Ancient Egypt 3,500 - 500 BCE King Tut Tomb (New Kingdom)Giza Sphinx (Old Kingdom)
Ancient Egypt 3000 BCE to 332 BCE Ancient Egypt app. 10,000 sq. miles the same as Sumer and Akkad...
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Transcript of Ancient Egypt 3000 BCE to 332 BCE Ancient Egypt app. 10,000 sq. miles the same as Sumer and Akkad...
Ancient Egypt
3000 BCE to 332 BCE
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
• app. 10,000 sq. miles• the same as Sumer and
Akkad• radically different in
shape• a ribbon of fertile land
600 miles long – half a dozen miles wide
for most of its length
• compared to 165 miles in Mesopotamia
Nile and Egypt DBQ
• The Nile River Shaped the Egyptian culture.– List ways that the Nile shaped Egyptian culture
and what document you got this info
Example: The way the Nile shaped the culture (Doc 5)
Comparison and Contrast with Babylon
Comparison and Contrast with Babylon
• profound differences• because of environmental conditions• Mesopotamia: open to invasion• Egypt: isolated by geography
Different PerspectivesDifferent Perspectives
• Mesopotamians: pessimistic– life is unpredictable, their gods unstable,
their afterlife indistinct and undesirable
• Egyptian religion inspired confidence – in the eternal, stable order of the
universe
Different Perspectives, con’tDifferent Perspectives, con’t
• divinely guided, rhythmic cycle of life and death
• and belief in a final, eternal bliss
Ancient Egyptian Housing
Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class
HomesMiddle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
Peasant Homes
Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
How did Beer Save the World?
Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
PerfumePerfume
WhigsWhigs
MirrorMirror
Egyptian NobilityEgyptian Nobility
Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class
Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols
Papyrus PaperPapyrus Paper
Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus text
Making papyrus
Hieroglyphics
On a temple
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
What number is this?
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
SculptureSculpture
• early and sophisticated development• human figures and archicectural forms• led to great expertise in painting and other
representational arts
Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
c. 3050 B. C. E. ?c. 3050 B. C. E. ?
• There is conflicting historical evidence over who united Upper and Lower Egypt. Some evidence points to a king called Scorpion. More solid evidence points to a king named Narmer. (also known as Menes)
Kings and Queens of EgyptKings and Queens of Egypt
• Pharaoh: link between the gods and people
• Pharaoh: divine– his rule eternal and absolute
• Egypt was not just ruled for the gods but by a god
Distinctions ?Distinctions ?
• human vs. divine ??• They could tell the difference• in practice: whoever held the throne
was divine• including: women, foreigners,
commoners
The PharaohThe Pharaoh
• shed his impermanent and human status
• assumed the eternal and unchangeable divine status
• became the embodiment of the divine• led a divinely unified Egyptian state
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion
• each city had its patron deity• emergence of national government
caused some to be more important• as dynasties changed, the primary
gods changed• why??
ExamplesExamples
• Memphis: Ptah• later, as the center of power changed,
Re/Ra• or Horus• etc.
Ptah
Amun
Atum
Osiris, god of resurrection
Also known, as the Throne
Isis
Sister and wife of Osiris, mother of Horus
Isis, with the child Horus
Virgin Birth
Provides the iconographic style for the later representations of Mary and the baby Jesus
Horns removed,the moon is dropped,behind the head,to become the halo.
Horus
Horus
• Horus is the son of the god Osiris• Born of a virgin• Baptized in a river by Anup the Baptizer
– Who was later beheaded• Horus was tempted while alone in a desert• Healed the sick and the blind• Cast out demons
Horus continued• Walked on water• Resurrected “Asar” from the dead.
– This translates to “Lazurus”
• Had 12 disciples• Was crucified• After 3 days two women announced that Horus, the
savior of humanity has risen from the dead
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus
Early Creation StoryEarly Creation Story
• Atum• primeval mound of mud (Annual
inundation of the Nile?)• godly masturbation (How do you get a
date when there is nobody there but you?)
