Ancient Printing Research

8/10/2019 Ancient Printing Research

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Resurrecion, Arries B.

Calingo, Blessy Mae C.

Delos Santos, Rhesa DeanneDupalco, Nina

Huberit, John Louie


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CHINA Timeline of early Chinese Printing technology

development Western Han Dynasty (202BC-1!D"

10#!D$ Paper %e&nement

00!D$Development of 'oodloc) printing technology*

+,2 !D$%ise of The Boo)

Circa 101$.oveale Type

!R"A Woodloc) Printing P/re ight Dharani /tra

.etal movale type in orea

ang3eong 4oge/m 5em/n

JA#AN .ovale Type in 6apan

Conf/cian !nalects


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CHINA

Printing started in China in the #+, !D7 Printing 'as promoted y

the spread of B/ddhism7

Traditionally8 there have een t'o main printing techni9/es in

!sia* 'oodloc) printing (:ylography" and moveale type

printing7 ;n the 'oodloc) techni9/e8 in) is applied to letters

carved /pon a 'ooden oard8 'hich is then pressed onto paper7

With moveale type8 the oard is assemled /sing di


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China 'as the &rst co/ntry in the 'orld to ma)e proper paper7Paper made d/ring the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-1 !D" haseen fo/nd in 4ans/ Province8 iAan and other places in haan:i

Province as 'ell as in3iang7)'-AD #aper Rene/ent0Tsai o/n achieved remar)aledevelopments in modern paper-ma)ing from hemp8 ar) and$strangely eno/gh$recycled &shnets7 The res/lt 'as a thin8 softpaper 'ith a tight te:t/re and smooth &nish777this set theprecedent for the development of printing techni9/es7

! f/rther development of paper is credited to Tsai /n of the=astern Han (2#-220"7 He /sed plant &er s/ch as tree ar)8 its

of rope8 rags and 'orn-o/t &shing nets as ra' materials7 ;n 10#8Tsai presented the &rst atch of paper made /nder his s/pervisionto the Han emperor8 'ho 'as so delighted that he named thematerial .ar9/is CaiAs paper7 =astern Han Dynasty paper fo/ndin W/'ei8 4ans/8 in 1+E carried 'ords 'hich 'ere still clearlydecipherale7 Thin8 soft8 and 'ith a smooth &nish and tightte:t/re8 this paper is the most re&ned and oldest paperdiscovered to date7

*''ADDe1elop/ent o2 3oo4bloc5 printing technology0!detailed inscription 'as painted on 'ood loc)s and coated 'ithrice paste to retain the shape of the in)7 ! craftsman 'o/ld thenc/t a'ay a raised impression of the inscription8 'hich 'asr/shed 'ith in) and pressed against a sheet of paper7 ! h/geconcept/al leap in graphic comm/nication8 this method allo'edm/ltiple replications of formerly sing/lar events incomm/nication7


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The 'orldAs earliest 'oodloc) printed fragments to s/rvive arefrom China and are of sil) printed 'ith Fo'ers in three colo/rsfrom the Han Dynasty (efore !D 220 "7 The technology ofprinting on cloth in China 'as adapted to paper /nder theinF/ence of B/ddhism 'hich mandated the circ/lation of standardtranslations over a 'ide area8 as 'ell as the prod/ction ofm/ltiple copies of )ey te:ts for religio/s reasons7

The earliest 'oodloc) printed fragments to s/rvive are from China

and are of sil) printed 'ith Fo'ers in three colo/rs from the Han

Dynasty(efore !D 220 "7 ;t is clear that 'oodloc) printing developed

in !sia several cent/ries efore =/rope7 The Chinese 'ere the &rst to

/se the process to print solid te:t8 and e9/ally that8 m/ch later8 in

=/rope the printing of images on cloth developed into the printing of

images on paper ('oodc/ts"7 ;t is also no' estalished that the /se in

=/rope of the same process to print s/stantial amo/nts of te:t
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut


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together 'ith images in loc)-oo)s only came after the development

of movale typein the 1#0s7

;n China8 an alternative to 'oodloc) printing 'as a system

of reprographysince the Han Dynasty /sing carved stone stelesto

reprod/ce pages of te:t7The three necessary components for

'oodloc) printing are the 'ood loc)8 'hich carries the design c/t

in reliefG dye or in)8 'hich had een 'idely /sed in the ancient 'orldG

and either clothor paper8 'hich 'as &rst developed in China8 aro/nd

the ,rd cent/ry BC or 2nd cent/ry BC7 Woodloc) printingon papyr/sseems never to have een practised8 altho/gh it 'o/ld e

possile7

67& ADRise o2 8he Boo50The &rst )no'n oo)8 TheDiamond /tra8 (&rst printed oo)" a collection of B/ddhistclassics in 1,0 vol/mes8 'as made at the initiative of @ong Tao8 aChinese minister7

8he rst printe4 boo50 9*9

The earliest )no'n printed oo) is Chinese8 from the end of theTAang dynasty7 Discovered in a cave at D/nh/ang in 1>++8 it is aprecisely dated doc/ment 'hich rings the circ/mstances of itscreation vividly to life7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_carvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_carvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus


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;t is a scroll8 1 feet long and a foot high8 formed of sheets ofpaper gl/ed together at their edges7 The te:t is that of theDiamond /tra8 and the &rst sheet in the scroll has an addeddistinction7 ;t is the 'orldAs &rst printed ill/stration8 depicting an

enthroned B/ddha s/rro/nded y holy attendants7 ;n a traditionlater familiar in religio/s art of the 'est8 a small &g/re )neels andprays in the foregro/nd7 He is pres/maly the donor 'ho has paidfor this holy oo)7

Circa )':)Mo1eable 8ype0! chinese alchemist named Biheng invented moveale type y creating raised individ/alcharacters made of a)ed clay7 He &:ed them to an iron plate

'hich 'as heated to rearrange the characters at 'ill7 This asicinnovation 'as not s/rpassed in historic importance for thegraphic arts /ntil the invention of des)top p/lishing some +#0years later7 .ovale type in China7

The &rst )no'n movale type system 'as invented

in Chinaaro/nd 100 !D y Bi heng(++0-10#1"7 Bi hengAs type

'as made of ceramics7 !s descried y the Chinese scholar hen

/o(10,110+#"*

When he wished to print, he took an iron frame and set it on

the iron plate. In this he placed the types, set close together.

When the frame was full, the whole made one solid block of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_Shenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi_Shenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo


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type. He then placed it near the re to warm it. When the

paste [at the back] was slightly melted, he took a smooth

board and pressed it over the surface, so that the block of

type became as even as a whetstone.

or each character there were several types, and for certaincommon characters there were twenty or more types each,

in order to be prepared for the repetition of characters on

the same page. When the characters were not in use he had

them arranged with paper labels, one label for each rhyme!

group, and kept them in wooden cases7

The claim that Bi hengAs clay types 'ere fragileand not

practical for large-scale printing and short lived 'as

ref/ted y Pan 6i:ing8 'ho pointed o/t that clay type8 after

eing a)ed in an oven8 ecomes hard and diIc/lt to rea)8

s/ch that it remains intact after eing dropped from t'o

meters onto a marle Foor7 Clay type printing 'as practiced

in China from the ong dynasty thro/gh the Jing dynasty8

never short lived7 Brone movale type printing 'as

invented in China as early as 11th cent/ry in large scale

rone plate printing of paper money 'ith emedded rone

metal types for anti co/nterfeit mar)ers7 H/a /iin 1+0 !D

d/ring the .ing Dynasty/sed this method in printing

oo)s(1,>-1 !D"7

!s early as 11# in6in Dynasty8 people /sed copper loc)

