Ancient Italy Report (1)

8/7/2019 Ancient Italy Report (1)

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Ancient Italy Gianan, Eleonor F. and Maglaqui, Ramon Joseph N.



Facts

HistoricalBackground

City of Rome

Government

Roman Civilization

Ancient Italy Italian Deities

Roman Empire

Rome Vs Greece

Great Leaders

Timeline of RomanHistory

Landmarks

ContributionsVideos

I.T.A.L.Y.



Official Name ² Italia

The name Italy comes from the Latin word Italia thatreferred to a territory owned by Rome.

Capital ² Rome

Official Language ² Italian

Total Land Area - 301,338 km2 (71st)116,346 sq mi

Total Water Surface ² 2.4%

Currency - Euro ()2 (EUR)

Facts about Ancient

Italy



1. In ancient Italy, the Roman gods and goddesses played as large a

role as they did in Greece.

2. Rome was established in 753 BC.

3. The early inhabitants of ancient Italy were widely varied.

4. Engagement rings originated in ancient Italy.

5. The Pantheon dome still stands.

6. Farming is a long-held tradition in Italy.

7. Architecture from ancient Italy still survives today.

8. Clothing indicated social class in ancient Italy.

9. Divination was popular in ancient Italy.

10. Education was important to the ancient Romans.

Facts about Ancient

Italy

main



A. MapB. Location and Climate

C. Flags and symbols

D. Etymology

E. People

Historical Background of

AncientItaly

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Map of Italy



Map of Ancient ItalyBack



Located in southern Europe.

Italy is a peninsula extending into the CentralMediterranean Sea.

It is shaped like a high-heeled boot kicking a"triangle"³the island of Sicily.

Italy borders France to the west, Switzerlandand Austria to the north, and Slovenia to theeast.

Location



Temperate (mild) climate with regional

differences

Coastal areas have mild winters and warm,

dry summers

Mountains have cold, wet, and snowy winters

and humid summers

Climate



DID YOU KNOW?

´Italosµ was the Greek word for bull-calf.

Because the earliest Romans used cattle as a

form of money. This ´Land of Calvesµ soon

became known as Italy.

Back



Flag of Italy

Italy's flag is a tricolor featuring three equally sized

vertical bands of green, white and red, with the

green at the hoist side.

Meaning of National Italian Flag



Italy¶s Flag

´Il Tricoloreµ, is a vertical tricolour with from left to

right the colours green, white and red. When used for

seafaring, the white bar in the Italy flag should have

added the combined weapons of four of the mostimportant seafaring republics of Italy.

The four most important seafaring republics in Italy

are Venica, Genua, Amalfi and Pisa. A lion represents

Pisa, Genua is represented by a red cross on a whitebackground, Amalfi and Pisa are also represented by

a cross, that of Amalfi being white on blue and Pisa

being a white cross on red background.



Italian Symbols

War Flag Italian Emblem

The emblem comprises a white five-pointed

star, with a red border, superimposed on a

five-spoked cogwheel which stands between

an olive branch on its left and a branch of oak

on its right; the branches in turn are bound by

a red ribbon bearing the legend

"REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" (Italian Republic)



Italian

National Anthem "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians), was

written in 1847, with lyrics by Goffredo Mameli.

Subsequently, the song is often known as L'Inno diMameli (Mameli's Hymn). When Italy united as a

nation in 1861 , the song was then known as the "March

of the House of Savoy" and it became the official

Anthem in 1947, one year after Italy was proclaimed aRepublic.

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Etymology

The term Italia was borrowed through greek from the oscan Víteliú,

meaning "land of young cattle´.

The bull was a symbol of the southern Italian tribes and was often

depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during

the Samnite Wars.

The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern

Italy: according to Antiochus of Syracuse, it defined the southern portion

of the Bruttium peninsula (modern Calabria). But by his

time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also

applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply

the name "Italia" to a larger region, but it was not until the time of theRoman conquests that the term was expanded to cover the entire

peninsula.

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Ancient People of Italy




The Early Inhabitants1. Italians

The Italians proper inhabited the centre of the peninsula.

Two Branches:

Latins Umbro-Sabellians

2. Iapygians

The Iapygians dwelt in Calabria, in the extreme southeast corner of

Italy. Inscriptions in a peculiar language have here been discovered,

clearly showing that the inhabitants belonged to a different race

from those whom we have designated as the Italians. They were

doubtless the oldest inhabitants of Italy, who were driven toward

the extremity of the peninsula as the Latins and Sabellians pressed

farther to the south.




The Early Inhabitants3. The Etruscans (Rasena)² The Etruscans, or, as they called themselves, Rasena, form a striking

contrast to the Latins and Sabellians as well as to the Greeks.

²Their language is radically different from the other languages of

Italy; and their manners and customs clearly prove them to be a

people originally quite distinct from the Greek and Italian races.

² Their religion was of a gloomy character, delighting in mysteries and

in wild and horrible rites. Their origin is unknown.




