Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit Early Greece.
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Transcript of Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit Early Greece.
Ancient Greece: The Ancient Greece: The Classical SpiritClassical Spirit
Early GreeceEarly Greece
Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization
Crete (2500 – 1250 B.C.)Crete (2500 – 1250 B.C.)
Palace of KnossosPalace of Knossos
Artisans: jewelry, figurinesArtisans: jewelry, figurines
Women: free and equal Women: free and equal
Bull-leaping as athletic eventBull-leaping as athletic event
Mycenaean CivilizationMycenaean Civilization
Palace cities on Greek mainlandPalace cities on Greek mainland
Warrior societyWarrior society
““Mask of Agamemnon”: one of the Mask of Agamemnon”: one of the treasures found in a grave in Mycenaetreasures found in a grave in Mycenae
Trojans caused the fall of Mycenae Trojans caused the fall of Mycenae bringing on Greece’s “Dark Age.”bringing on Greece’s “Dark Age.”
Early Greek PoetryEarly Greek Poetry
Homeric epics: long narrative poems; Homeric epics: long narrative poems; heroic deeds; hero who brings pride to heroic deeds; hero who brings pride to country. country. Iliad Iliad and and Odyssey: Odyssey: First First masterpieces of Western literature.masterpieces of Western literature.
Heroes: Achilles and OdysseusHeroes: Achilles and Odysseus
Despite man’s frailties, his life is nobleDespite man’s frailties, his life is noble
Sappho’s Lyric PoetrySappho’s Lyric Poetry
Lyric poems: brief, expressing feelings, Lyric poems: brief, expressing feelings, often accompanied by a lyre.often accompanied by a lyre.
Sappho’s poems expressed her love for Sappho’s poems expressed her love for her women friends.her women friends.
Lived her life on the island of LesbosLived her life on the island of Lesbos
Art in Early GreeceArt in Early Greece
The Archaic period: 650-490 B.C. The Archaic period: 650-490 B.C. Progression from the Egyptian modelsProgression from the Egyptian models
NaturalismNaturalism: attempt to represent objects : attempt to represent objects as they appear in natureas they appear in nature
Vase painting: red-figure technique: Vase painting: red-figure technique: figures left unpaintedfigures left unpainted
Greeks’ range of feelings and actionsGreeks’ range of feelings and actions
SculptureSculpture
KourosKouros: free standing nude male youth. : free standing nude male youth. Shows ideal of youthful male beautyShows ideal of youthful male beautyKoréKoré: softer or female version. Clothing : softer or female version. Clothing softened statuesoftened statueCalf BearerCalf Bearer: naturalistic and shows the : naturalistic and shows the idea of a sacrificial burdenidea of a sacrificial burdenKritios BoyKritios Boy: more realistic and less rigid as : more realistic and less rigid as compared to compared to KourosKouros with disappearance with disappearance of the Archaic smileof the Archaic smile
The Classical PeriodThe Classical Period
Opens with Greeks’ victory over Persians Opens with Greeks’ victory over Persians at Salamis in 490 B.C.at Salamis in 490 B.C.Golden Age: 480 B.C. and 404 B.C., Golden Age: 480 B.C. and 404 B.C., Athens was defeated in the Peloponnesian Athens was defeated in the Peloponnesian Wars. Culture lasted until death of Wars. Culture lasted until death of Alexander the Great.Alexander the Great.Polis life: Human nature dictates life in Polis life: Human nature dictates life in citycityPericles: Delian LeaguePericles: Delian League
Women in Classical AthensWomen in Classical Athens
Excluded from public affairsExcluded from public affairs
Household duties: organization, Household duties: organization, supervision and labor.supervision and labor.
Hetaera: Hetaera: foreign women who worked as foreign women who worked as courtesans, entertainers and prostitutes.courtesans, entertainers and prostitutes.
Some Some hetaera hetaera highly educatedhighly educated
The Greek TempleThe Greek Temple
The Parthenon (447 B.C.) Dedicated to The Parthenon (447 B.C.) Dedicated to AthenaAthenaPost-and-lintel formPost-and-lintel formEntablature: decoration of the vertical Entablature: decoration of the vertical column and horizontal beamcolumn and horizontal beamOrders: Styles of columnsOrders: Styles of columnsCella: enclosed inner room of templeCella: enclosed inner room of templeRefinementsRefinements
Parthenon SculpturesParthenon Sculptures
Phideas: Athena statue in cella and again Phideas: Athena statue in cella and again on the east and west pedimentson the east and west pediments
Three Goddesses on East PedimentThree Goddesses on East Pediment
FriezeFrieze
Cella frieze: low relief, Cella frieze: low relief, Athenian Athenian HorsemenHorsemen, depict the heroism and nobility , depict the heroism and nobility of Athenian citizens.of Athenian citizens.
Other Acropolis BuildingsOther Acropolis Buildings
Propylaea: massive gatewayPropylaea: massive gatewayErechtheum: Ionic temple with two porchesErechtheum: Ionic temple with two porchesCaryatids: Porch of the MaidensCaryatids: Porch of the Maidens
Classical HumanismClassical Humanism
Belief that “Man is the Measure of All Belief that “Man is the Measure of All Things” Protagoras.Things” Protagoras.
Nobility of human intelligence and actionNobility of human intelligence and action
Human ability to understand and control Human ability to understand and control the world.the world.
““Secular” humanism controversial today.Secular” humanism controversial today.
The Classical StyleThe Classical Style
Representing the human figure in motion: Representing the human figure in motion: turning point for Greek sculptors.turning point for Greek sculptors.
