 BCE

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

Punic Wars (264-146 BC)Punic Wars (264-146 BC) Third War – Rome finally takes over as Third War – Rome finally takes over as

supreme power in W. Mediterraneansupreme power in W. Mediterranean– Destroys Carthage Destroys Carthage

Burns the city to the groundBurns the city to the ground

– Enslaves peopleEnslaves people 50,000 citizens 50,000 citizens

Roman Helmet during the Punic Roman Helmet during the Punic WarWar

Hannibal CoinHannibal Coin

Republic CollapsesRepublic Collapses Rome grew, gap between rich and poor grewRome grew, gap between rich and poor grew

– Rich = large estatesRich = large estates– Poor = Slaves captured from wars worked their fields Poor = Slaves captured from wars worked their fields

(1/3 of population)(1/3 of population) Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to

reform, but were killed.reform, but were killed.– Poor should be given grain and small plots of landPoor should be given grain and small plots of land

Civil war broke out after they were killed Civil war broke out after they were killed Military becomes less disciplined and disloyalMilitary becomes less disciplined and disloyal Soldiers from poor families; show loyalty to Soldiers from poor families; show loyalty to

their generalstheir generals

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Military leader w/ Crassus and Military leader w/ Crassus and

Pompey took control of Rome.Pompey took control of Rome.– Triumvirate – group of 3 rulersTriumvirate – group of 3 rulers

After 1 year of being Consul, he left After 1 year of being Consul, he left to become governor of Gaul.to become governor of Gaul.– Conquered all of Gaul, became very Conquered all of Gaul, became very

popularpopular Pompey becomes jealous orders Pompey becomes jealous orders

Caesar to disbandCaesar to disband– Caesar ignores him, chases him out of Caesar ignores him, chases him out of

Rome and becomes Dictator of Rome in Rome and becomes Dictator of Rome in 46 B.C.E., Dictator for life in 44 BCE 46 B.C.E., Dictator for life in 44 BCE

Civil War & Dictators Civil War & Dictators

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

Julius Caesar cont.Julius Caesar cont. Absolute RulerAbsolute Ruler

– Disbanded SenateDisbanded Senate ReformsReforms

– Granted citizenship to people in provincesGranted citizenship to people in provinces– Created jobs for poor by construction of new Created jobs for poor by construction of new

buildingsbuildings– Increased pay for soldiersIncreased pay for soldiers

DeathDeath– Killed by senators including “friends” Marcus Killed by senators including “friends” Marcus

Brutus and Gaius Cassius in Senate ChamberBrutus and Gaius Cassius in Senate Chamber– March 15, 44 BCMarch 15, 44 BC

Beware the Ides of March!Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE44 BCE

Another Civil WarAnother Civil War 43 BC Caesar’s supporters take control, 43 BC Caesar’s supporters take control,

become Second Triumviratebecome Second Triumvirate– Three kick out assassinsThree kick out assassins

Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son)Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son) Mark Antony Mark Antony LepidusLepidus

Jealousy drove Antony and Octavian to Jealousy drove Antony and Octavian to become rivalsbecome rivals– Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at

ActiumActium Octavian excepts title of Augustus Octavian excepts title of Augustus

(“exalted one”) and imperator (“supreme (“exalted one”) and imperator (“supreme military commander) – rules Romemilitary commander) – rules Rome

Battle of ActiumBattle of Actium

Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Marc Antony, and OctavianMarc Antony, and Octavian

Julius Caesar & Cleopatra – Had an affair and Julius Caesar & Cleopatra – Had an affair and most likely a kid (Caesarion)most likely a kid (Caesarion)– Lived in Rome till Caesar diedLived in Rome till Caesar died

Julius Caesar & Marc Antony – Caesar was Julius Caesar & Marc Antony – Caesar was Antony’s 2Antony’s 2ndnd cousin, friend, supporter cousin, friend, supporter

Julius Caesar & Octavian – Nephew of Caesar, Julius Caesar & Octavian – Nephew of Caesar, Octavian becomes adopted son. Heir to throne. Octavian becomes adopted son. Heir to throne.

Marc Antony & Cleopatra – Become lovers and Marc Antony & Cleopatra – Become lovers and have 3 kids (twins and a son). Antony commits have 3 kids (twins and a son). Antony commits suicide and dies in Cleopatra’s arms.suicide and dies in Cleopatra’s arms.

Cleopatra & Octavian – Cleopatra commits Cleopatra & Octavian – Cleopatra commits suicide after Antony’s death. Octavian kills suicide after Antony’s death. Octavian kills Caesarion. Caesarion.

Cleopatra and CaesarionCleopatra and Caesarion

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First EmperorRome’s First Emperor

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Under Augustus, Rome moves from a Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an empirerepublic to an empire

Power no longer resides with citizens, but Power no longer resides with citizens, but a single rulera single ruler

Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as prosperity known as Pax RomanaPax Romana

Augustus creates system of governmentAugustus creates system of government– Glorifies Rome with public buildingsGlorifies Rome with public buildings– Sets up a civil service to administer the empireSets up a civil service to administer the empire

Roman Culture - BathroomsRoman Culture - Bathrooms

Roman Culture - VillasRoman Culture - Villas

House of Faun

Hadrian Villa

Wall Mosiac

Roman Culture - BuildingsRoman Culture - Buildings

Arch of Constantine Arch of Septimius Severus

Roman Culture - BuildingsRoman Culture - Buildings

Arch of Titus Ostia Theatre

Roman Culture - BuildingsRoman Culture - Buildings

Temple of Venus and Rome – Largest Temple in Rome

Pax RomanaPax Romana27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.

A Vast and Powerful EmpireA Vast and Powerful Empire

Agriculture most important industry; Agriculture most important industry; 90% of Romans farm90% of Romans farm

Common coin, denarius, makes trade Common coin, denarius, makes trade within empire easierwithin empire easier

Rome has vast trading network, Rome has vast trading network, including China and India. Roads link including China and India. Roads link Persia and RussiaPersia and Russia

The Roman WorldThe Roman World Slavery is significant part of Roman life in both Slavery is significant part of Roman life in both

cities and farmscities and farms Some become gladiators; forced to fight to deathSome become gladiators; forced to fight to death Early Romans honor guardian spirits and gods Early Romans honor guardian spirits and gods

Jupiter, Juno, MinervaJupiter, Juno, Minerva Worship of emperor becomes part of official Worship of emperor becomes part of official

religion of Romereligion of Rome Rich live well; most people are poor, receive grain Rich live well; most people are poor, receive grain

from governmentfrom government 150 holidays and Colosseum events created to 150 holidays and Colosseum events created to

control the massescontrol the masses

Emperor NeroEmperor Nero Mother, Agrippina, Mother, Agrippina,

influenced him greatly when influenced him greatly when he became emperor at 16 in he became emperor at 16 in 54 AD54 AD

Killed step-brother, at age Killed step-brother, at age 14, because he was true 14, because he was true heir to throneheir to throne

Killed Mother in 59 ADKilled Mother in 59 AD Executed a lot of his rivalsExecuted a lot of his rivals Executed Christians as Executed Christians as

scapegoat for a fire in Romescapegoat for a fire in Rome Killed first wife, married Killed first wife, married

mistress Poppaeamistress Poppaea In 65 AD, kicked Poppaea to In 65 AD, kicked Poppaea to

deathdeath Senate declared him enemy Senate declared him enemy

of Rome, committed suicide of Rome, committed suicide in 69 ADin 69 AD

Emperor Caligula Emperor Caligula Son of popular general Son of popular general

GermanicusGermanicus Got sick and then went Got sick and then went

crazy, killing tons of crazy, killing tons of people – many times for people – many times for funfun

Indulged in too much Indulged in too much spending and sexspending and sex– Slept with other men’s Slept with other men’s

wives and bragged about itwives and bragged about it– Incest with his sistersIncest with his sisters

Epilepic, Hyperthyroidism, Epilepic, Hyperthyroidism, and Meningitis could’ve and Meningitis could’ve been the cause for his been the cause for his “insanity”“insanity”