The GreeksThe Greeks planted so many colonies upon the coasts of southern

Italy that they gave to that district the name of Magna Graecia. The

most ancient, and, at the same time, the most northerly Greek city in

Italy, was Cumae in Campania. Most of the other Greek colonieswere situated farther to the south, where many of them attained to

great power and opulence. Of these, some of the most distinguished

were Tarentum, Sybaris, Croton, and Metapontum.

The GaulsThe Gauls, as we have already said, occupied the greater part of

northern Italy, and were so numerous and important as to give to the

whole basin of the Po the name of Gallia Cisalpina. They were of the

same race with the Gauls who inhabited the country beyond the

Alps, and their migration and settlement in Italy were referred by the

Roman historian to the time of the Tarquins.




Ancient Races

The Sabini aka Sabines

The Sabini inhabited the rugged mountain-country in the central chain

of the Apennines, lying between Etruria, Umbria, Picenum, Latium, andthe country of the Marsi and Vestini. They were one of the most ancient

races of Italy, and the progenitors of the far more numerous tribes which,

under the names of Picentes, Peligni, and Samnites, spread themselves to

the east and south. Modern writers have given the general name of

Sabellians to all these tribes. The Sabines, like most other mountaineers,were brave, hardy, and frugal; and even the Romans looked up to them

with admiration on account of their proverbial honesty and temperance.




Ancient Races

The Marsi, Peligni, Vestini, and Marrucini

The Marsi, Peligni, Vestini, and Marrucini inhabited the valleys of the

central Apennines, and were closely connected, being probably all of Sabine origin. The Marsi dwelt inland around the basin of the Lake

Fucinus, which is about thirty miles in circumference, and the only one

of any extent in the central Apennines. The Peligni also occupied an

inland district east of the Marsi. The Vestini dwelt east of the Sabines,

and possessed on the coast of the Adriatic a narrow space between

the mouth of the Matrinus and that of the Aternus, a distance of

about six miles. The Marrucini inhabited a narrow strip of country on

the Adriatic, east of the Peligni, and were bounded on the north by

the Vestini and on the south by the Frentani.




Ancient Races

The FrentaniThe Frentani dwelt upon the coast of the Adriatic from the frontiers

of the Marrucini to those of Apulia. They were bounded on the westby the Samnites, from whom they were originally descended, but

they appear in Roman history as an independent people.

The Brutti

The Brutii inhabited the southern extremity of Italy, lying south of Lucania; and, like Lucania, their country is traversed throughout by

the chain of the Apennines.




Ancient Races

The LatiumThe Latium was used in two senses. It originally signified only the land

of the Latini, and was a country of small extent, bounded by theTiber on the north, by the Apennines on the east, by the sea on the

west, and by the Alban Hills on the south. But after the conquest of

the Volscians, Hernici, AEquians, and other tribes, originally

independent, the name of Latium was extended to all the country

which the latter had previously occupied. It was thus applied to the

whole region from the borders of Etruria to those of Campania, or

from the Tiber to the Liris. The original abode of the Latins is of

volcanic origin.

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Roman Civilization

Latin language became popular world over in the times of the Roman

civilization as the various facts about this culture were discovered in this

language.

The Romans enriched their culture with that of the Etruscans (people

from ancient Tuscany and Umbria) like gladiator wars and chariot races

etc.



Roman Civilization

It all started as a miniscule community and rose into a large empire. The

remarkable civilization of ancient Rome has witnesses the following

realms:

Monarchy - the kind of government in which all political decisions aremade by a single leader.

Oligarchy - the kind of government in which the political powers are

conferred upon a societal group on the basis of their family status and

prosperity.

Autocracy - this kind of government is more or less synonymous tomonarchy. In this unlimited authorities are bestowed over the ruler.

The massive spread of the civilization was into Europe, Middle East and

some parts of Africa. The acceptance of the Roman culture among

people was either by force or own will.



Roman Civilization

The three classes were as below:

Servi - These were the slaves who lived a hard life with laborious jobs.

They were the basic economy builders being ruled by the top classes.

Liberti - These were slaves who were liberated and given Romancitizenship and were known as freedmen. The freedom was granted to

the slave if he was highly educated or had delivered an exceptionally

good service for long. The slave could also buy his freedom by paying the

desired amount or possessions to the owner.

Cives - These were the topmost class who were considered to be free-

born. There were divisions within this class as well like the patricians

(having one of the 100 patriarchs as their ancestors who founded Rome)

and the plebeians (who became politically strong with their wealth).

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City of Rome

Rome, - the capital city of Italy

It was the capital of roman empire until it was replaced by

Mediolanum (Milan) under the tetrarchy Emperor Maximian,

in 285. At the beginning of the 5th century, Emperor Honorius

moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire to

Ravenna.

With the founding of Constantinople, the center of the

Empire moved eastward, but the city remained central to

the Roman Empire, not only historically and culturally (if no

longer politically), but as the home to the head of the

western church, the Pope.Main



Officials and

Magistrates

Rome was ruled by kings , who were elected from each of

Rome's major tribes in turn.

