Ancient Greece

Geography of Greece

1.In Europe

2. Surrounded by

Medi Sea to south

Aegean Sea in East

Ionian Sea to West w/ links to Baltic & Black Seas

3. 2000 miles of coastline

4. 2000 islands scattered across Aegean & Ionian, stepping stones to other lands.

5. Set up

sea

trade for

resources

1.Mountainous peninsula

2.Cover ¾ of land, (Pindus & Peloponnesus Mtns)

3.Divided communities into different regions (no 1 govt, many ind communities

4.Few roads existed5. Little arable land, very stony

6.¼ covered w/ small fertile valleys wateredby small streams

Climate1.Mild Mediterranean climate varies

2. warm to hot, dry summers (80°)

3.mild to cool,

wet winters

48°

4Grow olives, grapes, figs, walnuts

5.Thin soil, rough terrain (evergreens, shrubs & some deciduous trees)

The Minoans• Minoans- between 2000-1300 BC (not indo-European, maybe Anatolia?)

• Island of Crete• Peaceful, no forts• Trade empire across Aegean

The Minoan World:

• King Minos most famous

• Palace of Knossos (labyrinth. Supposedly home of minotaur)

• Art found all across Aegean

Don’t Write: • Raised cattle, sheep, pigs, goats & grew wheat, barley, grapes, figs, olives & poppies

• writing system not deciphered.

• Declined around 1200 BC due to fires, attacks

• Excavated by Sir

Arthur Evans

1898-1935

Mycenaean Civilization• Aka the Achaeans by Homer

• Settle around 2000 BC in S. Greece (indo-euro)

• Built Mycenae on

steep, rocky ridge,

surrounded by

20 ft thick wall.

• Ruled by Warrior king who ruled

surrounding

villages &

farms

• 1600-1100

main power

in Greece

View of Mycenaearchaeological“tell”

Approach to the Lion’s Gate

• 1500:come contact with Minoans

• See value in sea trade, now travel thru Aegean, Coastal Anatolia, Syria, Egypt & Italy

• Adopt Minoan

writing,

• Influence art,

polit, religion,

lit

DON”T WRITE! Trojan War• Ca 1200 BC: Greek (Mycenae/Achaean) launch a 10 year war against Troy, (independent Minoan city in Anatolia)

• army besieged city & destroys Troy after Paris of Troy kidnaps Helen (“faced that launched a 1000 ships”), wife of King Menelaus of Sparta

• Mycenae collapses circa 1200 BC as sea invaders attack

• Heinrich Schliemann found Troy in the 1870s, proving that

it was

real

Sir Heinrich Schliemann

TROY Don’t write• The war started with a quarrel between Athena, Hera, &

Aphrodite after Eris ( goddess of strife & discord), gave them a golden apple (Apple of Discord) marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus,led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the AchaeansAchilles & Ajax, & the Trojan’s Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) & desecrated the temples, earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores.

The Seven “Layers” of Ancient Troy

The Seven “Layers” of Ancient Troy

Homer’s Troy(VII)

Original Wall of the City of Troy

Wall of Troy Recreated

King Priam’s Treasure

Mask of Agammemnon

BrutalCombat

The “Trojan Horse”?

Dorians (don’t write)

• Invade, take over city-states, take slaves, force relocation

• Less advanced, poor economy, little trade

• Lost art of writing,

few records

• From 1200-800 BC

• (aka Dark Age)

• Greece divided

Homer!!!

• Arguments over when HOMER lived ( 850 BC to 1200 BC?), if he was real, if poems dev over time or if he wrote it

Wrote Iliad, about

Trojan War &

Odyssey about

Odysseus’ return home

• A lot of our knowledge about gods come from here & Hesiod’s Theogony

• Polytheistic. Born w/ human bodies & qualities (passions & weaknesses) immortal

The Gods & Goddesses

CITY-STATES (DON”T WRITE)• Greek CS’s took many forms of different govts. (due to mtns)

• 4 main types of govt included:

–Monarchy: king rules government

–Aristocracy: govt ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families

–Oligarchy: govt ruled by a few powerful people

–Democracy: Rule by the people

Warring City States• 750 BC: Greek state or POLISbegan to form (made up of city & countryside, including small villages)

• 50-500 miles, less than 10,000 people

• Have agora (marketplace) & acropolis (hilltop) where citizens meetto discuss govt

The Rise of the Greek Polis

Athens

Naxos Corinth

Syracuse

Larissa

Eboea

• Don’t write!!!• Clashes happen in CS. Tyrants rise to power 650BC (ruler who seizes power by force. They were ften noble or rich citizens who appealed to common people for support

