ANATOMY

Unit 1 Notes:

Living

Organization

& Rats

(1) Living Organization

• All living things are made of cells and atoms/molecules.

• Levels of Organization:

– Atoms and Molecules

– Organelles and Cells

– Tissues

– Organs

– Organ Systems

– Organism

(2) Atoms, Molecules & Reactions

• The basis of all living things is atoms.

• All living things contain at least the following biological elements:C H O N P S

• All cellular processes are driven by energy exchange and the movement and reacting of different molecules.

(3) Homeostasis

• Involuntary processes and reactions are in place to maintain Homeostasis within cells.

• Homeostasis = Internal stability / balance.

• Examples:

– Shivering when cold.

– Production of red blood cells when oxygen drops.

– Buffering of acidic foods using bicarbonate.

(4) Special Organ Systems

(The following are NOT covered in detail this semester.)

• The Lymphatic System

• The Reproductive System

• The Endocrine System

• The Integumentary System

(5) Lymphatic System

• (A.K.A. The Immune System)

• Function:

– Protect body against harmful infectious agents + compounds.

• Made Up Of:

– White Blood Cells

– Antibodies and Antigens

– Lymph Vessels, Nodes, and Fluid

(6) Reproductive System

• Function:

– Pass genes on to produced offspring.

• Made Up Of:

– Male Sperm, Testes, Penis

– Female Eggs, Ovaries + Uterus, Vagina

(7) Endocrine System

• Function:

– Produce hormones.

– Control and initiate the progress of growth, development, organ function, and reproduction.

• Made Up Of:

– Glands

– Hormones

(8) Integumentary System

• Function:

– Protect internal organs.

– Allow for increased manipulation.

– Increase heat barrier.

– Produce vitamins.

• Made Up Of:

– Skin

– Nails

– Hair

(9) Internal Organs & Rats• Rats will be dissected to observe main internal

organs.

• You need to identify, and know the function of:– Heart

– Lungs

– Ribs

– Diaphragm

– Liver

– Gallbladder

– Stomach

- Small Intestine- Large Intestine- Kidneys- Spleen

(10) Internal Organ Locations• Heart:

– Under ribs, in between lungs.

– Small, red-brown.

• Lungs:

– Below ribs, sides of heart.

– Soft brown-gray flaps.

• Ribs:

– Hard bone in chest.

• Diaphragm:

– Directly below chest, on top of digestive organs.

– Thin, but tough muscle.

• Liver:

– Rat’s right side, below ribs.

– Largest internal organ.

– Dense, red-brown/gray.

• Stomach:

– Rat’s left side, below ribs.

– Soft, flesh-colored, sac.

• Small Intestine:

– Skinny tube directly connected to stomach.

• Large Intestine:

– Thicker tube connected to sm.intestine and anus.

• Spleen:

– Lays over top of stomach + intestines.

– Red-brown, tongue shaped.

– Rat’s left side.

(11) Special Internal Organs

• Kidneys:

– Located along the back (under all digestive organs).

– 2 of them.

– Red-brown, one on right and one on left.

• Gallbladder:

– Rats do not contain one, but humans do.

– Rats simply use stomach + small intestine chemicals to digest fats.

– Function Secrete bile for lipid (fat) metabolism.

Yes you need to draw this!!

(12) Basic Organ Function

• Heart: Pump blood + circulate nutrients.

• Lungs: Bring in oxygen + expel carbon dioxide.

• Ribs: Protect soft tissues/organs.

• Diaphragm: Help lungs fill with air.

• Stomach: Metabolize food.

• Small Intestines: Absorb nutrients from food.

• Large Intestine: Expel food waste.

• Liver: Break down bad blood cells + toxins.

• Kidneys: Filter blood.

• Spleen: Help monitor red-blood cell function and immune system.

(Slide #12 Continued)