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NAME __________________________ Anatomy & Physiology

Semester 1 Exam Review Guide

How to use this guide…

This is a very comprehensive list of everything we have covered this semester. Just start reading. If you understand it – delete it! If you don’t understand it – keep it. Then, when you are done reading the entire thing, go back and study the parts that remain. I have saved this online as a word document (so you can

delete as you go) and also as a PDF file in case you can’t open word on your computer.

The semester exam is composed of about 100 multiple choice questions and 25 Lab Practical.

§ Chapter 1-The Human Body: 20ish questions § Chapter 3-Cells & Tissues: 15ish questions § Chapter 4-Skin & Body Membranes: 15ish questions § Chapter 5-The Skeletal System: 25-30ish questions

o 5ish-bone anatomy o 5ish-long bone development o 5ish-Haversian System o 25ish-gross anatomy

§ Chapter 6-The Muscular System: 25-30ish questions

Chapter 1-The Human Body (pages 1-25) § Anatomy – Definition and Example = § Physiology – Definition and Example = § Anatomy—Levels of Study – Compare the following.

o Gross anatomy = o Microscopic Anatomy =

§ Levels of Structural Organization o Organ System Overview – List the functions of each system and organs in them.

Organ system Function(s) Organs include: 1.

2.

3.

4.

2

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

§ Necessary Life Functions – Briefly describe the importance of each of the life functions

o o o o o o o o

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§ Survival Needs – Describe the importance of each of the survival needs o

o

o

o

o

§ Interrelationships Among Body Systems o Homeostasis—Define and Explain the importance

o Homeostatic imbalance - Define and Provide an example

o Maintaining Homeostasis – Define, Provide an example, and Describe the importance of…

• Receptor =

• ____________ Pathway =

• Control center =

• _____________Pathway =

• Effector =

o Feedback Mechanisms § Negative feedback - ex.\

§ Positive feedback - ex.\

§ The Language of Anatomy o Exact terms – provide examples for the following…

§ Anatomical Position = § Direction ex.\

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§ Regions ex.\ § Structures ex.\

o Regional Terms § Anterior body landmarks – Identify all § Posterior body landmarks – Identify all

o Directional Terms o Body Planes and Sections – Describe the following sections

§ A sagittal section = § A median, or midsagittal, = § A frontal section = § A transverse, or cross, section =

o Body Cavities § Dorsal body cavity

• •

§ Ventral body cavity • •

o o

o Why is it important to use the Special terminology above?

Chapter 3-Cells & Tissues (pages 64-108)

§ Cells & Tissues o Atoms (define and example) = o Macromolecules (define and example) o Cells (define) = o Tissues (define and example) = o Organs (define and example) = o Organ system (define and example) =

§ Body Tissues o Tissues

§ Groups of cells with similar structure and function § Four primary types

• • • •

o Epithelial Tissues § Locations

• • •

§ Functions • • • •

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§ Epithelium Characteristics • • • • •

§ Classification of Epithelia • Number of cell layers

o “_______________________” = one layer o “_______________________” = more than one layer

• Shapes of cells o “_______________________” Shape = Flattened

o “_______________________” Shape = cube-shaped

o “_______________________” Shape = column-like

§ Simple Epithelia – Describe the shape and arrangement of the following tissues, then list where you and find them in the human body.

• Simple squamous o Shape & #Layers = o Usually forms membranes

§ Location = § Location =

• Simple cuboidal o Shape & #Layers = o Location = o Location = o Location =

• Simple columnar o Shape & #Layers = o Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells o Location =

• Pseudostratified columnar o Shape & #Layers = o Often looks like a double layer of cells o Sometimes ciliated, Location = o May function in absorption or secretion

§ Stratified Epithelia – Describe the shape and arrangement of the following tissues, then list where you and find them in the human body.

