Skeletal System II.

Mr. HunterKennedy H.S.

Mr. HunterAnatomy and Physiology 11.15.2012

• Objective(s)• SWBAT• List the 5 regions of the spine• Describe the structure of vertebrae• Distinguish true ribs from false ribs and their attachment sites• Describe articulations of the upper extremities of axial and

appendicular skeleton

Bell Ringer: What is the name of the location marked X on the skeleton model?__________

Vertebral Column

• Consists of a series of vertebrae connected so that they form a flexible curved rod.

• Different regions of the spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx

• (7) cervical, (12) thoracic, (5) lumbar, (1) sacrum and (1) coccyx.

• Sacrum = 5 bones in child• Coccyx = 3 to 5 in child

Vertebral Column

• Cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae consists of various parts:

• The hole in the center is the vertebral foramen in which the spinal cord travels.

• Transverse and articular processes are for controlled movement and rib attachments.

Vertebral Column Curves

• Cervical and lumbar curves of the spine are concave. Thoracic and sacral are convex.

• Curves of the spine provide strength to balance and support the weight of the body.

Thorax and Ribs

• Twelve pairs of ribs, the sternum and the thoracic vertebrae form the thorax.

• Each of the 12 pairs of ribs are attached posteriorly to a vertebra.

• The first 7 pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by costal cartilage.

• The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs are attached to the cartilage of the 7th ribs = false ribs.

• The last two pairs of ribs are not attached to any cartilage and appear to float.

Appendicular Skeleton

• The scapula and the clavicle compose the shoulder / pectoral girdle

• This connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton.

• This occurs at the sternoclavicular joint – The point of attachment between the clavicle and the sternum.

• Fractures of the clavicle are common due to small size of the joint and the wide range of motion by the upper extremitiy.

Appendicular Skeleton

• The humerus is the long bone of the arm and the second longest bone in the body.

• Attached at the proximal end to the glenoid cavity of the scapula via a group of muscles called the rotator cuff

• The distal end of the humerus articulates with the ulna and the radius.

• The olecranon process of the ulna fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus.

Appendicular Skeleton – Wrist and Hand

• The wrist and the hand have more bones for their size than any other part of the body.

• 8 carpal – wrist bones, 5 metacarpals – bones of the palm, 14 phalanges – fingers

• There are 27 bones total.

Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Extremity

• The pelvic girdle – hip connects the legs to the trunk.

• Consists of two large coxal bones located on each side of the pelvis, attached inferiorly to the sacrum of the vertebral canal.

• In the infant, the coxal bone consists of the ilium, ischium and the pubis.

Appendicular Skeleton – Lower Extremity

• The femur is the longest bone in the body. It articulates with the coxal bone in a cup-shaped socket called the acetabulum.

• Distally, the femur articulates with the patella - knee cap at the medial condyle of the tibia – shinbone.

• The fibula lies along the outer lateral border of the leg.

Appendicular Skeleton – Foot and Ankle

• Toe bones have the Toe bones have the same as finger bones – same as finger bones – phalanges.phalanges.

• Metatarsals and tarsals Metatarsals and tarsals are located in the footare located in the foot

• Each foot has (5) Each foot has (5) metatarsal bones, and (7) metatarsal bones, and (7) tarsal bones and (14) tarsal bones and (14) phalangesphalanges

• The largest tarsal bone is The largest tarsal bone is the calcaneous – heel the calcaneous – heel bonebone

Appendicular Skeleton – Foot and Ankle

• Strong ligaments and Strong ligaments and tendons hold the foot tendons hold the foot bones in a normal arched bones in a normal arched position for adequate position for adequate support of body weight.support of body weight.

• When the tendons or When the tendons or ligaments become ligaments become damaged the arches can damaged the arches can collapse – flat feet.collapse – flat feet.

• Two arches of the foot: Two arches of the foot: TransverseTransverse and and LongitudinalLongitudinal

Differences Between Male and Female Skeleton

• Most male skeletons have Most male skeletons have larger bones larger bones due to skeletal due to skeletal muscle attachments.muscle attachments.

• The greater the tension on the The greater the tension on the bone via muscle attachments, bone via muscle attachments, the larger and denser the bone the larger and denser the bone becomes at the point of becomes at the point of attachment.attachment.

• The coxal bones are also The coxal bones are also different.different.

• The The pubic angle pubic angle in the female in the female is wider than that of the male is wider than that of the male for the purpose of childbearing.for the purpose of childbearing.

Skeletal Joints

• Every bone in the body Every bone in the body connects to at least one other connects to at least one other bone via joints with the bone via joints with the exception of the hyoid bone.exception of the hyoid bone.

• Joints allow movement to Joints allow movement to occur between certain bones.occur between certain bones.

• They also hold our bones They also hold our bones securely together.securely together.

Skeletal Joints

• SynarthrosesSynarthroses – no movement. – no movement. Fibrous connective tissue joins Fibrous connective tissue joins the articulating bones and the articulating bones and holds them close together. Ex. holds them close together. Ex. Cranial bones – sutures.Cranial bones – sutures.

• AmphiarthrosesAmphiarthroses – slight – slight movement. A joint in which movement. A joint in which cartilage joins the articulating cartilage joins the articulating bones. Ex. Joint between the bones. Ex. Joint between the two pubic bones and the joints two pubic bones and the joints between the body of vertebraebetween the body of vertebrae

• DiarthrosesDiarthroses – free movement. – free movement.

Types of Skeletal Joints• There are several types of There are several types of

diarthroses.diarthroses.• Ball and socket jointBall and socket joint• Hinge jointHinge joint• Saddle jointSaddle joint• Pivot jointPivot joint• Gliding jointGliding joint• Condyloid jointCondyloid joint• Different joint structures Different joint structures

provide different ranges of provide different ranges of motion.motion.

• Flexion, Extension,RotationFlexion, Extension,Rotation• Circumduction, Abduction and Circumduction, Abduction and

AdductionAdduction

Types of Skeletal Joints• Different joint structures Different joint structures

provide different ranges provide different ranges of motion.of motion.

• Flexion, Flexion, Extension,RotationExtension,Rotation

• Circumduction, Abduction Circumduction, Abduction and Adductionand Adduction

• Pg. -131-132Pg. -131-132• Read pgs. 141-145Read pgs. 141-145• Answer Quick Check pg. Answer Quick Check pg.

145 # 1-3145 # 1-3