• Brought reforms • Eventually changes to total control

Athens

621 BC: Draco, nobleman develops alegal code thatmakes all peopleequal under the law.(posted on tablets)

*Harsh penalties (death)

Athens• 594 BC: Solon outlaws debt slavery & organized citizens into 4 classes based on wealth (top 3 hold office)

• All citizens (18 yr old, male, served in military) could participate

in the Assembly (issue

decrees, elect

officials, make laws,

preside over court)

• 500 BC: Cleisthenes, creates 10 groups based on where you live, not wealth

• All citizens can submit laws

• creates Council of 500

–Must be 30, proposed laws & set assembly agenda

–Members chosen by

lottery, 1 yr term,

Don’t write• Administration – elected by Assembly (Board of 10 Generals, City Architect, Priest, Treasurer)

• Courts: 6000 jurors taken by lottery, , 1 daytrial, no deliberations,jury of 200-2000

Athens Schooling

*For boys: began at age 7 & focused on becoming good citizens– athletics, military defense logic, speaking, math, poetry, history

• For girls: educated at home by mothers, abt weaving, meals, manage house holds

• 725 BC: Sparta conquers Messenia.

• Messenians became helots or peasants forced to stay on land they worked.

• 650 BC: Messenians revolt. Spartans barely put down revolt (shocked by weakness)

• Lycurgus: est Spartan govt 600 BC

• All reforms cover 3 Spartan virtues: equality(among citizens), militaryfitness, & austerity• became military state

Spartan Govt Don’t Write!!!• Assembly of all sp citizens elect

officials & voted on major issues

• Council of Elders: 30 cit, (60 & over), propose laws to be voted on by Assembly

• 5 elected officials carry out laws of Assembly

• 2 kings rule over military forces, perform religious & judicial duties

citizens from original settlers

free non-citizens (periokoi) (merchants, industry)

Helots: slaves, servants

* Citizens made of landowners (10,000 of 375,000• No value in arts, lit, value duty, strength, life w/o

luxury, discipline

sparta

Military Training

• Boys train at 7 (Agoge), full soldiers at 18,

citizens at 30 (can marry, but live in barracks), serve until 60.

• Daily life centered on training.

(no shoes, light tunics, 1 meal, no blanket, told to steal food, fight & march. At 18 sent out w/ knife into country side)

Persian Wars

Persians

• 546 BC. Persians under Cyrus the Great conquer Ionia. Athens sends aid

• *Darius the Great

• wants revenge!

Within these lands, whosoever was a friend, him have I surely

protected;Whosoever was hostile, him

have I utterly destroyed

• 490 BC: 25,000 Persians cross Aegean at Battle of Marathon. 10,000 Athenians in phalanx (foot soldiers, called hoplites) march side by side, spear & shield in hand

• Persians flee

(6000 die, only

200 Greeks)

• Pheidippides, runner, sent to Athens to bring news of Persian defeat so city would not give up. Ran 26 miles, collapsed & died

*Pers retreat whenmet byGreek armyat Athens

Thermopylae• 480 BC: Persian Xerxes comes to destroy Athens. Greeks divided (some help, some back off, some help per). Persi march down coast

• At Thermopylae, narrow mtnpass, 7000 Greeks (300 Spartans) block way & stop advance. (traitor tells per how to get around pass)

• Greeks retreat, 300 Spartans stay behind to fight & all die

Salamis• Athenian’s position ships in channel by island of Salamis. Xerxes blocks them in. Per ships big, Greek ships small, used as battering rams,put holes in ships,sink 1/3. Persians give up

• DON”T WRITE: Xerxes was sure of victory. He had his throne placed on a hill overlooking the sea, to savor his victory and so his commanders would know that their king was watching them.

Xerxes was sure of victory. He had his throne placed on a hill overlooking the sea, in part to savor his victory and in part so his commanders would know that their king was watching them.

• Delian League: 478 BC: alliance against Persians. Athens becomes leader of over 200 CS’s & economic power. Use military against those who protest.

Golden Age of Greece

• Age of Pericles: Pericles speaker, general, from rich family

elected general (458 BC)to manage affairs of state at home & abroad. Reelected often over 30 yrs (461-429 BC)

3 goals to lead Greece (Don’t write)

• 1. Direct democracy: citizens rule directly. Leader chosen by lot. Laws voted on & proposed directly. Assembly made laws, (must be male citizen), Council of 500 executed them, & courts judged. Juries, no attorney, 1 day trial, no appeals . 451 BC: law restricted Athenian citizenship to those of w/ 2 Athenian parents

• 2. Strengthen empire: build strong navy, use Delianleague for $$ control, est overseas trade, & treat other CS as part of empire

• 3. Glorify Athens: beautify Athens w/ money from Delian league. Carvings, architecture, use of marble of gold as building materials, statues!