• Stratified squamous o Cells at the apical surface are flattened o Found as a protective covering where friction is common o Locations

§ § §

• Stratified cuboidal—shape and #layers = • Stratified columnar—surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and

shape • Stratified cuboidal and columnar

o Rare in human body

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o Found mainly in ducts of _________________________ • Transitional epithelium

o Shape of cells = o Location =

§ Glandular Epithelium • • Two major gland types

o “_______crine” gland § §

o “_______crine” gland § §

o Connective Tissue § Found everywhere in the body § Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues § Functions =

• • •

§ Characteristics • Variations in blood supply

o Some tissue types are well vascularized o Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular

• Extracellular matrix o Definition = o Two main elements

§ §

• Produced by the cells • Three types

o o o

§ Connective Tissue Types • Bone (osseous tissue)

o Composed of § § §

o Used to: • Hyaline cartilage

o Most common type of cartilage o Composed of

§ §

o Locations § §

• Elastic cartilage o Provides elasticity o Location

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• Fibrocartilage

o Highly compressible o Location

• Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)

o Main matrix element is ______________________________________ o Fibroblasts are cells that _____________________________________ o Locations

§ § §

• Loose connective tissue types o Areolar tissue

§ Most widely distributed connective tissue § Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” § Functions as… § Contains which fibers? … § Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

o Adipose tissue § Matrix is … § Many cells contain… § Functions

• • •

o Reticular connective tissue § Delicate network of interwoven fibers § Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid ORGANS =

• • •

o Blood (vascular tissue) § Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma § Fibers are visible during clotting § Functions =

§ Muscle Tissue • Function is to produce movement • Three types

o ________________________muscle § Voluntary or Involuntary? § Location = § Produces gross body movements or facial expressions § Characteristics?

• • •

o ________________________muscle

§ Voluntary or Involuntary? § Location = § Function is to pump blood

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§ Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells • • •

o ________________________muscle

§ Voluntary or Involuntary? § Location = § Characteristics of smooth muscle cells

• • •

§ Nervous Tissue • Composed of… • Function

o o

§ Can you visually identify the following tissue types? § § §

§

o Smooth Muscle o Nerve Tissue o Reticular Tissue o Areolar Tissue o Adipose Tissue o Bone Tissue o Dense fibrous Tissue o Transitional epithelium

o Stratified squamous epithelium o Psuedostratified (ciliated) epithelium o Simple Columnar epithelium o Cuboidal epithelium o Simple Squamous epithelium o Cardiac Muscle o Skeletal Muscle

§ §

§ § § § § § §

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§ §

§

§

§ § § § § § § §

Chapter 4-Skin & Body Membranes (pages 109-132)

§ Body Membranes o Function of body membranes

§ § §

o Classification of Body Membranes § Types of Epithelial membranes

• • •

§ Connective tissue membranes • “___________________” membranes

o Cutaneous membrane = skin § Dry membrane § Outermost protective boundary § Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized _____________ ____________ epithelium § Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

o Mucous Membranes § Surface epithelium type depends on site

• Stratified squamous epithelium (Location = ________________ & ______________) • Simple columnar epithelium (Location = ___________________________________)

§ Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria) § Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface § Often adapted for _____________________ or ______________________

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o Serous Membranes § Surface is a layer of ______________________ ______________________ epithelium § Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue § Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body § Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid

• Visceral layer = • Parietal layer =

§ Specific serous membranes •

o Location = •

o Location = •

o Location = o Synovial membrane

§ Connective tissue only § Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints § Secretes a lubricating fluid =

§ Integumentary System o Skin (cutaneous membrane) o Skin derivatives

§ Sweat glands § Oil glands § Hair § Nails

o Skin Structure Layers § ____________________________—outer layer

• Stratified squamous epithelium • Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)

§ ____________________________ • Dense connective tissue

§ ____________________________ (hypodermis) is deep to dermis • Not part of the skin • Function = • Composed mostly of ___________________________________

o Layers of the Epidermis § Stratum ________________________ (stratum germinativum)

• Deepest layer of epidermis • Lies next to dermis • Cells undergoing mitosis • Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

§ Stratum ________________________ § Stratum ________________________

• Layers of the Epidermis § Stratum ________________________

• Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata • Occurs only in ________________________________________________

§ Stratum ________________________ • Outermost layer of epidermis • Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss

from skin)

