Anatomy of Bivalves and Crustaceans

8/3/2019 Anatomy of Bivalves and Crustaceans

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Invertebrateanatomy

Invertebrate

anatomy

KU022Physiology of Aquatic organismBent Vismann


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cnidarians

sponges

ctenophores

flatworms

annelids

gastropoda

bivalves

chelicerates

crustaceans

bryozoans

Echinoderms

ascidians

nemerteans

pogonophorans

cephalopods

pygnogonida


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cnidarians

sponges

ctenophores

flatworms

annelids

gastropoda

cheliceratesbryozoans

Echinoderms

ascidians

nemerteans

pogonophorans

cephalopods

bivalves

crustaceans


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Phyllum: Mollusca

Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda

Protobranchia Lamellibranchia

TAXONOMYTAXONOMY


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Edible cockle(Cerastoderma sp.)

Jackknife clam ( Ensis sp.)

Blue mussel(Mytilus edulis )

Pacific Oyster

(Crassostrea gigas )European oyster ( Ostrea edulis )

Venus clams ( Venus , Mercenaria, Cyclina sp.)

Scallops (Pectinidae)

(Pecten maximus )

Some commercially exploited species


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App. 5 kg and siphon up to 2 meter

Siphon

Geoduck

(Panope generosa )


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Adult blue mussels

egg

sperm

embryo

Veliger larvaeTrochophore

larvae

Pediveliger larvae

spat In e.g. oystersthis takes placeat the gills

(i.e., it is the veliger

larvae that comesout from the adultbivalve)


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W-shapedgill

stomach

Heart

mantle

MantlecavityAfferentcavity

Efferent cavity

Digestive gland


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Frontal cilia

Laterofrontal

cilia

Ciliary

junctionsLateral cilia

Food grove

Interlamellar

junctions

Branchial

vessels
http://mblserver3/bvismann/officefiler/powerpoint-filer/Physiology%20of%20aquatic%20organisms/FilibranchBivalve_tegnefilm.swf


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How to measure filtration?How to measure filtration?


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FR: Filtration rate(or Pumping rate)

The water volumepumped per time unit

CR: Clearance rate

The water volume

cleared for particlesper time unit

RE: Retention efficiency

The gills efficiency to retain

particlesCR = FR * RE

When RE = 1

CR = FR


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In order to know how many algae is present(or removed) we need to quantify the algae

Microscope and counting chamber Cells ml -1

Coulter counter (electric registration of particles sucked through an orifice) Cells ml -1

Spectrophotometer (extraction of chlorophyll) g Chl a ml-1

Fluorometer

(excitation of chlorophyll and measuring the fluorescence) Volt


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Y = aX b

Cl

L2

Allometric

equation:

Relation between size and shape

W

L3 L

W1/3

Now turning to the bivalve

A bivalve is not just a bivalve; i.e., size matters for any given physiological activity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Shell length (mm)

S o

f t p

a r t

( g )

W = 3.3 * 10-6

L3.16

Mhlenberg & Riisgrd 1979

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Shell length (mm)

C l e a r a n c e

( l h - 1 )

Cl

= 0.0012 L 2.14

Kirboe & Mhlenberg 1981


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02468

101214161820

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Soft parts (g)

C l e a r a n c e

( l h - 1

g - 1 )

Cl

(W 1/3 )2

W2/3

W0.67

Cl

L2

and when L

W1/3

So, when measuring clearanceit is important to realize that theclearance rate is dependent onthe bivalve being measured.In other words, the clearance

rate must be given in a form,which can be related to other studies.Also remember the same holds

true for experimental conditions

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Soft parts (g)

C l e a r a n c e

( l h - 1 )

Cl

= 7.45 W 0.66

Jones et al. 1992

Cl d t


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (min)

A l g a e

( 1 0 0 0 c e

l l s m l

- 1 )

Mussels pumping at aconstant rate are placedin a tank with presenceof algae

Algae = a *e (mt)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time (min)