²He may have held near-absolute power, or may alsohave merely been the chief executive of the Senate and

the people.

² He was also the head of the state religion.



Officials and

Magistrates Aedile

The aediles were Roman ministers with various duties. the

curule aedile came to be responsible for the games.

ArgentariiArgentarii were Roman money changers.

Praetors

Praetors were Roman officials who were the original

replacements for the king. Excubitor

Excubitor was a palace guard corps organized by the

Emperor Justin.



Officials and

Magistrates Comitia Tributa ² Plebeian Assembly

The supreme power in the Roman Republic was the assembly

which was made up of all the citizens of Rome.

Magister OfficiorumThe Roman Magister Officiorum was a powerful imperial

Roman bureaucrat

Plebeian

The term plebeian is synonymous with lower class, but by thetime of Caesar, the patrician Claudius chose to become a

plebeian in order to hold an important political office.



Officials and

Magistrates Quaestor

were financial and administrative officials in charge of the

treasury. Quaestors served as paymasters in the military.

Prefectis a type of Roman military or civil official.

Comes

Emperor·s Companion, an officer in the military whose rank

is lower than that of a master (magister) of the soldiers.



Roman Law

The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex DuodecimTabularum, more informally simply DuodecimTabulae)

was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman

law and formed the center piece of the constitution of the Roman

Republic. The extension of the Roman empire, the increase of riches,

and consequently of crime, gave occasion to a great number of new

laws, which were distinguished by the name of the person who

proposed them, and by the subject to which they referred. The

content of this article provides interesting history, facts andinformation about life in Ancient Rome including Roman Law.



Roman Law

The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex DuodecimTabularum, more informally simply DuodecimTabulae)

² Laws relating to debtors

² Laws relating to inheritance

² Laws relating to Marriage

² Laws relating to the Rights of a Father

² Laws relating to Property

²Laws relating to Will and Testaments

² Guardians

² Laws relating to a Women



Roman Law

Civil Law

Civil trials, or differences between private persons were tried in the forum

by the praetor. If no adjustment could be made between the two parties,

the plaintiff obtained a writ from the praetor, which required the

defendant to give bail for his appearance on the third day, at whichtime, if either was not present when cited, he lost his cause, unless he had

a valid excuse. Actions were either real, personal, or mixed. Real, was for

obtaining a thing to which one had a real right, but was possessed by

another. Personal, was against a person to bind him to the fulfilment of a

contract, or to obtain redress for wrongs. Mixed, was when the actions

had relation to persons and things.



Roman Empire



Roman Empire

The Roman Empire is the term used to refer the period in

Ancient Roman history and civilization when Rome and its

territories were ruled by autocratic Emperors.

The most powerful the territories of the Roman Empire

included lands in West and South Europe (the lands around

the Mediterranean), Britain, Asia Minor, North Africa

including Egypt.

The Roman Empire was established in 27 BC when Octavian,

the adoptive son of Julius Caesar, was given the title'Augustus' by the Roman Senate and became the first

emperor of Rome, known as Augustus Caesar.



Rome Vs Greece

Gods and Goddesses



Rome Vs Greece

GEOGRAPHY The ancient Greek city-states were

separated from each other by hilly

countryside and all were near the

water.

Rome was inland, on one side of

the Tiber River, but the Italic tribes (inthe boot-shaped peninsula that is now

Italy) did not have the natural hilly

borders to keep them out of Rome. In

Italy, around Naples, Mt.

Vesuvius produced fertile land byblanketing the soil with tephra which

aged into rich soil. There were also two

nearby mountain ranges to the north

(Alps) and east (Apennine).



Rome Vs Greece

ART Greek art is considered superior to

(imitative) Roman art.

The goal of the classical Greek sculptors

was to produce an ideal artistic form,

where the goal of Roman artists was to

produce realistic portraits fordecoration.

This is obvious oversimplification,

especially when considering the division

of Greek art into the Mycenaean,

geometric, archaic, and Hellenisticperiods, in addition to the Classical, but

the art we associate with Greece is the

Venus de Milo, and the Roman art is

the mosaic or wall painting known

as fresco.



DID YOU KNOW?

The Entruscans made colors for

their arts from rocks and minerals.

Crushed chalk gave them white,

charcoals gave them black and

oxidized iron granules made red.



Rome Vs Greece

ECONOMY The economy of both Greece and

Rome was based on agriculture.

Greeks ideally lived on small self-

sufficient wheat-producing farms, but

bad agricultural practices made many

households incapable of feeding

themselves.

The Romans, who imported their

wheat and annexed provinces that

could provide them with this all-

important staple, also farmed, butthey also engaged in trade.

Both Greece and Rome worked mines.



Rome Vs Greece

SOCIAL CLASSES

Greece

²Slaves

²Freedmen

²Metics

²Citizens²Women

Rome

²Slaves

²Freedmen

²Plebeians

²Patricians



Rome Vs Greece

WOMEN Dealing with Athens, according to the

literature, women were valued for not

gossiping, for managing the household,

and, most of all, for producing

legitimate children. The aristocraticwoman was secluded in the women's

quarter and had to be accompanied in

public places. She could own, but not

sell property. The Athenian woman

was subject to her father, and even

after marriage, he could ask for her

return.



Rome Vs Greece

WOMEN The Roman woman was subject to

the pater familias, whether the

dominant male in her household of

birth or the household of her husband.She could own and dispose of property

and go about as she wished. From

epigraphy, we read that a Roman

woman was valued for piety, modesty,

maintenance of harmony, and being a

one-man woman. She could be a

Roman citizen.



Rome Vs Greece

GOVERNMENT

Originally kings ruled Athens; then an

oligarchy, and then democracy (votingby the citizens). Kings originally

governed Rome.

Rome enjoyed a mixed Republican

form of government, followed by

emperors.

Main



Timeline of Roman

HistoryDate Event

451 Rome developed the first law code, the

Twelve Tables

390 Gauls invaded and sacked Rome

31

2 Began construction of first aqueduct andfirst major road

275 Rome controlled all of Italian Peninsula

264 - 241 First War between Rome and Carthage

(First Punic War)

218 ² 201 Second Punic War with Carthage with

Hannibal leading the Carthage Army

202 Romans defeated Hannibal at battle of

Zama

200 Romans used concrete for first time in

Roman town of Palestrina



Timeline of Roman

HistoryDate Event

55 ² 54 Julius Caesar attacked Britain

49 Julius Caesar ordered to disband army -

instead began civil war

49²

45 Civil war with Julius Caesar the winner

44 Julius Caesar assassinated on the Ides of

March (15th )

44 ² 30 Civil war between Marcus Antony and

Octavian

42 Hortensia argued that taxes on rich women

were unfair

31 B. C. Marcus Antony and Cleopatra defeated at

battle of Actium

30 B. C. Marcus Antony and Cleopatra escaped to

Egypt and committed suicide



Timeline of Roman

HistoryDate Event

27 B. C. Beginning of Empire age with Octavian

claiming title of Augustus and assuming all

the power of the magistrates in the Roman

government-beginning of the Pax Romana

(peace of Rome)

A. D. 6 Vigils developed to protect and fight fires in

city of Rome under Augustus

A. D. 19 Pont du Guard aqueduct in Gaul ( France)

built, still stands today

A. D. 30 Jesus Christ Crucified in Jerusalem

64 Great fire in Rome - Nero blamed Christians

and began persecution

66 ² 73 Jewish Revolt



Timeline of Roman

HistoryDate Event

69 ² 96 Flavian period

79 Vesuvius erupted burying towns of Pompeii

and Herculaneum

80 Colosseum finished

121 ² 126 Hadrian's wall built in Britain

130 Hadrian ordered building of Pantheon in

Rome

96 ² 138 Empire reached greatest extent under

Emperors Trajan (96-117) and Hadrian (117-

138)

138 ² 193 Antonine Period of rulers

235 ² 285 Time of Anarchy, uncertainty who was

legitimate Emperor for much of the time



Timeline of Roman

HistoryDate Event

197 Roman soldiers given permission to marry

during tour of duty

293 Diocletian split empire into four sections

ruled by two co-emperors

303 Persecution of Christians

312 Constantine I invaded Italy and took over

with Licinius

313 Edict of Milan gave freedom of worship to

Christian church, Christianity became official

religion of Empire

324 Constantine I defeated Licinius and took

over sole rule of Empire

330 Capitol moved from Rome to

Constantinople (current day Istanbul) by

Constantine I



Timeline of Roman

HistoryDate Event

395 Empire divided into East and West

410 Rome lost control of Britain

452 Attila the Hun invaded Italy - stayed out of

Rome as request of Pope Leo I

453 Attila the Hun died

455 Rome sacked by Vandals

476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire by

invasion of Goths

533²

554 Justinian began to recapture WesternRoman Empire

554 ² 1453 Eastern Empire survived as the Byzantine

Empire

1453 Byzantine Empire defeated by Ottoman

TurksMain



Cultur e

Identity

- The Italians identify first with their village, this is

known as "Campanilismo" - that area visible from the

bell tower of the church in their village. "Campanile"meaning bell tower.

- But first and foremost Italians give priority to

themselves, then their families, the village, province,

region, and finally the country.



Cultur e

Italian Family and Values

- The family is the centre of the social structure and

provides a stabilizing influence for its members.

- In the north, generally only the nuclear family livestogether; while in the south, the extended family often

resides together in one house.

- The family provides both emotional and financial

support to its members.



Cultur e

Italian Style

- Appearances matter in Italy.

- The way you dress can indicate your social status,

your family's background, and your education level.

- First impressions are lasting impressions in Italy. The

concept of 'bella figura' or good image is important to

Italians. They unconsciously assess another person's age

and social standing in the first few seconds of meetingthem, often before any words are exchanged.