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o Melanin § Pigment (melanin) produced by ________________________ § Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum ______________________ § Color is ____________________________ § Amount of melanin produced depends upon _______________ and ___________________

o Dermis § Two layers

• ________________________layer (upper dermal region) o Projections called dermal papillae o Some contain capillary loops o Other house pain receptors and touch receptors

• ________________________layer (deepest skin layer) o Blood vessels o Sweat and oil glands o Deep pressure receptors

§ Overall dermis structure • Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis • Collagen fibers give skin its toughness • Elastic fibers give skin elasticity • Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation

o Normal Skin Color Determinants § Melanin

• Color = ________________________ § Carotene

• Color = ________________________ § Hemoglobin

• Color = ________________________ from blood cells in dermal capillaries • Oxygen content determines the extent of coloring

o Skin Appendages § Cutaneous glands are all _____crine glands

• “__________________________” glands o Produce oil

§ Lubricant for skin o Prevents brittle hair o Kills bacteria o Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin

surface o Glands are activated at puberty

• “__________________________” glands o Produce sweat o Widely distributed in skin o Two types:

§ _______________________ • Open via duct to pore on skin surface

§ _______________________ • Ducts empty into hair follicles

o Sweat and Its Function § Composition

• Mostly made of __________

• Also contains _________________ and ________________ • Some metabolic waste

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• Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only) § Functions

• • •

(Odor is from associated bacteria) § Hair

• Produced by hair follicle • Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells • __________________________ = cells that provide pigment for hair color

• Hair anatomy (Three layers)

1. Central medulla

2. _____________________ surrounds medulla

3. _____________________ on outside of cortex

§ Most heavily keratinized

• Associated hair structures o Hair follicle

§ Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root o Arrector pili

§ Struture: § Function:

§ Nails • Scale-like modifications of the epidermis

o Heavily keratinized • Stratum _____________________ extends beneath the nail bed

o Responsible for growth • Lack of pigment makes them colorless • Nail structures

o Free edge o Body is the visible attached portion o Root of nail embedded in skin o Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

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Chapter 5-The Skeletal System (pages 133-181) § Parts of the skeletal system

o Bones (skeleton) o Joints o Cartilages o Ligaments

§ Two subdivisions of the skeleton o ________________________ skeleton (skull + vertebral column + thoracic cage) o ________________________ skeleton (girdles + upper and lower limbs)

§ Functions of Bones: o o o o o

§ The adult skeleton has ___ ___ ___ bones total § Two basic types of bone tissue:

o _________________ bone § Homogeneous

o _________________ bone § Small needle-like pieces of bone § Many open spaces

§ Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shapes: o _________________ bones

§ Typically longer than they are wide § Have a shaft with heads at both ends § Contain mostly compact bone § Examples:

• •

o _________________ bones § Generally cube-shape § Contain mostly spongy bone § Examples:

• •

o _________________ bones § Thin, flattened, and usually curved § Two thin layers of _________________ bone surround a layer of ________________ bone § Examples:

• • •

o _________________ bones § Irregular shape § Do not fit into other bone classification categories § Example:

• Vertebrae • Hip bones

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§ Anatomy of a Long Bone

o “_________________________”

§ Refers to the Shaft

§ Composed of compact bone

o “_________________________”

§ Refers to the Ends of the bone

§ Composed mostly of spongy bone

o “___________________________”

§ Outside covering of the diaphysis

§ Fibrous connective tissue membrane

o “___________________________”

§ Secure periosteum to underlying bone

o Arteries

§ Supply bone cells with nutrients

o Articular cartilage

§ Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

§ Made of ______________________ cartilage

§ Function = _________________________________________________________

o “___________________________ plate”

§ Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

o Epiphyseal line

§ Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

§ Seen in adult bones

o Medullary cavity

§ Cavity inside of the shaft

§ Contains ________________ marrow (mostly fat) in adults

§ Contains ____________ marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

§ Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

o “___________________________”(Haversian system)

§ A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

o “___________________________” canal (Haversian canal)

§ Opening in the center of an osteon

§ Carries blood vessels and nerves

o Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

§ Canal perpendicular to the central canal

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§ Carries blood vessels and nerves

o “___________________________”

§ Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

§ Arranged in concentric rings

o “___________________________”

§ Rings around the central canal

§ Sites of lacunae

o Canaliculi

§ Tiny canals

§ Radiate from the central canal to ____________

§ Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

§ Formation of the Human Skeleton

o In embryos, the skeleton is primarily ________________________ cartilage

o During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone

o Hyaline Cartilage remains in isolated areas such as…

§

§

§

§ Bone Growth (Ossification) o “_______________________” plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood o New cartilage is continuously formed o Older cartilage becomes ossified

1. Cartilage is broken down 2. Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity 3. Bone replaces cartilage through the action of bone builders called “___________________”

o Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops o Bones are remodeled in response to two factors

§ Blood calcium levels § Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

o Bones grow in width (called appositional growth) § Types of Bone Cells

o “___________________________”—mature bone cells

o “___________________________”—bone-forming cells

o “___________________________”—bone-destroying cells

§ Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid

hormone

o Bone remodeling is performed by both “osteo__________” and “osteo_____________”

§ The Axial Skeleton

o Forms the longitudinal axis of the body

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o Divided into three parts. List all three parts and provide examples bones in each.

1.

2.

3.

o The Skull

§ Two sets of bones:

• 8 ___________________ bones (be able to name them)

• 14 __________________ bones (be able to name them)

§ Bones are joined by sutures

§ Only freely movable joint = _______________________________

§ Paranasal Sinuses

• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

• Functions of paranasal sinuses:

o

o

o The Hyoid Bone

§ The only bone that does not ________________________________________

§ Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

§ Aids in swallowing and speech

o The Vertebral Column

§ Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

§ There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs

• Seven _______________ vertebrae are in the neck

• Twelve _______________ vertebrae are in the chest region

• Five _______________ vertebrae are associated with the lower back

§ Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones

• _____________

o Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae

• _____________

o Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae

o “Tailbone,” or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have

o The Bony Thorax

§ Forms a cage to protect major organs

§ Consists of three parts

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• Sternum (________________ + ____________ + ______________ _____________)

• Ribs

o “_______” ribs (pairs 1–7)

o “_________” ribs (pairs 8–12)

o “_________” ribs (pairs 11–12)

• Thoracic vertebrae

§ The Appendicular Skeleton

o Composed of 126 bones

§ ___________________ (limbs)

§ ______________girdle

§ ______________girdle

o The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

§ Composed of two bones

• “_________________”—collarbone

• “_________________”—shoulder blade

§ These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

o Bones of the Upper Limbs

§ “________________________”

• Forms the arm

• Single bone

§ The forearm has two bones

• “__________________”

o Medial bone in anatomical position

• “__________________”

o Lateral bone in anatomical position

§ The hand

• “__________________”—wrist

• “__________________”—palm

• “__________________”—fingers

o Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

§ Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones

• Composed of three pairs of fused bones:

o

o

o

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§ The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis § It protects several organs

• Reproductive organs • Urinary bladder • Part of the large intestine

o Bones of the Lower Limbs § The thigh has one bone

• “____________________” o The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

§ The lower leg has two bones • “____________________”

o Shinbone o Larger and medially oriented

• “____________________” o Thin and sticklike

§ The foot • “____________________”

o Two largest tarsals § Calcaneus (heelbone) § Talus

• “____________________”—sole • “____________________”—toes

o Joints § Articulations of bones § Functions of joints

• Hold bones together • Allow for mobility

§ Ways joints are classified • Functionally

o “Synarthroses” § Immovable joints

o “______________________” § Slightly moveable joints

o “______________________” § Freely moveable joints

• Structurally o Fibrous joints

§ Generally immovable § Example:

• Sutures • Syndesmoses

o Allows more movement than sutures o Example: Distal end of tibia and fibula

o Cartilaginous joints § Immovable or slightly moveable § Bones connected by cartilage § Example:

• Pubic symphysis • Intervertebral joints

o Synovial joints § Freely moveable § Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity

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§ ___________________ fluid is found in the joint cavity § Features of Synovial Joints

• Articular cartilage (__________________ cartilage) covers the ends of bones

• A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces • A joint cavity is filled with _________________ fluid • Ligaments reinforce the joint • Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs

o Lined with synovial membranes o Filled with synovial fluid o Not actually part of the joint

• Tendon sheath o Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Chapter 6 I can statements….