Idealized, yet moving toward naturalismIdealized, yet moving toward naturalism
Greek SculptureGreek Sculpture
Kritios BoyKritios Boy: Human figure in motion: Human figure in motion
Classical Style: naturalism and idealismClassical Style: naturalism and idealism
Myron’s Myron’s DiscobolusDiscobolus
Riace Warrior Riace Warrior Phideas? Phideas?
Praxiteles’ Praxiteles’ Aphrodite of CnidosAphrodite of Cnidos
Contrapposto: Contrapposto: S curveS curve
Hellenistic StyleHellenistic Style
Emotionally charged realism of later Greek Emotionally charged realism of later Greek sculpturesculpture
Alexander the Great Persia and EgyptAlexander the Great Persia and Egypt
IndividualityIndividuality
LaocoLaocoöön and his Two Sonsn and his Two Sons
Greek TheaterGreek Theater
Athens: Greek TheaterAthens: Greek Theater
Forms: Tragedy and Comedy Forms: Tragedy and Comedy
Power of the godsPower of the gods
Course of human destinyCourse of human destiny
Nature of love and justiceNature of love and justice
Dyonisus patron god: wine, revelry and Dyonisus patron god: wine, revelry and intoxication. Dyonisian festivalsintoxication. Dyonisian festivals
Greek TragedyGreek Tragedy
Open-air theaters or amphitheatersOpen-air theaters or amphitheatersWealthy citizens paid playwrights and Wealthy citizens paid playwrights and producersproducersYearly competitionYearly competitionActors in front of the Actors in front of the skeneskeneChorus: actors who danced and chanted Chorus: actors who danced and chanted on the on the orchestraorchestra, the area surrounded by , the area surrounded by the the theatrontheatron
Greek PlaywrightsGreek Playwrights
Thespis: One actorThespis: One actor
Aeschylus: added a second actor and Aeschylus: added a second actor and dialogue. Suffering and guilt led to godsdialogue. Suffering and guilt led to gods
Sophocles: Golden Age of AthensSophocles: Golden Age of Athens
Oedipus Rex Oedipus Rex by Sophoclesby Sophocles
HubrisHubris
CatharsisCatharsis
PlaywrightsPlaywrights
Euripides: realism, social commentaryEuripides: realism, social commentary
Showed people as they were, gripped by Showed people as they were, gripped by violent passionsviolent passions
MedeaMedea
Greek ComedyGreek Comedy
Humorous portrayal of everyday themes Humorous portrayal of everyday themes and characters.and characters.
Aristophanes: Aristophanes: CloudsClouds and and LysistrataLysistrata
Greek PhilosophyGreek Philosophy
Philosophy: came from Greek’s Philosophy: came from Greek’s fascination with rational inquiry.fascination with rational inquiry.Materialists: substance of which all matter Materialists: substance of which all matter was composedwas composedIdealists: evidence of a divine and rational Idealists: evidence of a divine and rational plan for cosmos--Pythagorasplan for cosmos--PythagorasSophists: professional teachers, skepticsSophists: professional teachers, skeptics—Protagoras. Became cynical.—Protagoras. Became cynical.
SocratesSocrates
Founded classical Greek philosophy and Founded classical Greek philosophy and never wrote a word.never wrote a word.Socratic MethodSocratic MethodGadfly of Athens—Morals worth more than Gadfly of Athens—Morals worth more than life itself.life itself.““The unexamined life is not worth living.”The unexamined life is not worth living.”Trial and death: Tried for religious and Trial and death: Tried for religious and moral offenses.moral offenses.
PlatoPlato
Student of SocratesStudent of SocratesWrote Socrates’ dialoguesWrote Socrates’ dialoguesApologyApology: Socrates’ trial: Socrates’ trialPhaedo: Phaedo: Socrates’ last conversationSocrates’ last conversationThe Republic: The Republic: Ideal city-state/ Three parts Ideal city-state/ Three parts of soul: reason, moral courage, appetitesof soul: reason, moral courage, appetites““Allegory of the Cave”Allegory of the Cave”The AcademyThe Academy
AristotleAristotle
Challenged Plato’s teachingsChallenged Plato’s teachings
Tutor for Alexander of MacedoniaTutor for Alexander of Macedonia
EthicsEthics: Happiness is found in balance : Happiness is found in balance between two extremes: Golden Meanbetween two extremes: Golden Mean
PoeticsPoetics: Formal pattern of Greek drama.: Formal pattern of Greek drama.
LyceumLyceum
Greek MusicGreek Music
Music: of the “Muses” Goddesses who Music: of the “Muses” Goddesses who inspired creative arts.inspired creative arts.
LyreLyre
AulosAulos
Music could bring about feelingsMusic could bring about feelings
Music lost foreverMusic lost forever
Pythagoras’ intervals: octavesPythagoras’ intervals: octaves
Hellenistic AgeHellenistic Age
Philip of Macedon subdued Greek city-Philip of Macedon subdued Greek city-states. Succeeded by son Alexanderstates. Succeeded by son Alexander
Alexander loved Greek civilization and Alexander loved Greek civilization and spread it throughout his empire in Persia spread it throughout his empire in Persia and Egyptand Egypt
Hellenistic: Greek-likeHellenistic: Greek-like
Hellenistic LegacyHellenistic Legacy
Collected great classical manuscripts in Collected great classical manuscripts in libraries.libraries.
Artists imitated forms and ideas of the Artists imitated forms and ideas of the Greeks.Greeks.
Playwrights copied Greek theaterPlaywrights copied Greek theater
Euclid: Planets revolve around the sunEuclid: Planets revolve around the sun
Established Greek culture as the standard.Established Greek culture as the standard.