Cultur e

Italian Style

- Clothes are important to Italians.

- They are extremely fashion conscious and judge

people on their appearance.

- You will be judged on your clothes, shoes, accessories

and the way you carry yourself.

Bella figura is more than dressing well. It extends to

the aura your project too - i.e. confidence, style,demeanour, etc.



Cultur e

Catholicism

- The primary religion in Italy is Roman Catholic.

- There are more Catholic churches per capita in Italy

than in any other country.

- Although church attendance is relatively low, the

influence of the church is still high.

- Many office buildings will have a cross or a religious

statue in the lobby.- Each day of the year has at least one patron saint

associated with it.



Cultur e

Catholicism

- Children are named for a particular saint and

celebrate their saint's day as if it were their own

birthday.

- Each trade and profession has a patron saint.

- The church promulgates hierarchy, which can be

seen in all Italian relationships.

- They respect and defer to those who are older, thosewho have achieved a level of business success, and

those who come from well-connected families

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Food and Bever ages

Pizza- It was popular food in ancient Rome. Many historical evidences reveal a

pizza was relished by ancient historians Cato the Elder and Herodotus. In

olden days, a pizza was baked on a hot stone. Later it was consumed

with vegetable or meat stew. Sometimes pizzas were seasoned with herbsand spices.



Food and Bever ages

Tuscan Roast BeefThis dish has some similarity to Canadian roast beef, but the preparation

is very different. It is best prepared with rump roast, but you can use top

sirloin as well. Serve as a main course with roasted root vegetables and

fennel.



Food and Bever ages

Mozzarella Cheese

is made of water buffalo·s milk.

Provolone Cheeseis made of cow·s milk.



Foods and Bever ages

Hard-boiled Spaghetti

Hard-boiled egg with spaghetti sauce.

Food in the old days of poor people.




GnocchiThese small dumplings are one of the oldest preparations in the history of

food, recorded as far back as cookbooks of the thirteenth century. In a

fragment of a book of the 1300s there is a recipe for gnocchi written in

the Tuscan dialectal language.




PastaFresh pasta is dough made of flour and water and is present in most

cultures and on all continents. Dry pasta began in Italy and embarked

from there to conquer the world.



M i d H



Marr iage and Home

Lif e

The father was head of the household and

was called paterfamilias.

Women were not entirely without rights, but

they never became full citizens.

Widow women had a big difference with

women that are married.

Parents arranged marriages for their children.

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Money

The aureus a goldcoin of ancient

Rome valued at 25

silver denar ii.

the denarius was a

small silver coin

The sestertius was

a br onze coin. The dupondius was

a br ass coin

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Clothing

Toga

The toga was the standard dress

for all Romans. This was a long

sash like garment, which is about6 meters in length. The toga was

wrapped around the body and

was made of wool. This kind of

ancient Roman clothing found its

base in the formal dress robe

that was used by the Etruscans.

The classic toga was always worn

over a tunic.



Clothing

Different types of togas were worn by people of

different social rank:

Toga Praetexta: Characterized by a purple stripe, worn by

curule magistrates as well as boys until the age of 15 or 16.

Toga Virilis: The plain toga of a typical citizen. Worn by boysafter age 15 or 16.

Toga Picta: A crimson toga embroidered with gold, donned by

victorious generals in triumphal processions and the emperors.

Toga Candida: A toga given a shiny, glossy look by rubbing

it with chalk, worn by people running for public office. Toga Pulla: Made of natural black wool and worn in funerals.



Clothing

Stola

The stola was only worn by the

women in ancient Rome. The

stola was created on similar lines

of the toga. The toga was almostlike a large blanket wrapped

around the body and the stola

was rectangular in shape. When

draped around the body, it

formed as a long garment that

reached the ground. The stolaalso included pleats for the

garment and was also worn over

a tunic.



Clothing

Tunics/TunicaThe Romans also wore garments that

were known as the tunics or the tunica

which were around knee length. These

were long and resembled the Tee shirts

because they were loose andcomfortable and also made generally

of linen. The unmarried women also

wore the tunica but it was styled

differently. Women also had to cover

their head in the ancient days as per

the customs and traditions. Little boys

in Rome also wore tunics, which went

all the way down to their knees. These

were often styled in white color and

with a crimson border.



Clothing

CloaksOne can see that the Romans also used

a variety of cloaks that formed an

important part of their attire. Cloaks

such as the palla (worn over the tunic

or the toga), the panenula (simplecloak), the laena (double coat) and

the lacerna (military cloak) were some

of the varieties that were used by the

Romans.

Colors often dictated the social statusof the people in Rome. The Romans

were quite particular about their

dressing which included accessorizing

and even styling their hair.

Women in particular loved to

wear ornate necklaces, bracelets

with the Roman clothing.

Men wore a personalized signet

ring, as other forms of jewelrywere considered not really

suitable for men. Hairstyles were

also elaborate and the use of

false hair can be seen since the

ancient days. This was done toincrease the thickness of the hair.



