Anatomy of the Foot

SkinSkin is the bodies largest organ and made up of multiple layers. Functions : protecting the body against the environment, insulation, temperature regulation and sensation. Skin is divided into 3 main layers:Epidermis-outermost layer; visibleDermis-layer underneath epidermisHypodermis- also called the subcutaneous tissue, used for fat storage.

Plantar SkinPlantar skin is the integument that covers the soles of the feet of humans.Plantar skin is relatively thick, greatly keratinized, hairless, and filled with a dense collection of sweat glands.The thickness of the skin at the soles (and palms) is 3.5 mm 1.5 mm at the epidermis layer .Plantar skin is well designed to protect the feet from injury.

Subcutaneus tissueUnique fibroseptal structures (fibroadipose) together with dense subcutaneus tissue server as a cushion and provider great resistance against shearing force during walking.

Plantar AponeurosisThickned band of deep facia in the sole of the foot.Posterior: Medial tubercle of calcaneus.Anterior: Divides into 5 slips which pass to the 5 toes.On each side: attached to the metatarsal bone by medial and lateral intermusculer septa. Function: protects the underlying nerve and vassel.

Layers of the SoleThe muscles of the sole are conveniently described in four layers from the inferior layer superiorly.First layer: abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi.Second layer: quadratus plantae, lumbricals, flexor digitorum longus tendon, flexor hallucis longus tendon.Third layer: flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis and flexor digiti minimi brevis.Fourth layer: interossei, peroneus longus tendon and tibialis posterior tendon.

Ekstensor Digitorum

Tibialis Artery

Medial and Lateral Plantar Artery

Dorsalis Pedis ArteryMedial and Lateral tarsal arteryArcuate artery Dorsal Metatarsal artery :Medial branch.Lateral branch.Plantar Metatarsal artery.

Sensory Nerve Supply of The Skin Dorsum of The FootSuperficial peroneal nerve : Deep peroneal nerve Saphenous nerve.Sural nerve.

The Sensory nerve supply to the skin of the sole of the footMedial calcaneal branch of the tibial nerve.Medial plantar nerve.Lateral plantar nerve.

Dorsal view

Medial View of FootRear foot/Hind foot :Talus and calcaneusMidfoot : Navicular, cuneiforms (3) and cuboidForefoot : Metatarsals (5) and phalanges (14)

Lateral View of the footHind foot/Rear footMidfootForefoot

ToenailThe main function of the toenail is to provide protection to toes. The nail unit is composed of the nail plate, nail matrix, and cuticle. The nail plate is composed of a translucent protein called keratin. The nail plate is porous to water and does not contain any blood vessels or nerves.The nail matrix is the nail root and the sole structure responsible for the formation and growth of the nail plate. The nail bed supports the nail plate in its contour, but it does not assist with the growth of the nail plate.

TERIMA KASIH

http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/US/fab/tutorial/anatomy/arch1.html*Courtesy of Grays Anatomy, Lateral view, fig. #290

*Courtesy of Grays Anatomy, Lateral view, fig. #291*