Ancient Italy 4.2 Etruscans and Samnites in Campania
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Transcript of Ancient Italy 4.2 Etruscans and Samnites in Campania
ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT ITALY
WEEK FOUR Jan 26, 2012Etruscans and Samnites in Campania
Iron Age Fossa Culture
San Valentino Torioca. 7 miles NE of Pompeii
Plan of Tomb 180 Plan of Tomb 178
Biconical Vases with helmets of impasto
Pontecagnano (Salerno)
ca. 9th century BC
Hut urn from Tomb 2500Pontecagnano (Salerno) 9th c BC
Tomb 3224 c. 9th century BCE
Pontecagnano (Salerno)
Tomb 3212, Pontecagnano c. 9th century BCE
Drawing of tomb contents from male
cremation burial (Tomb 3191)
Pontecagnano (Salerno)
c. 775-750 BCE
Etruscan Tomb 928Pontecagnano (Salerno) 7th c. BCE
Pit lined with travertine slabs surrounded by an enclosure of travertine slabs
Pontecagnano: Etruscan Tomb 928second quarter of the 7th c BCE
• Bronze lebes (deep bowl) w/ ash of deceased
• Silver vessels• Utensils and
ornaments in bronze and iron
• Impasto vessels• cart
Syniokism: the growth and development of some settlements by the absorption of smaller neighboring settlements
Etruscan History in Campania
• Capua: Head of Etruscan Dodecapoli • 504 BCE Etruscan defeated at Battle of
Ariccia: Greeks and Latins vs Etruscans • 474 BCE Etruscan defeat at naval battle at
Cumae: Syracusans and Cumaeans vs Etruscans
• 423 BC becomes a Samnite city
Strabo Geography 5.4.3At first it [Campania] was inhabited by the Opici, and also by the Ausones, later on it was taken by the Sidicini, an Oscan tribe, but the Sidicini were ejected by those from Cumae, and in turn the Cumaeans by the Tyrrheni. For on account of its fertility, they continue, the plain became an object of contention; and the Tyrrheni founded twelve cities in the country and named their capital city "Capua"; but on account of their luxury living they became soft, and consequently, just as they had been made to get out of the country round about the Padus,so now they had to yield this country to the Samnites; and in turn the Samnites were ejected by the Romans.
Samnites in Campania
Dionysus of Halicarnassus 15.3.7: …these men [Campanians = Samnites] themselves did not acquire the land which they formerly occupied [Campania] in a just manner, but after enjoying the hospitality of the Tyrrhenians [Etruscans] who inhabited it, they slew all the men and took over their wives, their homes, their cities, and their land that was so well worth fighting for…
Livy History of Rome 4.37The consuls elected were C. Sempronius Atratinus and Q. Fabius Vibulanus. There is recorded under this year an incident which occurred in a foreign country, but still important enough to be mentioned, namely, the capture of Volturnus, an Etruscan city, now called Capua, by the Samnites. …It was after the Etruscans, weakened by a long war, had granted them a joint occupancy of the city and its territory that they seized it. During a festival, whilst the old inhabitants were overcome with wine and sleep, the new settlers attacked them in the night and massacred them.
Triple-disc breastplate 4th c. BCE Tomb 169 (zone C´) AufidenaSamnium
Distribution of triple-disc breastplates (Burns 2003).
Campanian ware
Crater of the Libation Painter of Capua (Sarno 2000)
Crater of the Libation Painter of Capua (www.sanniti.com)
Libation Painter 4th c BCAXEL GUTTMANN COLLECTION OF ANCIENT ARMS AND ARMOUR
Necropolis of Cimitile-Nola Tomb Weege 30 ca. 330-320 BCE
There were two divisions[of the Samnite Linen Legion]; one had their shields plated with gold, the other with silver. The shield was made straight and broad at the top to cover the chest and shoulders, then became narrower towards the bottom to allow of it being more easily moved about. To protect the front of the body they wore coats of chain armor; the left leg was covered with a greave, and their helmets were plumed to give them the appearance of being taller than they really were. The tunics of the men with gold plated shields wore multi-colored tunics, those with the silver shields had tunics of white linen.
Livy History of Rome 9.40
Gold-plated bronze ‘Samnite’ breastplate from Ksour es-Saf, Tunisia
The Leucani are Samnite in race, but upon mastering the Poseidoniatae and their allies in war they took possession of their cities. At all other times, it is true, their government was democratic, but in times of war they were wont to choose a king from those who held magisterial offices. But now they are Romans.
Strabo Geography 6.1.8
POSEIDONIA/PAESTUM
Painted Tomb 58 from Poseidonia/Paestum
Tomb-paintings from Poseidonia/Paestum, Tomb 12 "Return of the Warrior"
Tomb 4 from necropolis of Vannullo (Poseidonia/Paestum) 4th c BCE "Return of the Warrior"
“Return of the Warrior”
Poseidonia/PaestumTomb 12
c. 375-370 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 86c. 330-320 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum:Tomb 86 c. 330-320 BCE“Return of the Warrior”
Poseidonia/Paestum:Tomb 86 c. 330-320 BCE
Rustic Scene: man in cart pulled by mules
Poseidonia/Paestum:Tomb 86 c. 330-320 BCE
Winged female in a two-horse chariot
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 47 c. 350 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 47 c. 350 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 271 c. 400-375 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 271 c. 400-375 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 271 c. 400-375 BCE
Sports: chariot racing
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE “mourning”
Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE “weaving”
Tomb 58 c 340 BCE
Tomb 58 c 340 BCEsphinx duel, flute player, woman weeping
deceased woman
Paestum
Tomb 1 c 375-350
BCE
Boxers with Flute PlayerTomb 1, Poseidonia c 375-350 BCE
Tomb 1‘Samnite’ Warrior
Hunting Sea Serpent c 375-350 BCE
Poseidonia
‘Samnite’ Warrior Hunting Sea Serpent Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 1
c 375-350 BCE
Battle scenes
Poseidonia/Paestum Tomb 218 c. 370-360 BCE
Hunting Deer Scene
Samnites in Campania (and Lucania)
• Local pottery production (Campanian and Lucanian ware)
• New burial customs : Painted-tombs– Return of the Warrior– Mourning, burial scenes of deceased– Sports: chariot racing, boxing– Hunting– Combat
Poseidonia: Tomb 174c 390-380 BCEMale burial
Poseidonia: Tomb 174c. 390-380 BCE
Poseidonia: Tomb 174 Iron Strigil
Poseidonia: Tomb 199 c. 390-380 BCE1: Lucanian Hydra
Female burial
Poseidonia: Tomb 164
c. 380-370 BCEobjects from a
male burial
PaestumTomb 164 c 380-370 BCE
Paestum Tomb 126 c. 420-400 BCE