Clothing

Cloaks

Apart from the ancient Roman

clothing, the footwear also

denoted the status of the person

in the society. One of the typicalpatterns of the Roman sandals

that are used even today is the

tie up fashion. In ancient Rome,

such a sandal had a leather sole

and the lace was used to wind

around the legs. The thickness of the sandals always indicated the

quality of the shoes. The various

strata of society wore various

types of Roman sandals.



Clothing

Trousers

The Romans initially wore neither

stockings nor breeches, but used

sometimes to wrap their legs and

thighs with pieces of cloth calledfrom the parts which they

covered, tibialia and feminalia.

This later changed in the period

of the Roman Empire when

soldiers wore trousers or

breeches.



DID YOU KNOW?

Men went to special shops to have the hair on

their arms removed. A mixture of bats· blood

and hedgehog ashes was popular for getting

rid of unwanted hair.

Back

Worshipping the



Wor shipping the

Gods

Romans worshipped the same gods as the

Greeks, but with another name.

They use Animals to predict if there will be

something good or bad that will happen.



Religion

Christianity

Because of Jesus being executed under

roman law. His death inspired the spread of the

Christian Religion throughout the Empire.

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Italian Deities

Anteros

Italian-Roman god of love

and passion. He was,specifically, the god of

mutual love and would

punish those who did not

return love.



Italian Deities

Aradia

Italian witch goddess. She

came to earth to teach hermother Diana's magic.

Symbolizes the air element,

the moon.



Italian Deities

Astraea

Italian goddess of truth and

justice. Also known as

Astria.



Italian Deities

Carmen

Italian goddess of spellcasting and

enchantments.

Cel

Italian god of death and theunderworld.

Comus

Italian god of revelry, drinking, and

feasting.

Copia

Italian goddess of wealth plenty.

Corvus

Italian messenger god.

Fauna

Italian goddess of the earth, wildlife,forests, and fertility. Symbolizes

prosperity as well.

Faunus

Roman and Italian god of woodlands.Symbolizes love. Also known as

Pan [Greek].



Italian Deities

Frebruus

Italian god of purification,

initation, and of the dead.

Fortuna

Italian goddess of fortune, fate,destiny, blessings, luck, and fertility.

Often invoked when one wants to

receive money by chance, like in a

lottery or contest.

Jana

Italian goddess of the moon.

Jove

Italian-Roman sky god.

Lethns

Italian earth and nature deity.Invoke during sky, water, or

element of earth, or for divination.

Lucifer

Italian god of sun and light.Brother and soulmate of Diana,

father of Aradia.



Italian Deities

Lucina

Italian goddess of childbirth.

Lupercus

Italian god of agriculture, wolf-

god.

Marica

Italian goddess of agriculture.

Nox

Italian goddess of the night.

Pertunda

Italian goddess of sexual love.

Umbria

Italian goddess of shadows and

things which are hidden or secret.

Uni

Italian goddess of witchcraft.

Vertumnus

Roman-Italian god of fruits.

VirbiusItalian god of outlaws and

outcasts; the guardian of

sanctuaries.

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Landmar ks

The Pantheon The Pantheon stands as the most

complete Roman structure on earth,

having survived 20 centuries of

plunder, pillage and invasion.

The original Pantheon was arectangular temple built by Marcus

Vipsanius Agrippa, son-in-law of

Augustus, the first Roman emperor,

as part of a district renewal plan in

27-25 BC.

The Pantheon contains the tombs of

Rafael and of several Italian Kings.

Pantheon is a Greek word meaning

"to honor all Gods."



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Roman Forum The Roman Forum (also

known as the Foro Romano, in

Italian, or just the Forum) is

one of the Top Ancient Sites in

Rome as well as one of the Top

Rome Attractions for visitors.

The Forum was the center of

political, religious, and

commercial life of ancientRome and provides insight into

the splendor that once was the

Roman Empire.



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The Capitoline Hill The Capitoline Museums in

Rome, or Musei Capitolini, were

established by Pope Clement

XII in 1734, making them the

first museums in the world

open to the public. Actually

one museum spread out in two

buildings ² the Palazzo dei

Conservatori and the PalazzoNuovo ² the Capitoline houses

numerous artistic and

archeological treasures that

help to tell the story of Rome.



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Piazza Navona

It built as a stadium in the first

century for athletic contests

and chariot races, PiazzaNavona is lined with luxurious

cafes and Baroque palaces and

is the home to three lavish

fountains. It was laid out in the

15th century on the ruins of the

stadium.



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The Palantine Hill The area of the Palatine is about 25

acres. It is the central hill of the

seven hills of Rome. It was the first

hill area to become a settlement.

Much of the Palatine has not beenexcavated, except for the area

nearest the Tiber. The residence of

Augustus (and Tiberius, and

Domitian), the Temple of Apollo

and temples of Victory and the

Great Mother are there. The exactlocation on the Palatine of Romulus'

home and the Lupercal cave are

unknown.