L n

( a l g a e

) ( 1 0 0 0 c e

l l s m

l - 1 )

Ln(Algae) = ln(a) + mtThis one can verify by alinear regression analysis

Closed system


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0

500

1000

1500

2000

25003000

3500

4000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (min)

A l g a e

( c e

l l s m

l - 1 )

C1

C2

In steady state:

Cl

= F * (C 1-C 2)/C 2 = 0.174 * (3500-1500)/1500 = 0.232 l min -1

F = 174 ml min -1 W = 4 g = 13.92 l h -1

= 3.48 l h -1 g -1

Weight specific clearance

basic experimental set up


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basic experimental set-up

Interface

Remotecontrolled

peristalticPump

PC & Labtech Notebook

Flow-troughfluorometerPump

Pump

Algaestock

solution

input

Closed loopControlOutput(on/off)

Analog input

Data on disk

L o g f u

n c t i o

n

The set-up can be used in two modes:A) Continously clearance rateB) Intermittent clearance rate

output

Flow-troughfluorometer


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Where n = number of mussels (or biomass); t = time; v p = dosing pumprate; t p = dosing pump active; C 1 = algae concentration in stock solution;C2 = algae concentration in aquaria

Cl

= 1/(n * t) * (v p * tp* C1)/ C 2

0

500

1000

15002000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (min)

A l g a e

( c e

l l s m

l - 1 )


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0

500

1000

1500

20002500

3000

3500

4000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (min)

A l g a e

( c e

l l s m

l - 1 )

Cl

= V/(n*t) * ln(C 0/C t)

V = volume; n = number of mussels (or biomass); C 0 and C t = algae concentrationat time 0 and t, respectively

Particles clearedParticles cleared


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RR

In connection with growth and activity someof the energy contained in the assimilatedfood is lost through respiration

(R)

FF

A part of the ingested food is not absorbedby the bivalve but is excreted as faeces

(F)

Energy balance: I

= P

+ R

+ U

+

F

P

= I ( R

+ U

+ F)

PP The remaining part of the absorbed foodis called the assimilated food and is used

for growth = Production ( P ).

A part of the absorbed food is excreted asurine, mucus mm. ( U)

UU

II

Particles retained by the gills can either beingested ( I)

or rejected

as

pseudofaeces(PF )

PFPF

Particles clearedParticles cleared


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Sejr et al. 2004

Max clearance at 2000 cells ml -1

AE = (I -

(U + F))/I


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Energy: Algae = 1.75 J cell -1; O 2 = 14 J mg -1; NH 4 = 0.025 J g -1

P = I

(R + U + F) AE = (I -

(U + F))/I P = (I * AE) - R

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Algae concentration (cells ml -1)

E n e r g y

( J o u l e

h - 1 )

ingestionRespirationExcretionproduction

Zero production at app. 21000 cells ml -1

Optimal production

6000 cells ml -1

In situ P

I = Cl

* [algae]


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Phyllum: ArthropodaPhyllum: Arthropoda

TrilobitomorphaTrilobitomorpha ChelicerateChelicerate ArachnidaArachnidaMandibulataMandibulata

PycnogonidaPycnogonida

CrustaceaCrustacea InsectaInsectaChilopodaChilopoda DiplopodaDiplopoda

CopepodaCopepoda CirripediaCirripedia MalacostracaMalacostraca

MysidaceaMysidacea CummaceaCummacea IsopodaIsopoda AmphipodaAmphipoda

EucaridaEucarida

EuphausiaceaEuphausiacea

DecapodaDecapoda


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Telson

Uropods

Abdomen

Pleopods 4. walking leg 1. walking leg Cheliped

Eye Rostrum 1. antenna

2. antennaMaxillipedCarapace

Cervicalgroove


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Gills

Heart

artery

Hemocoel


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Anatomy of Bivalves and Crustaceans

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