Anatomy & Physiology - Manatee School for the Arts 12... · Anatomy & Physiology The Lymphatic...
Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology - Manatee School for the Arts 12... · Anatomy & Physiology The Lymphatic...
Anatomy & Physiology The Lymphatic System & Body Defenses
IMMUNE SYSTEM video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZWOh3NEsag
Lymphatic Vessels: Form a drainage system
Drain lymph (excessive fluid from blood) and return needed materials to blood while ridding the body of undesirable materials.
If this does not function properly, edema forms (accumulation of fluid, resulting in swelling)
http://www.google.com/imgres
Lymphoedema:
http://www.clinsci.org/cs/110/0553/cs1100553f02.gif
Lymph Nodes:
Protect the body (remove bacteria & produce lymphocytes)
Macrophages (perform phagocytosis) and lymphocytes (produce antibodies) are found here
http://www.google.com/imgres
Other Lymphoid Organs:
Spleen: filters blood (of debris and old RBCs)
Thymus (shrinks as we age): produces thymosin which differentiates WBCs
Tonsils: trap & remove bacteria in the throat
Peyer’s Patches (in small intestine): capture & destroy bacteria in intestine
Appendix: aid in destroying bacteria in digestive tract
http://www.google.com/imgres
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9833.jpg
http://www.bocaradiology.com/Procedures/Sentinel_node/Sentinel%20Node2.jpg
http://home.xtra.co.nz/hosts/Wingmakers/image1178.gif
http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/images/Thymus_spleen.jpg
http://www.medem.com/medem/images/jamaarchives/JAMA_Anatomy_Other_Spleen_JPP_01.jpg
Body Defenses:
Innate Defenses:
Nonspecific
Include: First & Second line of defenses:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Skin & Mucous secretions
Phagocytic cells
Natural Killer Cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory Response
Adaptive Defenses:
Specific
Include Third line of defense:
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Macrophages & Antigen-present cells
Innate Defenses:
Mechanical barriers that cover the surface of the body or cells & chemicals that protect the body
Pathogens: disease-causing organisms
http://www.google.com/imgres
Innate Defenses: First Line:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions (stomach secretes HCl, saliva & tears contain lysozyme)
Innate Defenses: Second Line:
Natural Killer Cells: attack membrane of foreign invaders; release inflammatory response
Inflammatory Response: redness, heat, swelling; histamine
Phagocytes: macrophages & neutrophils “eat”
Antimicrobial Proteins: attack microorganisms directly or inhibit their reproduction
Fever: macrophages & WBCs release pyrogens (pyro = fire) producing fever
Adaptive Body Defenses: Third Line:
This line of defense is always:
Antigen specific (a specific pathogen is recognized)
Systemic (the infection site is not the only area reacting)
Has memory (if the same pathogen is encountered again, this line of D remembers & attacks stronger)
Humoral Immunity (a.k.a. antibody-mediated immunity): antibodies are found within the body fluids
Cellular Immunity (a.k.a. cell-mediated immunity): the cells provide the immunity
Antigens: molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbs or lipids) that are recognized as non-self (or foreign)
We have self-antigens (this is how we know our own cells)
http://www.walgreens.com/library/graphics/images/en/9071.jpg
Lymphocytes:
T cells come from the Thymus
B cells come from the Bone marrow
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity:
Active Immunity:
B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them:
Naturally acquired active immunity: we receive b/c of infections
Artificially acquired active immunity: vaccinations
Passive Immunity:
Antibodies are received from human or animal serum (fluid source):
Naturally acquired passive immunity: passed from mother to fetus (lasts for first few months after birth)
Artificially acquired passive immunity: received when a person is exposed to a disease or virus (rabies, tenanus, hepatitis)
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/adam/images/en/hepatitis-a-immunization-vaccine-picture.jpg
Cell-Mediated Response:
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells: bind to foreign invaders and release toxic chemicals
Helper T cells: work with B cells to direct the immune system, help B & T cells divide, & help macrophages
Regulatory T cells: suppress B & T cell activity (preventing uncontrolled immune activity)
Memory Cells: long living cells that recognize antigens
Organ Transplants:
Types of organ transplants:
Autografts: tissue graft to the same person (skin graft from one are to another)
Isografts: tissue grafts from identical twin
Allografts: tissue grafts from another person (not twin)
Xenografts: tissue graft from a different species (baoon heart into human)
All patients must take immunosuppressive therapies after a graft.
Allergic Reactions:
An immune system reaction to a non-harmful substance
These sensitize lymphocytes
Allergens are antigens that trigger allergic reactions
There are 2 types:
1. Delayed-reaction allergy: due to repeated exposure to the skin (chemicals, etc) which cause dermatitis (it can take ~48hrs to occur after exposure)
2. Immediate-reaction allergy: this occurs within minutes of exposure and can be severe (cause death). B cells are activated. A variety of physiological reactions occur: BV dilation, swelling tissues, bronchial contractions, intestinal contractions, mucus production, hives, hay fever, asthma, & eczema.
Common Allergens:
http://www.vbc-genomics.com/EN/ISAC-Images/Allergie_Overview.jpg
http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/19323.jpg
Dermatitis:
http://a248.e.akamai.net/7/248/430/20051209025224/www.merckmedicus.com/ppdocs/us/hcp/content/white/chapters/images/f003040.jpg
Hives:
http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/2482.jpg
Autoimmunity:
When the body seemingly attacks itself,
autoantibodies are produced. This is when the
body does not distinguish between self &
nonself.
Autoimmunity is the body attacking itself.
Examples of autoimmunity are juvenile diabetes,
rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.
Breast cancer self-exam https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbEQTUI2Q4E
Testicular cancer self-exam
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaVloOTC1Yo
Adaptations 2017
This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,
Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission,
adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.