Anatomy & Physiology. right & left connected by large fiber tract: corpus callosum cover most of...
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Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology. right & left connected by large fiber tract: corpus callosum cover most of...
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The brainAnatomy & Physiology
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Brain: unremarkable appearance ~ 3 lbs 4 major regions
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right & left connected by large fiber tract: corpus callosum
cover most of other 3 parts surface: elevated ridges = gyri separated by shallow grooves = sulci
Fissures deeper grooves separate regions of brain
1. Cerebral Hemisphere
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Gyri, Sulci, & a Fissure
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separates cerebral hemispheres other fissures separate brain into lobes
Longitudinal Fissure
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spaces in brain filled with CSF
connected to subarachnoid space (around brain & spinal cord) and central canal of spinal cord
Ventricles of the Brain
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parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus
receives impulses from sensory receptors (not special senses), interprets them◦pain recognition◦temperature◦light touch
Somatic Sensory Area
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Humunculus
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anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe
major voluntary motor tract
Primary Motor Area
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Humunculus
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visual area
Occipital Lobe
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auditory & olfactory areas
Temporal Lobe
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Brocca’s Area: ability to speak◦@ base of precentral gyrus (usually only
on left side)◦injury inability to correctly vocalize
words
Frontal Lobe
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Frontal Lobotomy
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk
Frontal Lobotomy
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41ygrI
Phineas Gage
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anterior frontal lobe: higher intellectual reasoning
complex memories: frontal/ temporal lobe
all facets of speech: occipital/temporal/parietal lobes
Lobe Functions
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Gray Matter of the Brain
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gray matter in brain that is NOT in cerebral cortex
functions: help regulate voluntary motor activity by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscle by primary motor cortex
Basal Nuclei
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Parkinson’s Huntington’s
Imbalances in Basal Nuclei
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2. Diencephalon
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sits atop brain stem enclosed by cerebral hemispheres major parts:
◦Thalamus◦Hypothalamus◦Limbic system◦Epithalamus
Diencephalon
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relay station for sensory impulses passing thru to sensory cortex
Thalamus
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ANS center role in:
◦temperature control◦water balance◦metabolism
Hypothalamus
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Limbic System: forms rim surrounding corpus callosum
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regulates autonomic & endocrine functions in response to emotional stimuli (“reacting” brain vs. cerebral cortex being “thinking” brain)◦set level of arousal◦motivation◦reinforcing behaviors◦rage, love, memory, empathy
Limbic System
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~size of thumb in diameter & ~ 3 inches long
3 parts:1. midbrain2. pons3. medulla oblongata
Brain Stem
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knots of capillaries w/in each ventricle
produce & secrete CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
Choroid Plexus
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smallest, uppermost part of brain stem
cerebral aquaduct: tiny canal that runs thru midbrain connecting 3rd & 4th ventricles
contains reflex centers for vision, hearing
Midbrain
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Midbrain
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“bridge” rounded structure that protrudes below midbrain
contains apneustic (produces deep, prolonged inspirations) & pneumotatic center (inhibits inspiration)
Pons
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most inferior part of brain stem inferior border merges into spinal cord
centers: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting
Medulla Oblongata
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large, cauliflower-like projects dorsally from under occipital lobe
2 hemispheres convoluted surface provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity
controls balance & equilibrium
Cerebellum
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Head injuries are leading cause of accidental death in USA.
Concussion: dizziness, “see stars”, briefly lose consciousness; No permanent brain damage
Contusion: result of marked tissue damage. Cerebrum: may maintain consciousness Brainstem: coma
Cerebral Edema: swelling of brain due to inflammatory response to injury/ initially conscious neuro signs deteriorate (think edema or hemorrhage)
Traumatic Brain Injuries
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stroke 3rd leading cause of death in USA occur when blood circulation to brain is interrupted ◦vessel could be blocked (temporary or
permanent) or hemorrhaging
Cerebrovascular Accident(CVA)
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CVA characterized by:
◦abrupt onset of persisting neurological symptoms that arise from destruction of brain tissue
common causes:◦ intracerebral hemorrhage◦emboli◦atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries
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CVA Risk Factors
1. hypertension2. hypercholesterolnemia3. heart disease4. narrowed carotid arteries5. hx of TIAs (transient ischemic attacks)6. diabetes7. smoking8. obesity9. excessive alcohol intake
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CVA Treatments Thrombolytic:
◦clot-dissolving drug: tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) greatly improved prognosis for CVA
◦aspirin (makes plts slippery fewer clots)◦blood thinners
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Aphasia: from damage to left side cerebrum where language centers are
Motor Aphasia:◦damage to Broca’s area◦loss of ability to speak
Sensory Aphasia:◦loss of ability to understand written or
spoken word
Sequelae of CVA
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Transient Ischemic Attack “mini-stroke” due to temporary restriction of blood flow
symptoms last 5 – 50 minutes “red flags” that warn impending & more serious CVAs
TIA
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Alzheimer Disease (AD) most common type of dementia >10% population > age 65 4th leading cause of death in US characterized by progressive loss of
reasoning & ability to care for oneself cause of most cases unknown but…
◦genetic factors◦environmental or lifestyle factors◦normal aging process
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AD Pathology
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