Can I identify and describe the three different muscle types including functions?

Can I name/label all the parts of a sarcomere? (including proteins, zones/discs/lines)

Can I explain all the specialized parts of a muscle cell? (sarcolema, SR, myofibril?)

Can I explain how muscle stimulation occurs? Can I identify all the parts of a neuromuscular junction? Along with their function? Can I explain muscle tetanus? A twitch? Can I explain how energy for muscle cells is maintained?

Can I explain how a muscle is organized, and why there are striations (and what makes them up)?

Can I name two ways that determine what graded response a muscle will have? (what determines “how contracted” it will get?)

Can I identify the major movements of the body?

Can I explain the how the arrangement of fascicles can be different in diff muscles?

Can I name the muscles of the face, and function?

Can I name the muscles from 208 – 219 and their major function?

Can I comfortable identify a muscle insertion based on movement?

Can I differentiate between prime movers, synergists, and fixators?

Can I answer all the “did you get it questions” in the chapter? Chapter 6-The Muscular System (pages 182-226) § The Muscular System

o Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement o Three basic muscle types are found in the body:

§ _____________________ muscle § _____________________ muscle § _____________________ muscle

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§ Characteristics of Muscles o Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) o Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments o All muscles share some terminology

§ Prefixes myo and mys refer to “_________________” § Prefix sarco refers to “___________________”

§ Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles o ___________________ Muscle Characteristics

§ Most are attached by tendons to bones § “_____________________” – Cells have many nuclei § “_____________________”—have visible banding § Voluntary—subject to conscious control § Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle

• Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue: o _____________________—encloses a single muscle fiber o _____________________—wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers o _____________________—covers the entire skeletal muscle o Fascia—on the outside of the epimysium

§ Skeletal Muscle Attachments • Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment • _________________________—cord-like structures

o Mostly collagen fibers o Often cross a joint due to toughness and small size

• _________________________—sheet-like structures o Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings

• Sites of muscle attachment o Bones o Cartilages

o Smooth Muscle Characteristics § Lacks striations § Shape of cells = _______________________________ § ______________________ - each cell only contains one nucleus § Voluntary or Involuntary (circle one) § Found mainly in _______________________________________________

o Cardiac Muscle Characteristics § Striations § Usually has a single nucleus § Branching cells § Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc § Voluntary or Involuntary? (circle one) § Found only in _____________________________________

§ Skeletal Muscle Functions o o o o

§ Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle o ____________________________—specialized plasma membrane o ____________________________—long organelles inside muscle cell o _____________ ______________—specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

§ Stores and releases ______ ions § Surrounds the myofibril

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o Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands § ___ band = light band

• Contains only thin filaments § ___ band = dark band

• Contains the entire length of the thick filaments o ____________________________—contractile unit of a muscle fiber

§ Organization of the sarcomere • Myofilaments

o Thick filaments = _____________ filaments § Composed of the protein ______________ § Has ATPase enzymes § Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges) § Myosin and actin overlap somewhat

o Thin filaments = __________ filaments § Composed of the protein __________ § Anchored to the ___ disc

§ Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells o “____________________” (also called responsiveness or irritability)—ability to receive and respond

to a stimulus o “____________________”—ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received o “____________________”—ability of muscle cells to be stretched o “____________________”—ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

§ The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential o Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract o “______________ ______________”—one motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle cells

stimulated by that neuron o Neuromuscular junction

§ Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle o “_________________ _________________”

§ Gap between nerve and muscle § Nerve and muscle do not make contact § Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid

§ Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle o “___________________________”—chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse o The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is “_______________________” o ____________ attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma o Sarcolemma becomes permeable to ______ ions o ______________ rushes into the cell generating an “___________ potential” o Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped

§ The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction o Activation by nerve causes ___________ heads (cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin

filament o Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the ________________ and pull them toward the center of

the sarcomere o This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin o The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted)