Parthenon

• Parthenon: 23,000 sq ft-marble temple to Athena w/ a 30 ft statue of her made of gold & ivory (used Delian money!)

• Cost 469 silver talents. (1 talent was cost to build 1 trireme, the most advanced warship of the time).

Don’t Write1. Statues were graceful, strong, perfectly formed

2. Show serenity, no expressions

3.Harmony, order balance & proportion

4. Not realistic, depicts idealized beauty!

Peloponnesian War

• 431 BC: Sparta declares war on Athens.

• Athens has strong navy. Sparta is far inland ( Athens loses naval advantage

• Spartans march in, burn food supply

• Pericles brings people behind city walls (ships can sail in food)

• Plague hits (1/3 die) including Pericles (removed from power, put back in)

• 421 BC: Truce of Nicias

• 415 BC: Athens sends 20,000 soldiers to Sicily to destroy Syracuse (rich ally of Sparta). Defeated & weakened.

• 404 BC Athens

surrenders

Greek Plays! Don’t write!

• Built first theaters

• Plays abt leadership, justice,

duty to gods.

• Citizens pay

cost

*Chorus sings,

& dances

• Don’t write!!!

• Tragedy: serious drama w/ common themes (love, hate, war). Main character has tragic flaw to bring downfall, but has extraordinary abilities (flaw often hubris-extreme pride)

• Aeschylus- 80 plays,

• Sophocles (Oedipus Rex, Antigone)

• Comedy: slapstick, crude humor, made fun of politics, people

• History-Thucydides- study events

situations to understand results

The Philosophers (Don’t write)

• Philosophers: lovers of wisdom

• Believe universe follows orderly ways

& subject to unchanging laws. Logic & reason used to understand laws.

Socrates

• Believed in absolute standards of truth & justice

• People should questions

selves & beliefs

• Socratic method: Ask a series of questions to get to answer It eliminates negative answers. Force you to examine your beliefs & their validity

• 399 BC: at 70, Put on trail for corrupting youth. Condemned to death by drinking

hemlock

The unexamined life is not worth living

Plato• Student of Socrates.

• The Republic, says best govtnot a democracy.3 groups: farmers & artisans, warriors & ruling class.

• Philosopher king chosen

from greatest intellect

& insight

Aristotle (384-322)• Student of Plato. Opened Lyceum. Questioned nature of world, beliefs, thought & knowledge. Method of arguing according to logic & applied to problems in diff fields

• Taught Alexander the Great

Philip II of Macedonia

• 359 BC: King of Macedonia at 23. Brilliant general.

• Used troops in phalanxes, (16 men across & 16

deep w/ 18ft pike)

to break lines &

send cavalry

• Conquers north. Greek CS cannot agree on policy to fight back

*338 BC: Athens & Thebes join to fight him (too late). Greeks defeated at Battle of Cheronea. Philip takes over (CS keep self govt for local affairs)

• 336 BC: Stabbed at daughter’s wedding

Alexander the Great• Leader at 20. Student of Aristotle (science, geo, lit, Illiad). Military training!!!!

• Thebes rebels & Alex sweeps in, destroys city, kill 6,000, sell others into slavery. Greeks CS’s scared

• 334 BC: Invade Persia. Led 35,000 soldiers into Anatolia. Meet 40,000 Persians at Granucus River. Calvary attacks, smashes through

• lines & wins• *Darius III gathers• army of 50,000-• 70,000 men

*Alex outnumbered, breaks thru again, charges Darius who flees. Army follows

• Darius tries to negotiate peace settlement

(give land w of

Euphrates) ,

• Alex says no(knows he can get them)

• 332 BC: Marches into Egypt (Per land) & crowned as god-king (liberator from Persians)

• Founded

Alexandria

• Next,

Mesopotamia!

• Darius has 250,000 men. Meet at Gaugamela (near Ninevah). Alex launches phalanx attack w/ Calvary charge. Darius flees again

• Alex occupies Susa, Babylon & Persepolis(burned to ground)(treasure!)

• Went after Darius, fights across C. Asia

• 326 BC: hit Indus Valley. Blocked here. Soldier’s low morale causes Alex to turn back, (fight 11 years, march

11,000 miles).

