Anatomy and Physiology Lectrue

8/18/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Lectrue

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ANATOMY and

PHYSIOLOGYAn Introduction

By:Butch Dumdum

www.docbutch.bo!"#ot.com



ANATOMY

• D$%nition & anatom$ ' u# (ana) * cuttin! (tom$)

• Di"ci#in$" o+ anatomy – Macro"co#ic – Micro"co#ic – D$,$o#m$nta – N$uroanatomy

• A##roach to "tudy o+ !ro"" anatomy-##$r $tr$mity Bac/H$ad and n$c/ Thora

Abdom$n P$,i" and #$rin$um

Low$r $tr$mity



DIS0IPLIN1S

• Gro"" Anatomy: "tructur$" "tudi$d with th$ na/$d $y$. – Sy"t$matic anatomy: or!ani2$d by "y"t$m"3 $.!.3 di!$"ti,$3

n$r,ou"3 $ndocrin$3 $tc.

– 4$!iona anatomy: "tudy o+ a "tructur$" in an ar$a o+ th$body3 $.!.3 u##$r $tr$mity bon$"3 mu"c$"3 bood ,$""$"3 $tc.

• Micro"co#ic anatomy (hi"too!y)• 0$ bioo!y

• D$,$o#m$nta anatomy ($mbryoo!y)

• Pathoo!ica anatomy

• 4adioo!ic anatomy (&ray3 0T3 M4I)

• Oth$r ar$a"5 ("ur!$ry)



L$,$" o+ StructuraOr!ani2ation

• Bioch$mica (atom"3 mo$cu$")

• 0$uar

• Ti""u$• Or!an

• Or!an "y"t$m

• Or!ani"m



M$dica Ima!in! T$chni6u$"

• 7&ray"

• 0T Scan

• P1T• -tra"ound ima!in!

• M4I

• Anatomy i" im#ortant8



Regional terms – names of specific body areas

Axial region – the main axis of the body

Appendicular region – the limbs Directional terminology

Refers to the body in anatomical position

Standardized terms of directions are paired terms



Ori$ntation and Dir$ctiona T$rm"



4$!iona T$rm"



PLAN1S and S10TIONS

• A #an$ i" an ima!inary 9at "ur+ac$that #a""$" throu!h th$ body.

• A "$ction i" on$ o+ th$ "ur+ac$"

(#i$c$") that r$"ut" wh$n th$ body i"cut by a #an$ #a""in! throu!h it.



Sa!itta

Pan$• Sa!itta #an$

– divides the bodyor an organ intoleft and rightsides

• Mid"a!itta #an$ – produces equal

halves• Para"a!itta #an$

– producesunequal halves

ther Planes and

Sections• Frontal or coronal planeFrontal or coronal plane

– divides the body or an organdivides the body or an organ

into front (anterior) and backinto front (anterior) and back

(posterior) portions(posterior) portions• Transverse(cross-sectional)Transverse(cross-sectional)

or horizontal planeor horizontal plane

– divides the body or an organdivides the body or an organ

into upper (superior) or lowerinto upper (superior) or lower

(inferior) portions(inferior) portions

• Oblique planeOblique plane

– some combination of othersome combination of otherplanesplanes



Body Pan$" and S$ction"



Body Pan$" and S$ction"

• 0orona (+ronta) #an$ & Li$" ,$rticayand di,id$" body into ant$rior (+ront)and #o"t$rior (bac/) #art"

• Sa!itta #an$ ; i$" ,$rticay anddi,id$" th$ body into $+t and ri!ht "id$". – M$dian (mid"a!itta) #an$ & S#$ci%c "a!itta

#an$ that i$" ,$rticay in th$ midin$

• Tran",$r"$ #an$ & run" hori2ontay anddi,id$" body into "u#$rior (u#) andin+$rior (down) #art"



Body Sections



Figure !"#

!ody Planes and Sections• Obi6u$ "$ction throu!h th$ trun/



BODY 0A<ITI1S and

M1MB4AN1S



Body 0a,iti$" andM$mbran$"

• Dor"a bodyca,ity

• 0a,ity"ubdi,id$d into

th$ crania ca,ityand th$ ,$rt$braca,ity. – 0rania ca,ity

hou"$" th$ brain. – <$rt$bra ca,ity

run" throu!h th$,$rt$bra coumnand $nco"$" th$

"#ina cord




• <$ntra bodyca,ity ;"ubdi,id$d into: – Thoracic ca,ity ;

di,id$d intothr$$ #art"

• Two at$ra #art"$ach containin! aun! "urround$dby a #$ura ca,ity

• Mediastinum ;contain" th$ h$art"urround$d by th$#$ricardia "ac




• <$ntra body ca,ity – Abdomino#$,ic

ca,ity ; di,id$dinto two #art"

• Abdominal cavity ; contain" th$ i,$r3"tomach3 /idn$y"3and oth$r or!an"

• Pelvic cavity ;

contain" th$badd$r3 "om$r$#roducti,$ or!an"3and r$ctum

B d 0 iti d




• Serous cavities ; a "it&i/$ "#ac$ in$d

by a "$rou" m$mbran$ – P$ura3 #$ricardium3 and #$riton$um

• Pari$ta "$ro"a ; out$r wa o+ th$ ca,ity

• <i"c$ra "$ro"a co,$r" th$ ,i"c$ra or!an"



S$rou" 0a,iti$"

• Doub$ wa$d "ac – P$ura ca,ity

– #$ricardium

– #$riton$um

• Pari$ta "$ro"a

• <i"c$ra "$ro"a

• S$rou" 9uid



S14O-S M1MB4AN1

• Thin "i##$ry m$mbran$ in$" bodyca,iti$" not o#$n to th$ out"id$

– #ari$ta ay$r in$" wa" o+ ca,iti$"

– ,i"c$ra ay$r co,$r" ,i"c$ra within th$ca,iti$"

• S$rou" 9uid r$duc$" +riction




P$ura = P$ricardia



P$ura = P$ricardia0a,iti$"

• <i"c$ra #$ura cin!" to "ur+ac$ o+ un!" &&&Pari$ta #$ura in$" ch$"t wa

• <i"c$ra #$ricardium co,$r" h$art &&& Pari$ta#$ricardium in$" #$ricardia "ac



P$riton$um

• <i"c$ra #$riton$um &&& "$rou" m$mbran$that co,$r" th$ abdomina ,i"c$ra

• Pari$ta #$riton$um &&& "$rou" m$mbran$that in$" th$ abdomina wa



Mucou" M$mbran$"

Lin$" body ca,iti$" o#$n to th$ out"id$

– 4$"#iratory "y"t$m

– Di!$"ti,$ "y"t$m

– -rinary "y"t$m

– 4$#roducti,$ "y"t$m



Oth$r Body 0a,iti$"• Ora ca,ity

• Na"a ca,ity

• Orbita ca,iti$"

• Midd$ $ar ca,iti$"

• Syno,ia ca,iti$"

Abd i 4 i d



Abdomina 4$!ion" and>uadrant"

• Abdominal regions di,id$ th$

abdom$n into nin$ r$!ion"



Abdomina >uadrant"• Abdominal quadrants di,id$ th$ abdom$n into

+our 6uadrant"

– 4i!ht u##$r and $+t u##$r 6uadrant"

– 4i!ht ow$r and $+t ow$r 6uadrant"



TH1 01LL



01LL 0Y0L1



TISS-1S



FOUR !P"S OFFOUR !P"S OF

A#$MA% $SSU"SA#$MA% $SSU"S



"P$&"%$A% $SSU""P$&"%$A% $SSU"

'(O)"R$#*+'(O)"R$#*+

• Ti!hty&?oin$d co"$y&#ac/$d c$"• On$ "id$ o+ $#ith$ium $#o"$d to

air or int$rna 9uid3 oth$r "id$attach$d to a basement

membrane3 a d$n"$ mat o+$trac$uar matri (conn$cti,$ti""u$)

• 0o,$r" th$ out"id$ o+ th$ body andin$" th$ int$rna or!an" and ca,iti$"

• Barri$r a!ain"t m$chanica in?ury3

in,a"i,$ microor!ani"m"3 and 9uido""• Pro,id$" "ur+ac$ +or ab"or#tion3

$cr$tion and tran"#ort o+ mo$cu$"



!P"S OF!P"S OF

"P$&"%$A%"P$&"%$A%

$SSU"$SSU"

• 0$ "ha#$

– S6uamou" (9at = thin)

– 0uboida (bo or "6uar$) – 0oumnar (r$ctan!uar)

• Numb$r o+ c$ ay$r"

– Sim#$ (on$)

– Strati%$d (two or mor$)

– P"$udo"trati%$d (on$but a##$ar" to b$ two)

• 41LAT1 ST4-0T-41 TO@-N0TION8



(O##"($)" $SSU"

'FRAM",OR-+• Main +unction:

bindin! and "u##ortoth$r ti""u$"

• Lar!$ amount o+$tra&c$uar matriwith +$w$r c$"

• 0onn$cti,$ ti""u$c$" "$cr$t$ th$

$tra&c$uar matri• 1trac$uar matri

con"i"t" o+ n$twor/o+ %b$r" in i6uid3

?$y&i/$ or "oid

matri



MUS(%" $SSU"MUS(%" $SSU"

'MO)"M"#+'MO)"M"#+• 0om#o"$d o+ on! c$"

ca$d mu"c$ %b$r"• 0ontraction mo,$m$nt



#"R)OUS $SSU"#"R)OUS $SSU"

'(O#RO%+'(O#RO%+• S$n"$" "timui and

tran"mit" "i!na"ca$d n$r,$im#u"$" +rom on$#art o+ an animato anoth$r

• 0on"i"t" o+ a c$body and on!$t$n"ion" ca$d

d$ndrit$" (toward"c$ body) andaon" (toward"anoth$r c$ or an$$ctor)

Axon

Dendrite

"ell body



Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

Cell Shape Flattened,cuboidal,columnar

Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages branched

CellArrangement

Single

multilayered

Scattered inmatrix

In sheets or bundles

Isolated ornetworked

Location Body covering orlining organs or

cavities

Supports otherorgans

Lining internalorgans, make

skeletal muscles

Concentrated in brain and spinal

cord all over

the bodySurface Feature

of CellsCilia, microvilli ! ! !

Matrix Type Basementmembrane

"aried # protein$ibers li%uid,gelatinous, $irm

to calci$ied

! !

Matrix Amount &inimal Extensive 'bsent 'bsent

Unique Feature (o direct bloodsupply, except $or

glands

Cartilage has no blood supply

Can generateelectrical signals,

$orce and

movement

Can generateelectrical signal



SYST1MS



Th$ S/$$ta Sy"t$m Th$ S/$$ta Sy"t$m

•#he basic framewor$ of the body is a system of over %&& bones#he basic framewor$ of the body is a system of over %&& bones

with their 'oints( collectively $nown as the s$eleton)with their 'oints( collectively $nown as the s$eleton)

•Protects and supports body organs)Protects and supports body organs)

•Provides a framewor$ the muscles use to cause movement)Provides a framewor$ the muscles use to cause movement)

•!lood cells are formed within bones)!lood cells are formed within bones)

•Stores minerals)Stores minerals)



M-S0-LA4 SYST1M

•The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Body movements are due to the action of the muscles whichBody movements are due to the action of the muscles which

are attached to the bones. Other types of muscles areare attached to the bones. Other types of muscles are

present in the walls of such organs as the intestine and the present in the walls of such organs as the intestine and the

heart.heart. Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and

facial expression.facial expression.

Maintains posture.Maintains posture.

roduces heat.roduces heat.



CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph nodes allThe heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels and lymph nodes all

ma!e up the system whereby blood is pumped to all the bodyma!e up the system whereby blood is pumped to all the body

tissues, bringing with it food, oxygen and other substances, and tissues, bringing with it food, oxygen and other substances, and

carrying away waste materials.carrying away waste materials.

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbonBlood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbondioxide,dioxide,

nutrients, wastes, etc.nutrients, wastes, etc.

The heart pumps blood.The heart pumps blood.



41SPI4ATO4Y SYST1M

This includes the lungs and the passages leading to and from them.This includes the lungs and the passages leading to and from them.

The purpose of this system is to ta!e in air, and from it extractThe purpose of this system is to ta!e in air, and from it extract

oxygenwhich is then dissolved in the blood and conveyed to all theoxygenwhich is then dissolved in the blood and conveyed to all the

tissues.tissues.

A waste product of the cells, carbon dioxide, is ta!en by the blood to A waste product of the cells, carbon dioxide, is ta!en by the blood to

the lungs, whence it is expelled to the outside air.the lungs, whence it is expelled to the outside air.

&eeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon&eeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon

dioxide.dioxide.

The gaseous changes occur through the walls of the air sacs of theThe gaseous changes occur through the walls of the air sacs of the

lungs.lungs.



INT1G-M1NTA4Y SYST1M

•' ' s!in.( The s!ins!in.( The s!in

is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system.is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system.

%t includes the hair, nails, sweat and oil glands, and other related%t includes the hair, nails, sweat and oil glands, and other related

structures.structures.

)orms the external body covering.)orms the external body covering.

rotects deeper tissues from in*ury.rotects deeper tissues from in*ury.

Synthesis vitamin +.Synthesis vitamin +.

Site of cutaneous #pain, pressure, etc.$ receptors, and sweatSite of cutaneous #pain, pressure, etc.$ receptors, and sweat

and oil glands.and oil glands.



-4INA4Y SYST1M

This is also called the excretory system. %ts main componentsThis is also called the excretory system. %ts main components

arethe !idneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. %tsarethe !idneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. %ts

purpose isto filter out and rid the body of certain waste products purpose isto filter out and rid the body of certain waste products

ta!en by the blood from the cells. #ote that other wasteta!en by the blood from the cells. #ote that other waste

products are removed via the digestive and respiratory products are removed via the digestive and respiratory

systems$.systems$."liminates nitrogenous waste from the body."liminates nitrogenous waste from the body.

-egulates water, electrolyte and acidbase balance of the-egulates water, electrolyte and acidbase balance of the

blood.blood.



N14<O-S SYST1M

The brain, the spinal cord and the nerves all ma!e up this very complexThe brain, the spinal cord and the nerves all ma!e up this very complexsystem by which all parts of the body are controlled and coordinated.system by which all parts of the body are controlled and coordinated.

The organs of special sense #such as the eyes, ears, taste buds, andThe organs of special sense #such as the eyes, ears, taste buds, and

organsof smell$, sometimes classed as a separateorgansof smell$, sometimes classed as a separate sensory systemsensory system,,

together with the sense of tough, receive stimuli from the outside world,together with the sense of tough, receive stimuli from the outside world,

which are then converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain.which are then converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain.

The brain determines to a great extent the body/s responses to messagesThe brain determines to a great extent the body/s responses to messagesfrom without and within, and in it occur such higher functions as memoryfrom without and within, and in it occur such higher functions as memory

and reasoning.and reasoning.Fast-acting control system of the body.Fast-acting control system of the body.Responds to internal and external changes by activatingResponds to internal and external changes by activating

appropriateappropriate

muscles and glands.muscles and glands.



1NDO04IN1 SYST1M1NDO04IN1 SYST1M

• A few scattered organs !nown as endocrine A few scattered organs !nown as endocrine

glands produce special substances called glands produce special substances called

hormones, which regulate such body functionshormones, which regulate such body functions

as growth, food utili0ation within the cells, and as growth, food utili0ation within the cells, and

reproduction. "xamples of endocrine glandsreproduction. "xamples of endocrine glands

are the thyroid and pituitary glands.are the thyroid and pituitary glands.•1lands secrete hormones that regulate1lands secrete hormones that regulate

processes such as growth, reproduction and processes such as growth, reproduction and

nutrient use #metabolism$ by body cells.nutrient use #metabolism$ by body cells.



41P4OD-0TI<1 SYST1M

•#his system includes the external sex organs and all related inner #his system includes the external sex organs and all related inner

structures which are concerned with the production of newstructures which are concerned with the production of new

individuals)individuals)

•verall function is production of offspring)verall function is production of offspring)

•#estes produce sperm and male sex hormone* ducts and glands#estes produce sperm and male sex hormone* ducts and glands

aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract)aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract)

•varies produce eggs and female sex hormone* remainingvaries produce eggs and female sex hormone* remaining

structuresstructures

serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus)serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus)

•+ammary glands of female breasts produce mil$ to nourish the+ammary glands of female breasts produce mil$ to nourish the

newborn)newborn)

Anatomy and Physiology Lectrue

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