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Baths of Diocletian The Baths of Diocletian, once

covering 32 acres, were the largest

public baths or thermae in ancient

Rome. Opened in 306 AD, the baths

were used for more than 200

yearsand accommodated up to 3000

bathers. Besides baths and pools,

there were two libraries, a garden,

and an exedra, probably used as a

theater, where Piazza della

Repubblica is today. The baths wererichly decorated with marble,

sculptures, and floor mosaics.



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Baths of CarcallaAt the foot of the Aventine

hill are the monumental ruins

of the Baths of Caracalla,

used from the Second to Sixth

century AD. Taking a bathwas a social event for the

people of ancient Rome and

the huge complex could hold

up to 1600 bathers! Besides

baths, they held an array of facilities such as a gym, art

galleries, gardens, and shops

selling food and drinks.



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CatacombsCatacombs are interesting

burial places in Italy and

some of the best are in Rome.

Mazes of undergroundtunnels were used to bury

thousands of bodies and

some of them are open to the

public for tours. Here are the

best places to visit catacombs

in Rome.



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The Colosseum of Rome The Colosseum, sometimes

spelled "Coliseum", was built

between 70 and 82 AD in the

heart of Rome. It was called

the Amphitheatrum Flaviumor Flavian Amphitheater

because it was built by the

the Flavian emperors,

Vespasian and Titus. Some sayis was able to hold 87,000

spectators, but more likely it

was around 50 ,000 , still

monumental for the time.Main

ROMAN ARMY



ROMAN ARMY

The Roman army has 2 forms:

² Infantry (on foot)

² Cavalry (on horseback)

The Roman Legion

A roman legion consisted of about 5,000 foot-

soldiers. Before going to war, this legion was

divided into groups and called a century with100

men was led by a commander called centurion.

Besides the weapon that they carry food for 3 days

and tools for making camps.

ROMAN ARMY



ROMAN ARMY

The conquest of ancient Rome depended on

its well-trained army, a powerful fighting

force that marched across much of the known

world pushing out the Empire·s frontiers.



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Great Leaders

LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS

DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES

The Year of the Four

Emperors 68 - 69 ADBeginning of the

Flavian Dynasty

Galba - "The old man the first in the Year of

the four Emperors"Otho - "The greedy ruler who lasted just three

months´

Vitellius - "The man who killed his dissolute

son´

Vespasian - "The Emperor who built the

Colosseum´

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Great Leaders



Flavian Dynasty 69AD -

96AD

Vespasian

Titus - "The Emperor who destroyed the temple in

Jerusalem"

Domitian - "The evil emperor who murderedthousands of Christians"

List of Five Good Emperors

and the Nervan / Antonine

Dynasty

(96²192)

Nerva - "The first of the Five Good Emperors"

Trajan - "The Emperor who left the legacy of

Trajan's market and Column"

Hadrian - "The Emperor who built Hadrian's Wall"

Antoninus Pius - "The Excellent Emperor"Marcus Aurelius - "The Philosopher, last of the

Five Good Emperors"

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Great Leaders



Antonine Dynasty Lucius Verus - ruled jointly with Marcus Aurelius

Commodus - "More savage than Domitian, more

foul than Nero".

Year of the Five Emperors(192 - 193)

Pertinax - "The Emperor who was murdered bythe Praetorian guard"

Didius Julianus - "The man who paid to become

Emperor"

Pescennius Niger - "The Black Emperor"

Claudius Albinus - "The Emperor who made a

bad deal"Septimius Severus - "Emperor who increased the

Praetorian Guards to 50 ,000"

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Great Leaders



Severan dynasty

(193 - 235)

Septimius Severus

Caracalla - "The common enemy of mankind."

Geta "The hated brother of Caracalla..."

Macrinus - "The Praetorian guard who killed

Caracalla."

Diadumenian (son of Macrinus) - "Boy-Caesar -

killed when he was 10 years old"

Elagabalus - "He married a Vestal Virgin and

then took a husband."

Alexander Severus - "He who revoked all former

edicts against the Christians"

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Great Leaders



Crisis of the Third Century

Year of the Six Emperors(238)

Start of th

e BarracksEmperors

(238 - 268)

Maximinus Thrax - "The Thug."

Gordian I - "The Octogenarian."

Gordian II - "Co-Emperor with his father´

Balbinus -"The Orator and Poet.´

Pupienus - "The Disciplinarian.´

Gordian III - "Grandson Of Gordian I and Nephew

Of Gordian II"

Barracks Emperors

(238 - 268)

Philip the Arab "Philip and Severa - the first

Christian imperial couple"

Philip II - "The boy emperor who died in his mother'sarms"

Pacatian - "The Usurper from Bulgaria.´

Jotapian - "The Usurper from Syria.´

Trajan Decius - "One of the most cruel persecutors of

the Christians"

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Great Leaders



Barracks Emperors

(238 - 268)

Herennius Etruscus - "Killed by a Goth's arrow"