• 323 BC: plans to reunify, reorganize, empire (new cities, road, harbors & conquer Arabia)

• Dies at 32 & his Generals fight

Antigonus-takes Macedonia

Ptolemy- Egypt

Selicus- Persia

Hellenistic Culture

• Alex adopted Persian customs, dress, married Persian chick

• He mixed conquered cultures w/ Greek (news cities as outposts of cult) so Hellenistic is Greek mixed w/ Egyptian, Persian & Indian.

• Koine language- means common

• Alexandria center of Hellenistic world

• Trade & commerce

sent over Med,

½ mil people.

• International community

Why Alexandria (Don’t Write)

• Crossroads of Africa, Europe, Asia (Nile & Med)

• Beautiful! Avenues lined w/ Greek gods

& goddesses

divide city

into blocks

• Royal palaces overlook harbor• Alex’s tomb• Museum & temple dedicated to Muses (art gallery, zoo, gardens)

• Library-1/2 mil

papyrus scrolls of masterpieces(research library)• Pharos of Alexandria

Pharos of Alexandria

Pharos of Alexandria

• Had 3 sections. The lower section was square & 184 ft high. The middle section was octagonal & 90 ft tall. The upper section was circular & 24 ft high, (total height of 384 ft). The core was hollow & provided a circular core which was used to lift fuel to the top. Tallest structure in the ancient world. .

• At night a fire was kept lit, & a reflecting mirror directed the light. During the day the reflector was used to reflect the sun for a distance of 50 km. In the 1300s two severe earthquakes made the lighthouse a ruins.

Science and Technology

• Astronomy museum Observatory

• Aristarchus- sun bigger than earth, earth & planets revolve around sun (not believed)

• Eratosthenes- earth size

• Euclid- mathematician- 465 geo proofs & propositions

• Archimedes: pi & law of levers, compound pulley

• Stoicism: Zeno- people should live virtuous lives in harmony/ natural laws & will of gods. Desire, power & wealth are distractions

• Epicurus- only real objects are what 5 senses perceive. Greatest good & pleasure come from virtuous conduct. Goal to get harmony of body & mind

• Hellenistic Culture Rulers, rich, cities want sculptures to honorgods, heroes,everyday people

• More natural,carve with flaws• Colossus of Rhodes:

• Eventually, thisworld declined as well

• When Alexander died, his generals fought among themselves for control . Three of them, Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigous, succeeded in dividing the kingdom. The Rhodians supported Ptolemy (who wound up ruling Egypt) in this struggle. This angered Antigous who sent his son Demetrius to capture and punish the city of Rhodes. Demetrius brought an army of 40,000 men. This was more than the entire population of Rhodes. * When Demetrius attacked the city, the defenders stopped the war machine by flooding a

ditch outside the walls and mining the heavy monster in the mud and a fleet of ships from Egypt arrived to assist the city. Demetrius withdrew quickly leaving the great siege tower where it was. To celebrate their victory and freedom, the Rhodians decided to build a giant statue of their patron god Helios.

The statue was 110 high and stood upon a f50 ft pedestal . Although the statue has been depicted with its legs spanning the harbor entrance so that ships could pass beneath, it was actually posed in a more traditional Greek manner: nude, wearing a spiked crown, shading its eyes from the rising sun with its right hand, while holding a cloak over its left.

The architect of this great construction was Chares of Lindos, To build the statue, the workers cast the outer bronze skin parts. T

he base was made of white marble, and the feet and ankle of the

statue were first fixed. The structure was gradually erected as the bronze

form was fortified with an iron and stone framework. To reach the higher

parts, an earth ramp was built around the statue & was later removed.

When the Colossus was finished, it stood about (110 ft) high.

And when it fell, "few people can make their arms meet round the

thumb", wrote Pliny.

1. Look at the map of the Aegean and your notes.

2. Next, pick 7 characteristics & fill them in the chart. Predict their impact and what each would do to the development of Greece!

1. Look at the charts of the Have/Have Nots. Answer the 3 questions below.

2. Next, cut out the eco cards. Glue them down in the order you think Greece developed economically due to their geography

3. Finally, answer the what if ???s of how Greece would have developed if things were different

Sparta!1. Watch the video. What does it tell you?2. Now, read Commander Lear & answer the

questions ( separate sheet of paper)3.Next, read the Making of Spartan Soldiers

& answer this: (still on the separate paper!)a. Describe the Spartans basic training b. What can you infer about Spartan

values?c. spartan: definition: indifference to

comfort or luxury. Is this definition fitting?Why or why not? Use examples!

4. Compare this with the Athenians. Whatdid they value?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEItBM1dc9o