anatomy

The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4th edition

Barbara Herlihy

Chapter 1:Introduction to the

Human Body

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Lesson 1-1 Objectives

• Define the terms anatomy and physiology.• List the levels of organization of the

human body.• Describe the 12 major organ systems.• Define homeostasis.

Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy: The branch of science that studies the structure of the body

• Physiology: The branch of science that describes how the body functions

• Structure and function are closely related.


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The Body’s Levels of Organization

• Organization from simple to complex– Atoms– Molecules– Cells– Tissues– Organs– Organ systems– Human organism


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Major Organ Systems

• Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Circulatory

• Lymphatic • Immune • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive


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Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)


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Homeostasis: Staying the Same

• Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment

• Homeostatic mechanisms help maintain homeostasis.

• Homeostatic imbalance is associated with various disorders.


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Lesson 1-2 Objectives

• Describe the anatomical position.• List common terms used for relative positions

of the body.• Describe the three major planes of the body.• List anatomical terms for regions of the body.• Describe the major cavities of the body.


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Anatomical Position• Standing erect• Face forward• Arms at sides• Toes and palms

directed forward


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Relative Positions

• Pairs of directional terms– Superior and inferior– Anterior and posterior– Medial and lateral– Proximal and distal– Superficial and deep– Central and peripheral


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Planes and Sections of the Body

• Sagittal plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions.

• Frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

• Transverse plane divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions.


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Regional Terms


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Cavities of the Body

• Dorsal cavity– Cranial cavity– Spinal (vertebral) cavity

• Ventral cavity– Thoracic cavity

• Pleural cavities• Mediastinum

– Abdominopelvic cavity


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Cavities of the Body (cont’d.)


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• Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity– Four quadrants– Nine regions

• Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity– Four quadrants– Nine regions

anatomy

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