Anatomy Unit 3 Notes: The Large Intestine & Digestive Disorders
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Unit 3 Notes: The Large Intestine
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(1) Large Intestine Regions
• Cecum = 1st Chamber
• Ascending Colon = Upwards
• Transverse Colon = Across
• Descending Colon = Downwards
• Rectum & Anus
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(2) That Appendix• Sits beneath cecum
• Often collects waste and bacteria Appendicitis
• Functions:
–Produces white blood cells and antibodies for immunity.
–Used to serve a role in cellulose digestion.
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(3) Passing Through the Colon…
• Waste slowly moves through Large Intestine.
• Water reabsorbed through microvilli.–Result = Solidified waste mass (Feces)
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(4) The Rectum & Anus• Rectum = Inside part• Anus = Outside part = Butthole
• Mechanism:–Remaining waste drops first into rectum– Lands on top of Involuntary Sphincter–Opens w/pressure– Lands on top of Voluntary Sphincter–Made of Skeletal Muscle that you control
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(5) Diarrhea• Watery fecal waste.
• Initiated when you eat something harmful or irritating.
• Waste is forced through intestines too fast:– Water cannot be absorbed from waste solution.– Waste exits body extremely liquid-y.
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(6) Constipation• Backed up fecal waste in the large intestine.
• Typically the result of:– Overly fatty and dense waste.– Dehydration and extremely dry, brittle waste.
• Waste becomes unable to easily slide through intestines.
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(7) Hernia• When a small portion of the intestine tears through the
abdominal muscle.
• The curl of the intestine shows directly under top layer of skin.
• Usually the result of excessive abdominal contracting and/or force.
• Chunk of intestine must be surgically placed back into abdominal cavity, underneath muscle.
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(8) Hemorrhoids • Rupturing of anal cavity blood vessels:– Typically balloon out of the anus.– However sometimes can impact colon.
• Usually caused by excessive anal force or exertion…– Example: During times of crazy pooping (usually
after constipation…. Yeah… I said “crazy pooping”).
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(9) Canker Sore• Open wound or ulcer inside the mouth.
• Result of excessive acid eating away at the oral tissue.
• Can Be Caused By:– Stress– Excessive bacterial growth (producing more acid)– Eating too much acidic food
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(10) Ulcer• Same as a canker sore, but in the stomach.
• Same causes as with canker sores.
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(12) Crohn’s Disease• Autoimmune disease.
• Causes white blood cells to attack intestinal cells.– This causes sensitivity and inflammation of the
intestines.
– Makes it difficult to properly metabolize food, absorb nutrients, water, and excrete waste.
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(13) Vomiting• The opposite of diarrhea.
• Caused by eating something irritating or harmful.
• Body prevents full digestion and absorption, ejecting food out of the stomach and mouth.
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(14) Heartburn• The feeling of acid burning the esophageal
tissue, around the heart-chest-cavity.
• Due to a loose esophageal sphincter:– Stomach acid is able to easily spit out and up into
the esophagus.
– Can be caused by a structural defect, or eating certain preservatives/spices.