Ancient civ in americas 2014
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Ancient Civilizations in
Central & South America
Janet Pareja, Signature School, Evansville, Indiana
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Earliest Civilizations in Earliest Civilizations in AmericasAmericas
• OlmecOlmec
• Mesoamerica• 1400 BCE- 400 BC1400 BCE- 400 BCE• ““Rubber People”Rubber People”
• Norte ChicoNorte Chico– Andes Mountains: CaralCaral in the Supe Valley
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Early Olmec Religious Centers
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Regional Religious Centers Regional Religious Centers Olmec Cities Olmec Cities
•La Venta’s Great Great Pyramid Pyramid marked the height of Olmec civilization, and was the largest structure in the Americas.
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Olmec: Alluvial Plain?Coatzacoalcos Coatzacoalcos
River BasinRiver Basin
Stretched as far South as Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica…125 x 50 miles.
IrrigationIrrigationWater DrainageWater Drainage Varied by season: Too dry to Floods & Hurricanes!
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Agriculture
• Slash & Burn• Beans, chilis,
avocados, gourds, avocados, gourds, tomatoestomatoes
• Maize!!Maize!!
• Cacao!!Cacao!!
• No large animals to No large animals to domesticatedomesticate
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• Jade, obsidian, magnetite Jade, obsidian, magnetite items, such as masks, items, such as masks, knives… knives…
• Exotic feathers Exotic feathers • Animal skins (especially Animal skins (especially
Jaguar) Jaguar) • Kiln-made CeramicsKiln-made Ceramics• 150 – 250 miles150 – 250 miles
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• ShamanismShamanism– “Nahuales” - assumed powers of
certain animals
• Birth of mankind/gods - underground• 10+ gods incl:
fire, rain, CORN/MAIZE,
Feathered Serpent… • Tree of Life• Snake Worship• Jaguar as Spirit Guide/
Weir Jaguar
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17 Monolithic 17 Monolithic Basalt HeadsBasalt Heads
•50-60 miles 50-60 miles from sourcefrom source•Floated on Floated on Rivers? Rivers? •Kings as BallKings as Ball
Players? Players?
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Olmec Jade
Perferators
Self-sacrifice rites:
•Rulers•Communication with Ancestors•Vital to sustain gods & world•Jade Perferators
– Also Bone, Flint, Stingray Spines, Shark Teeth…
•Height: 38 cm Width: 3 cm
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• UndecipheredUndeciphered
• CalendarsCalendars• Cylinder SealsCylinder Seals
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Olmec MathOlmec Math
• Long Count Calendar Long Count Calendar
dates to Sept. 3, 32 BCEdates to Sept. 3, 32 BCE
• AstronomyAstronomy
• Concept of ZeroConcept of Zero
• 365-day year365-day year
• Math: Base 20Math: Base 20
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Guinea Pigs, Turkeys… Dogs
Xoloitzcuintli
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• Irrigation • Drainage / Aqueducts• Kiln baked ceramics• Pyramids• Boats• NO METALLURGY!• NO WHEEL!
• RUBBER!RUBBER!
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“The Ball Game” starts here!The Ball Game” starts here!
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DisappearedDisappeared “MysteriouslyMysteriously”
Systematically destroyed their own ceremonial centers?
•Deserted sites.
•Broken and buried
statues.
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HUARI
Tihuanaco
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The Lost Pyramids of Caral
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The Lost Pyramids of Caral
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II. II. Norte Chico/ Caral-SupeNorte Chico/ Caral-Supe
• 3000 – 1800 BCE 3000 – 1800 BCE – Same time as Egypt and Sumer
were developing– 2000 years before Olmec- why?
• Central Coast of Peru
• Ruth Shady, 1997, Peruvian Archaeologist
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Norte ChicoNorte Chico• Cities- Small
• Some economic specialization
• Economy: Agriculture & ?Economy: Agriculture & ?
– Ag: Ag: CottonCotton
• Squash, beans, guava grown by inland people in irrigated river valleys
– Trade: Sardines & Anchovies from coastal people for Fishing Nets made of cotton
• No pottery, no writing…QuipuNo pottery, no writing…Quipu
• Few sculptures, carvings…Flutes!
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Ancient American CivilizationCentral America:
Olmec
1400 BCE- 400 BCE1400 BCE- 400 BCE•Math: Calendar, Writing•Lived in low, swampy land•Pyramids, Irrigation, Drainage/Aqueducts•Maize, Cacao•Long Distance Trade - Luxuries•Jade artifacts, large basalt heads, Were Jaguars, Ceramics in Kilns•Culture carried on to
Zapotecs, Teotihuacans and
Maya…
South America:
Norte Chico
3000 – 1800 BCE3000 – 1800 BCE•No writing, QUIPU!•No pottery•Mountains, foothills •Agriculture: COTTON•Long Distance Trade – especially cotton for Fish with coastal people•Products: rope, flutes, •Religious / Trade / Entertainment Centers!•Inca and others built on their culture…