emedded 'ith rone movale type to print paper money

and formal oIcial doc/ments7 The typical e:ample of this

)ind of rone movale type emedded copper-loc)

printing is a printed chec) of 6in Dynasty in the year of

121#8 'ith t'o s9/are holes for emedding t'o rone

movale type characters8 each selected from 1000 di


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characters8 s/ch that each printed paper money has

di122E"8 circa 11,+11+,8 it is

tho/ght to e the earliest e:tant e:ample of a oo) printed /sing

'ooden movale type7

!R"A

$!!DBL!C #RIN8IN182#> loc)s of magnolia 'ood8 carved

on oth sides8 'hich are still )ept almost intact at Haeinsa7 !

printing oIce 'as estalished in the ?ational !cademy in 1101

and the 4oryeogovernment collection n/mered several tens of

tho/sands7

.etal movale type in orea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharani_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharani_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pure_Light_Dharani_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongjuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakyamuni_Pagodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeinsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharani_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharani_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pure_Light_Dharani_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongjuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakyamuni_Pagodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeinsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo


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The transition from 'ood type to movale metal type occ/rred

in oread/ring the 4oryeo Dynasty8 some time in the 1,th

cent/ry8 to meet the heavy demand for oth religio/s and sec/lar

oo)s7 ! set of rit/al oo)s8 "ang#eong $ogeum %emun 'ere

printed 'ith movale metal type in 12,7 The credit for the &rst

metal movale type may go to Choe 5/n-/iof the 4oryeoDynasty

in 12,7

"ang#eong $ogeum %emun

The techni9/es for rone casting8 /sed at the time for ma)ing

coins (as 'ell as ells and stat/es" 'ere adapted to ma)ing metal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Yun-uihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Yun-uihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo


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type7 Knli)e the metal p/nch system tho/ght to e /sed

y 4/tenerg8 the oreans /sed a sand-casting method7 The

follo'ing description of the orean font casting process 'as

recorded y the6oseon dynastyscholar ong Hyon (1#th cent/ry"*

&t rst, one cuts letters in beech wood. 'ne lls a trough

level with ne sandy [clay] of the reed!growing seashore.

Wood!cut letters are pressed into the sand, then the

impressions become negative and form letters [molds]. &t

this step, placing one trough together with another, one

pours the molten bron(e down into an opening. )he *uid

*ows in, lling these negative molds, one by one becoming

type. +astly, one scrapes and les o the irregularities, andpiles them up to be arranged.

While metal movale type printing 'as developed in orea and

the oldest e:tant metal print oo) had een printed in

orea8 orea never 'itnessed a printing revol/tion comparale

to =/ropeAs*

-orean printing with movable metallic type developedmainly within the royal foundry of the %i dynasty. oyalty

kept a monopoly of this new techni/ue and by royal

mandate suppressed all non!o0cial printing activities and

any budding attempts at commerciali(ation of printing.

)hus, printing in early -orea served only the small, noble

groups of the highly stratied society.

! potential sol/tion to the ling/istic and c/lt/ral ottlenec)

that held ac) movale type in orea for t'o h/ndred years

appeared in the early 1#th cent/ry$a generation efore

4/tenerg 'o/ld egin 'or)ing on his o'n movale type

invention in =/rope$'hen ing e3ongdevised a

simpli&ed alphaetof 2 characters called Hang/lfor /se y
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great_of_Joseonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul


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the common people8 'hich co/ld have made the typecasting

and compositing process more feasile7

JA#AN

.ovale type in 6apan

Tho/gh the6es/itsoperated a Western movale typeprinting-

pressin ?agasa)i86apan8 printing e9/ipment ro/ght ac)yToyotomi HideyoshiAs army in 1#+, from orea had far greater

inF/ence on the development of the medi/m7 @o/r years

later8To)/ga'a ;eyas/8 even efore ecoming shog/n8 e


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Ancient Printing Research

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