Hostilian - "The Emperor who died from the

Plague´

Trebonianus Gallus - "The Emperor, the Plague,the Persians and the mutiny"

Volusian - "The son who was raised to the position

of Joint Emperor"

Aemilian - "Three months as Emperor, then

death´

Valerian - "The Emperor who was skinned andstuffed with manure"

Gallienus - "Famine, Plague and the 'Thirty

Tyrants"

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Great Leaders



Great Leaders



Gallic Emperors

(260 - 273)

Salonina Augusta (Empress)

Valerian II

Saloninus

MacrianusQuietus

RegalianusPostumus

Laelianus

Marius

VictorinusTetricus I

Tetricus II

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Great Leaders



Great Leaders



Roman Empire split into

the

Western and Eastern

Roman Empire in 285AD

Constantinian dynasty(285 - 364)

Constantius I - "The Emperor who recovered

Brittania."

Galerius - "Emperor who persecuted Christians

and then begged for their prayers"Severus II - "The Emperor who was murdered at

Tres Tabernae."

Maximinus - "Killed in Tarsus with his wife and

children ."

Maxentius (usurper)

Valerius RomulusDomitius Alexander (usurper) - "The usurper

Emperor of Africa."

Licinius I - "The Emperor who fought against

Constantine the Great."

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Great Leaders



Great Leaders



Roman Empire split into

the

Western and Eastern

Roman Empire in 285AD

Constantinian dynasty(285 - 364)

Licinius II - "The Son of the Emperor who plotted

with the Goths."

Valerian Valens - "The Emperor whose death

formed part of a peace treaty."Sextus Martinianus - "Executed on orders from

Constantine"

Constantine the Great - "The Christian Emperor

who united the Empire."

Crispus - "The Caesar who was falsely accused of

treason."Constantine II - "Killed fighting over territory

with his brother."

Constans - "The Emperor who was put to death by

an ambitious soldier."

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Great Leaders



Great Leaders



Roman Empire split

into the

Western and Eastern

Roman Empire in285AD

Constantinian dynasty

(285 - 364)

Constantius II "The second and worst of the sons of

Constantine the Great"

Delmatius

HannibalianusMagnentius

Decentius (usurper) "The Usurper Emperor who hung

himself."

Vetranio "The Emperor who was stripped of the purple."

Nepotian "The Emperor who had his head paraded on a

spear."

Constantius Gallus "His pardon failed to reach the

executioner."

Julian the Apostate "The Last non-Christian Roman

Emperor."

Jovian "The Emperor who re-established Christianity"

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Great Leaders



Great Leaders



Valentinian dynasty

(364 - 394)

Valentinian I "The Emperor given to fits of rage."

Valens "The Emperor who allowed the Goths to settle on

Roman territory."

Procopius (usurper) "The last of the Constantinian dynastydies..."

Gratian "The Emperor who was deserted and murdered

by his soldiers."

Valentinian II "The Emperor who was strangled to death."

Theodosius I "The Emperor who resisted the Barbarians."

Magnus (usurper) "Was this Emperor the nephew of Old

King Cole?"

Flavius Victor "The Usurper whose mother was a Queen of

the Britons"

Eugenius "Executed by beheading"

Arcadius "The Emperor who hired Alaric the Goth"

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Great Leaders



Great Leaders



Emperors of the

Western Empire

(394 - 476)

Ioannes "Captured, mutilated and killed in the Roman

Circus."

Theodosius II

Valentinian III "The Vandals were coming and so wasAttila the Hun"

Marcian "The Emperor who refused to recognize the

emperors of the West"

Petronius Maximus "The Assassin Emperor"

Avitus "The Emperor who was backed by the Visigoths"

Leo I "Known as 'the great Thracian' by friends, 'the

Butcher' by his enemiesµ

Majorian "The Emperor who gained victories over the

Franks & Vandals"

Libius Severus "The Puppet Emperor who was probably

poisoned"

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Great Leaders



Great Leaders



Emperors of the

Western Empire(394 - 476)

Anthemius "The Emper or who believed that he

was a victim of sor cer y´

Olybrius "Pawn of Ricimer , who died of dr opsy"

Glycerius "The Exiled Emper or "

Julius Nepos "The Emper or who was killed by the

man he had deposed"

Romulus Augustus "The Last Roman Emper or "

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Contr ibutions to the



Society Christianity

Rights of Women

Architecture

Art

Political System Military Force

Latin

Optical lasses

Mechanical clock

Barometer andThermometer

Piano, Violin, Cello

Screws

Columns

Shampoo

Public pool/bath

Sewer system Modern wedding

tradition

Concrete

Pizza

Modern calendar Literature

Classical music

Wine

Roman Numerals

Census

Aqueduct

Main

DID YOU KNOW?



DID YOU KNOW?

That roman emperors did not wear crowns

like kings. Instead, they wore laurel wreaths

on their heads. These had once been given to

generals to celebrate victories in battles.

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Videos



Videos

Ancient Italy Report (1)

Documents

Transcript of Ancient Italy Report (1)