Anatomy skeletal muscular
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AnatomySkeletal/Muscular
System
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Warm Up Label the Long bone
• epiphysis• spongy bone• articular cartilage• diaphysis• compact bone• bone marrow • Marrow cavity• blood vessel• periosteum
I
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Answers• A-diaphysis • B-epiphysis• C-spongy bone• D-articular cartilage• E- spongy bone• F-compact bone• G- Bone marrow• H- periosteum• I- Marrow cavity
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The Skeletal System: divided into two groups, the axial and appendicular skeleton for a total of 206 bones in the body.
I. The Axial Skeleton: consists of 80 bones that revolve around the vertical axis of the skeleton.
*skull, ribs, sternum and vertebral column
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A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
1. The Skull
A. Cranial bones (8):
*frontal (1)
*parietal (2)
*temporal (2)
*sphenoid (1)
*ethmoid (1)
*occipital (1)
http://www.learnbones.com/skull-cranial-and-facial-bones-anatomy
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A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
B. Facial Bones (14):*mandible (1)*maxilla (2)*zygomatic bone (2)*nasal bone (2)*lacrimal (2)*palatine (2*inferior nasal concha
(2)*volmer (1)
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A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
2. Thoracic cage (25):
*sternum (1)
*true ribs (14)
articulate with the sternum directly.
*false ribs (6)
*floating ribs (4)
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A. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
3. Vertebral Column (26):
*cervical vertebrae (7)
*thoracic vertebrae (12)
*lumbar vertebrae (5)
*sacrum (5 fused)
*coccyx (4 fused)
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II. The Appendicular Skeleton: consists of 126 bones that append to the axial skeleton.
A. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
1. Pectoral girdle (4)
*clavicle (2)
*scapula (2)
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A. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
2. The Upper Limb (60)
*humerus (2)
*radius (2)
*ulna (2)
*carpals (16)
*metacarpals (10)
*phalanges (28)
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A. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
3. Pelvic Girdle (2)
3 fused pairs
*ilium
*ischium
*pubis
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A. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
4. Lower limb (60)
*femur (2)
*patella (2)
*tibia (2)
*fibula (2)
*tarsal (14)
*metatarsals (10)
*phalanges (28)
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III. Functions of the Skeletal System
A. Axial Skeleton Functions:
*protects the brain and internal organs.
*provides structure and support
*attachment for muscles
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III. Functions of the Skeletal System
B. Appendicular Skeleton Functions:
*protection
*attachment for muscles
*support and movement
*blood cell formation
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IV. Types of Bones
1. Long Bones: those that are longer than they are wide.
*femur, tibia, fibula
*humerus, radius, ulna
*clavicle
*metacarpals
*metatarsals
*phalanges
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2. Short Bones: are as wide as they are long.
*tarsals of the foot
*carpals of the hand
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3. Flat Bones: broad flat plates used for protection and muscular attachment. Most RBC’s are produce in flat bones.
*skull
*rib cage
*sternum
*scapula
*pelvis
*os coxae (hip bone)
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4. Irregular Bones: have peculiar shapes and cannot be grouped in the other bone categories.
*verterbrae
*sacrum
*coccyx
*mandible
*maxilla
*hyoid
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long bone structure
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V. Anatomical Terminology
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V. Anatomical Terminology
1. Anterior: towards the front.
2. Posterior: towards the back.
3. Superior: towards the head.
4. Inferior: towards the feet.
5. Proximal: nearest; closer to any point of reference.
6. Distal: remote; farther from any point of reference.
7. Lateral: point that is more distant from the median plane.
8. Medial: point that is closer to the median plane
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Food for Thought
• http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/vert/vertut1.htm
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VI. Connective Tissue
1. Cartilage: a flexible connective tissue found between the bones of joints. It acts as a cushion between joints and reduces friction in movement.
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VI. Connective Tissue
2. Ligament: dense, flexible tissue that connects bone to bone at a joint.
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VI. Connective Tissue
3. Tendon: consists of dense collagen fibers and connect muscle to bone.
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VII. Joint: point where two or more bones articulate allowing movement and mechanical support.
A. Types of Joints1. Fibrous: held
together by fibrous connective tissue. Usually immovable or slightly moveable.
Ex. Suture joints between cranial bones and distal joint of tibia and fibula.
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2. Cartilaginous: joints held together by cartilage. May be immovable or slightly movable.
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3. Synovial: freely movable joints characterized by a synovial cavity (joint cavity) containing synovial fluid.
Features of Synovial Joints:
a. Articular cartilage: (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones.
b. Synovial membrane: surrounds the synovial cavity.
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c. Articular Capsule: is composed of the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule.
d. Bursae: fluid filled sac that cushions and reduces friction between moving structures.
e. Meniscus: disperses the weight of the body and reduces friction in the joint.
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Types of Synovial joints
1. Hinge: allow flexion and extension along one plane.
*elbow
*knee
*ankle
*joints in the fingers
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Types of Synovial joints
2. Ball and Socket: allow all movements except gliding.
*hip
*shoulder
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Types of Synovial joints
3. Condyloid: allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.
*wrist
*between the metacarpals and phalanges.
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Types of Synovial joints
4. Pivot: one bone rotates about another.
*the neck
*radius and ulna
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Types of Synovial joints
5. Gliding: permit sliding and gliding movements.
*spine
*wrist
*ankles
*clavicle
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Types of Synovial joints
6. Saddle: same movement as condyloid joints.
*thumb
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Write a 1 page essay outlining the function of
connective tissue.
Discuss the role played by cartilage, ligaments and
tendons citing examples from specific joints.
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The Muscular System
I. Characteristics of muscle tissue
*contractibility-ability of the muscle to shorten.
*extensibility: ability of the muscle to lengthen.
*elasticity: ability of the muscle to return to it’s normal size.
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I. Characteristics of muscle tissue
* atrophy-a decrease in the size of muscle tissue.
* hypertrophy-an increase in the size of muscle tissue.
* Controlled by nerve tissue and fed by capillaries.
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II. Types of Muscle Tissue
A. Smooth: Involuntary muscle that lines the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and the digestive tract.
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II. Types of Muscle Tissue
B. Cardiac: involuntary striated muscle responsible for rhythmic contractions of the heart.
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II. Types of Muscle Tissue
C. Skeletal: Voluntary striated muscle that is responsible for movement.
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III. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
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III. Structure of Skeletal Muscle
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IV. Muscle Attachment
1. Origin: the point of attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone.
2. Insertion: point of attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone.
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Muscles of the anterior portion of the body
Deltoid
http://www.getbodysmart.com/
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Pectoralis
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iliopsoas
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Sartorius
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Quadriceps femoris
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Tibialis anterior
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Abdominus rectus and External obliques
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Biceps brachii
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Muscles of the posterior portion of the body
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Triceps brachii
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Gluteus maximus
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Hamstrings
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Gastrocnemius and Soleus
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Erector spinae