• generation of the gods
Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Journey to the Underworld
Journey to the Underworld
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
Egyptian religionEgyptian religion
• extremely tolerant of difference• extremely tolerant of many gods
– as opposed to, say.. Hebrew religion• the principal deity (national/Pharoah’s
deity) allowed other gods to flourish
Religion as a Unifying ForceReligion as a Unifying Force
• Mesopotamia: master-slave relationship
• Egypt: gods like a shepherd–who cherish and care for the people–Would change very little over the
3000 years
Religion, con’tReligion, con’t
• probably the origins of the idea of Jehovah-as-shepherd–especially in the Psalms–which are pre-dated by Egyptian
psalms–Akhenaton’s Hymn to the Sun
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Achievements of the Old KingdomAchievements of the Old Kingdom
• efficient, centralized authority• astronomy, arithmetic, geometry• medicine
The Most ImportantThe Most Important
• Solar calendar• pyramids• belief in immortality
Ancient Egyptian History
Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
PyramidsPyramids
• Imhotep: architect and developer of the calendar– Imhotep: physician, architect, doctor, miracle
worker, giver of wisdom– designed the Step Pyramid of Zoser– processor of the Pyramids of Giza
Engineering an Empire:Pyramids
Step pyramid of Zoser
Djoser
Imhotep
Architect of the pyramids…later he become a god…
The Broken Pyramid of Snefru
The Bent Pyramid of Snefru
The Red Pyramid of Snefru
Giza Pyramid ComplexGiza Pyramid Complex
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Pyramids, con’tPyramids, con’t
• eternal home for the immortal pharaoh
• insured their divinity for all eternity
Belief in ImmortalityBelief in Immortality
• first to really develop the idea• sophisticated consciousness• another order of existence
Map ShowingEgypt, Nubia,AndKush
Decline of the Old KingdomDecline of the Old Kingdom
• Old Kingdom: the most stable period• the Pharaoh dominated life
– forestalled the emergence of provincial power– but gradually lost power to royal officials
• gradual drying of the environment– failure of the Nile to flood on time
First Intermediate PeriodFirst Intermediate Period• 2180-2050 B.C.
– localism, anarchy, short reigns, palace coups, assassinations
• “seventy kings in seventy days”• reversal of established order• dissolution of law and order• disruption of trade and agricultural production• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9QAPch2o6Q
The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom
• 2050-1800 B.C.• united under the Eleventh Dynasty• from Thebes, not Memphis
– followers of the god Amon– elevated to the rank of primary god– modern examples??
The Middle KingdomThe Middle Kingdom
• Fortifying of Egyptian borders• military garrisons on the borders• new office: the vizier
Second Intermediate PeriodSecond Intermediate Period• 1800-1570 B.C.• invasion by the Hyksos• People from Palestine• Hyksos dynasty by 1650 B.C. (Fifteenth
Dynasty)
Chapter 4 Sec 1 Questions
Do not go past this slide
The New KingdomThe New Kingdom
• rise of the Seventeenth Dynasty– Thebes
• beginning of the imperial period
The New KingdomThe New Kingdom
• 1570-1150 B.C.• reaction to control by a
foreign people• policy of planned
aggression• create a “buffer zone”
in Palestine
Imperialism: 18th DynastyImperialism: 18th Dynasty
• Thutmoses I• Hatshueput I• Thutmoses III
– conquest of an Asian Empire– successor had problems
The Valley of the Queens
The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C. E.
1473-1458 B. C. E.
The New KingdomThe New Kingdom
This whole conquer others thing led them into conflicts with others like Persians, Greeks and eventually Romans.
Akhenaton: the Amarna Revolution
Akhenaton: the Amarna Revolution
• worship of the Aton– the solar disk
• elevated the worship of the Aton– suspended the worship of other gods– particularly Amon
The Aton—the physical disk of the sun
The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the Kings
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
1336-1327 B. C. E.
1336-1327 B. C. E.
King TutankhamonKing Tutankhamon
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb