ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY:

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

INTRO TO ANAT AND PHYS

Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy:

◦Branch of science that deals with the STRUCTURE of body parts, forms and organization

4 Subcategories:◦1) Microscopic – cell/tissue study◦2) Gross – what you can SEE (w/out

assistance)◦3) Pathological – study of germs,

pathogens and how they affect body◦4) Developmental – embryonic

development

Gross

Microscopic

Developmental

Pathological

Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology:

◦Branch of science that deals with the FUNCTIONS of body parts

Very closely associated with each other

Ex: human hand◦Anatomy: bones, length, joints, nails,

skin◦Physiology: bones – attach to muscle;

joints – muscle movement; skin – pathogen protection

Levels of OrganizationAtom – smallest particle of an element

with the properties of that elementMolecules – a particle composed of

two or more joined atomsMacromolecules – a large molecule

made of many smaller molecules joined together (protein, nucleic acid, carb)

Organelles – part of a cell that performs a specific function

Cells – structural and functional unit of life

Levels of OrganizationTissue – a group of cells working

together to perform the same function (ex: cardiac muscle)

Organ – a group of tissue working together to perform same function (ex: stomach, liver)

Organ/body systems – a group of organs working together to perform similar functions (ex: digestive, respiratory)

Organism/Individual – a group of body systems performing all functions needed to maintain homeostasis (ex: you!)

Levels of Organization

INTRO TO HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

11 Body SystemsIntegumentarySkeletalMuscularNervousEndocrineCardiovascular/CirculatoryLymphatic/ImmuneDigestiveRespiratoryUrinary/ExcretoryReproductive

IntegumentaryIncludes:

◦Skin, accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)

Functions:◦Regulate body temperature◦Sensory reception◦Synthesize products

(lipids, proteins)

SkeletalIncludes:

◦Bones, ligaments, cartilageFunctions:

◦Provide support and protection◦Muscle attachment◦Produce blood cells

MuscularIncludes:

◦Muscle tissue (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)

Functions:◦Provide forces that move body parts◦Maintain posture◦Source of heat

NervousIncludes:

◦Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes, ears, tongue/mouth, nose)

Functions:◦Detect changes in environment◦Cells communication◦Receive and interpret

signals from receptors

EndocrineIncludes:

◦Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pancreas, liver, ovary, testes, adrenal, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid

Functions:◦Secrete hormones

(chemical messengers)

Cardiovascular/CirculatoryIncludes:

◦Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood, lungs

Functions:◦Transport blood gases (O2 and CO2)◦Transport nutrients◦Transport hormones◦Move wastes to

excretory system

Lymphatic/ImmuneIncludes:

◦Lymph, nodes, thymus, spleenFunctions:

◦Transport body tissue fluid back to bloodstream

◦Carries fat away from digestive tract

◦Defend body against infection

DigestiveIncludes:

◦Stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, mouth, teeth, pharynx, salivary glands, esophagus

Functions:◦Breakdown food◦Absorb nutrients◦Send wastes to

be excreted

RespiratoryIncludes:

◦Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functions:◦Exchange O2

and CO2 between blood and air

Urinary/ExcretoryIncludes:

◦Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions:◦Removes wastes

from blood◦Helps body maintain

water and salt balance◦Produces, stores,

excrete urine

ReproductiveIncludes:

◦Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, urethra

◦Female: ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

Functions:◦Produce and maintain gamete sex cells◦Transfer gametes to female (male’s

system)◦Support development of fetus (female’s

system)

LIVING ORGANISMS AND

THEIR PROCESSES

Characteristics of LifeAll life performs metabolism

◦Def – the sum total of all chemical reactions in a body (includes breakdown and synthesis of macromolecules)

9 characteristics of life:◦1) Movement:

Ability to change positions or move internal organs

◦2) Respond to stimuli: Ability to react to change inside and outside

of body Respond to environmental (internal or

external) conditions/stimuli

Characteristics of Life9 characteristics of life:

◦3) Growth: Increase in body size (without a change a

shape)◦4) Reproduction:

Ability to reproduce new organisms and new sex cells (sperm and egg)

◦5) Maintain homeostasis Respiration, circulation, excretion,

digestion, absorption◦6) Organization:

Body is organized into levels

Characteristics of Life9 characteristics of life:

◦7) Assimilation: Ability to change absorbed substances

into different forms◦8) Evolution:

Ability for the species/population to evolve and adapt to environment

◦9) Energy use: Ability to use (and convert) energy into

useable forms

Requirements of Living Organisms

5 Requirements: ◦1) Water – most abundant molecules,

cells require an aqueous/water environment◦2) Food – provides nutrients, energy◦3) O2 – used to release energy from food◦4) Heat – energy form, determines - in

part - the rate of most chemical reactions in body

◦5) Pressure – important in maintaining homeostasis (circulation and respiration)

Virtually all processes in the human body occur to maintain homeostasis◦Def: an organism’s maintenance of a

relatively constant internal state within set ranges.

◦Ex: Temp – 98.6oF Blood Pressure – 120/80, Blood pH – 7.4 Hydration – 60% water

Homeostasis

HomeostasisHomeostatic control mechanisms◦This is HOW your body controls homeostasis

◦Three basic components: 1) Sensor/Receptors: Provide info about

specific conditions/stimuli in internal environment

2) Integrator/Set point: what the value SHOULD be (ex: temp = 98.6oF)

3) Effectors: cause bodily responses that alter conditions in the environment

HomeostasisUses feedback to respond to stimuli◦Feedback is used to regulate: Body temp, Blood

pressure, Respiration, Digestion, Hormone secretion

HomeostasisNegative feedback:

◦Def: correction of deviation, moves in opposite direction or reduces effector action

◦Most bodily processes operated by neg feedback Ex: your body temp drops in response to cold

weather, you shiver, this causes rapid muscle contractions – produces heat, body temp increases

Ex: thermostat set @ 68oF, your air conditioning is running all day, 68oF is reaches, air conditioner shuts off

HomeostasisPositive feedback:

◦Def: amplifies or reinforces the change that is occurring

◦Very few normal positive feedback mechanisms in the human body Ex: childbirth, blood clotting, sneeze

◦Can be very harmful, disastrous Ex: cell cycle regulation

(cancer and tumors)Feedback: In plain English!

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLO

GYWe will be using these terms the REST OF THE SEMESTER! It is

imperative that you learn them now – for GOOD!!!

Body PositionsName Location

Superior Above another part, closer to head

Inferior Below another part, toward the feet

Anterior Ventral, toward the front

Posterior Dorsal, opposite of anterior, toward the back

Medial Imaginary midline, close to middle

Lateral Toward the side

Proximal Closer to a point of attachment to trunk

Distal Opposite of proximal, farther from point of attachment

Superficial Situated near surface, peripheral

Deep Opposite of superficial, more internally located

Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (continued)

Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (continued)

Body Planes/Sections

Plane Name Description

SagittalLengthwise plane that divides the body into left and right portions

TransverseHorizontal, Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

CoronalFrontal, Plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Figure 1.13 pg. 15

Body Regions Region name Description

Abdominal Region b/t thorax and pelvis

Acromial Point of the shoulderAntebrachial ForearmAntecubital Space in front of the elbow

Axillary ArmpitBrachial ArmBuccal CheekCarpal WristCeliac Abdomen

Cephalic HeadCervical Neck

Body Regions Region name Description

Costal RibsCoxal HipsCrural LegCubital ElbowDigital Finger, toeDorsal Back

Femoral ThighFrontal ForeheadGenital Reproductive organsGluteal Buttocks

Inguinal Depressed area near thigh, groin

Body Regions Region name Description

Lumbar Region of lower back b/t ribs and pelvis

Mammary BreastMental ChinNasal Nose

Occipital Lower posterior region of headOral Mouth

Orbital Eye cavityOtic Ear

Palmar Palm of handPatellar Front of kneePectoral Chest

Body Regions Region name Description

Pedal FootPelvic Pelvis

Perineal Region b/t anus and external reproductive organs

Plantar Sole of footPopliteal Area behind knee

Sacral Posterior region b/t hipbonesSternal Middle of thoraxTarsal Instep of foot

Umbilical NavelVertebral Spinal column