§ Contraction of Skeletal Muscle o Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” o Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval o Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses o Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

§ Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

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o Graded responses can be produced by changing § The frequency of muscle stimulation § The number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time

o Types of Graded Responses: § _____________________

• Single, brief contraction • Not a normal muscle function

§ _____________________ (summing of contractions) • One contraction is immediately followed by another • The muscle does not completely return to a resting state • The effects are added

§ _____________________ _________________ (incomplete tetanus) • Some relaxation occurs between contractions • The results are summed

§ _____________________ __________________ (complete tetanus) • No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions • The result is a sustained muscle contraction

§ Energy for Muscle Contraction § Types of Muscle Contractions:

o __________________ contractions § Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions § The muscle shortens and movement occurs

o __________________ contractions § Tension in the muscles increases § The muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement

§ Muscle Tone o Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle o Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone o The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control

§ Muscles and Body Movements o Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone o Muscles are attached to at least two points

§ _____________________ = Attachment to an immoveable bone

§ _____________________ = Attachment to a movable bone

§ Types of Ordinary Body Movements

o ___________________

§ Decreases the angle of the joint

§ Brings two bones closer together

§ Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

o ___________________

§ Opposite of flexion

§ Increases angle between two bones

o ___________________

§ Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

§ Common in ball-and-socket joints

§ Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)

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o ___________________

§ Movement of a limb away from the midline

o ___________________

§ Opposite of abduction

§ Movement of a limb toward the midline

o ___________________

§ Combination of ______________, _____________, ______________, and ______________

§ Common in ball-and-socket joints

o ____________________

§ Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

o ____________________

§ Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

o ____________________

§ Turn sole of foot medially

o ____________________

§ Turn sole of foot laterally

o ____________________

§ Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly

o _____________________

§ Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

o _____________________

§ Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

§ Types of Muscles

o Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

o Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

o Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation

o Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

§ Naming Skeletal Muscles

o By direction of muscle fibers

§ Example: ____________________________________________________________

o By relative size of the muscle

§ Example: ____________________________________________________________

o By location of the muscle

§ Example: _____________________________________________________________

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o By number of origins

§ Example:

o By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

§ Example: _____________________________________________________________

o By shape of the muscle

§ Example: _____________________________________________________________

o By action of the muscle

§ Example: _____________________________________________________________

§ Head and Neck Muscles

o Facial muscles

§ ____________________—raises eyebrows

§ ____________________—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks

§ ____________________—closes mouth and protrudes the lips

§ ____________________—flattens the cheek, chews

§ ____________________—raises corners of the mouth

o Chewing muscles

§ ____________________—closes the jaw and elevates mandible

§ ____________________—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw

o Neck muscles

§ _____________________—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly

§ _____________________—flexes the neck, rotates the head

§ Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm

o Anterior muscles

§ ______________________—adducts and flexes the humerus

§ Intercostal muscles

• __________________________—raise rib cage during inhalation

• __________________________—depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs

when you exhale forcibly

§ Muscles of the abdominal girdle

• ________________________—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal

contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)

• ________________________—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it

laterally

• ________________________—compresses abdominal contents

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o Posterior muscles

§ ______________________—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula

§ ______________________—extends and adducts the humerus

§ ______________________—back extension

§ ______________________—flexes the spine laterally

§ ______________________—arm abduction

§ Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm

o Muscles of the Upper Limb

§ _______________________—supinates forearm, flexes elbow

§ _______________________—elbow flexion

§ _______________________—weak muscle

§ _______________________—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)

o Muscles of Pelvis, Hip, Thigh

§ _______________________—hip extension

§ _______________________—hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking

§ _______________________—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when

standing erect

§ _______________________—adduct the thighs

§ Muscles causing movement at the knee joint

o Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion

§

§

§

o Sartorius—flexes the thigh

o Quadriceps group—extends the knee

§

§

§

§

§ Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot

o _______________________________________—dorsiflexion and foot inversion

o _______________________________________—toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot

o __________________________—plantar flexion, everts the foot

o __________________________—plantar flexion

Be sure to review OLD quizzes with Corrections!