Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout ....
Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout ....
![Page 1: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Anatomy & Physiology
Advanced Biology
Mrs. Layton-Krout
![Page 2: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A & P
Anatomy - study of structure
Physiology - study of function
Structure is always related to function
![Page 3: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Levels of Organization
Atom
Chemical – Molecule
– Macromolecules
– Organelle
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
![Page 4: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Characteristics of Life = Metabolism
• Movement: internal or gross
• Responsiveness : rxn to internal or external change
• Growth: increase in size w/o change in shape
• Reproduction: new organisms or new cells
• Respiration: use of O2; removal of CO2
• Digestion: breakdown of food into simpler forms
• Absorption: movement of substances through membranes & into fluids
• Circulation: movement within body fluids
• Assimilation: changing nutrients into chemically different forms
• Excretion: removal of metabolic wastes
![Page 5: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Organism Requirements
Water: required for metabolic rxns, transport of substances, temperature regulation
Food: nutrients needed to supply energy & raw materials for building new living matter
Oxygen: releases energy from nutrients
Heat: byproduct of metabolism; rate of rxns
Pressure: force that facilitates movement of air or fluids (atmospheric & hydrostatic)
![Page 6: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Homeostasis
condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits
– Ex: Temperature 98.6°F
Receptors
Set Point
Effectors
Feedback Loop
– Negative
– Positive
![Page 7: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Negative Feedback Loop – change from a set point
is detected & the body acts to return to the set point Ex. Temp 98.6°F or 37°C
![Page 8: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. Ex. oxytocin is secreted in small amounts at the beginning of labor.
These small amounts cause more &more oxytocin to be released, causing uterine contractions throughout labor. Only when the baby is expelled does the feedback system shut down.
![Page 9: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Anatomical Position
The subject stands erect facing the observer, with feet flat on the floor, arms at sides & palms turned forward
![Page 10: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Relative Positions (1) add to your list
Supine = on back
Prone = on belly
![Page 11: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Relative Positions (2)
Superior –
– Toward the head or upper part of a structure
Inferior –
– Away from the head or lower part of a structure
![Page 12: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Relative Positions (3)
Anterior
– Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior
- Nearer to or at the back of the body
![Page 13: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Relative Positions (4)
Medial
– Nearer to the midline
Lateral
– Towards the sides /farther from the midline
Intermediate
– Between two structures
![Page 14: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Relative Positions (5)
Proximal
– Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, towards the point of origin
Distal
– Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, away from the point of origin
![Page 15: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Relative Positions (6)
Superficial
– Toward the surface of the body
Deep
– Away from the surface of the body
![Page 16: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Relative Positions (7) add these
Ipsilateral
– On the same side of the body
Contralateral
– On the opposite side of the body
![Page 17: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Human / Cat Clarifications
Anterior = front, Ventral = belly
– mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is forward and ventral faces the ground
Posterior = rear/behind, Dorsal = back
– mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is rear and dorsal faces up
Cranial = toward the head
– which is Superior in humans, but superior is dorsal in cats
Caudal = towards the tail
– which is Inferior in humans, but inferior is ventral in cats
![Page 18: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Directional Terms
Review
![Page 20: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Planes/Body Sections (1)
Plane: an imaginary flat surface
![Page 21: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Planes/Body Sections (2)
Sagittal - Vertical plane dividing the body/organ into left & right halves
– Midsagittal – Median/midline, equal sides
– Parasagittal - Unequal sides
![Page 22: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Planes/Body Sections (3)
Transverse - Cross sectional or horizontal plane dividing the body/organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions
![Page 23: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Planes/Body Sections (4)
Coronal/ Frontal - Divides the body/organ into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions
![Page 24: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Planes/Body Sections (5) add this
Oblique - Passes through the body/organ at an angle btwn transverse & sagittal or frontal planes
![Page 25: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Body Cavities (1)
Confined spaces containing internal organs
– protect, separate & support the organs
2 Main Cavities
– Dorsal & Ventral
Each are divided in to smaller cavities
Viscera = organs within these cavities
![Page 27: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Body Cavities (2)
Dorsal - back
– Cranial - the cranial bones & the brain
– Spinal (Vertebral Canal) – located inside the vertebral column & contains the spinal cord
![Page 28: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Body Cavities (3)
Ventral - front
– Thoracic - Superior portion, heart & lungs
Pleural - 2, surround the lungs, fluid filled
Mediastinum - everything except the lungs
– Pericardial - covers the heart
– Abdominopelvic - Inferior portion
Abdominal - Superior portion
– liver, spleen, stomach etc.
Pelvic - Inferior portion
– Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, lower intestines etc.
![Page 29: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Membranes
Serous membranes – thin slippery tissue lining the walls of the ventral cavity double layered – Visceral layer – lines the organs
– Parietal layer – outer membrane Pericardium – serous membrane around the heart
Pleural membrane - surrounds lungs
Peritoneum –lines the abdominopelvic cavity Mesentery – holds visceral organs of abdominopelvic cavity in place
![Page 32: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Serous Membranes
1-14
![Page 33: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The efforts of all systems must be coordinated for the animal to survive. Any organism is a coordinated living whole greater than the sum of its parts.
![Page 34: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Major Body Systems Integument – body covering
Skeletal – support & movement
Muscular – support & movement
Nervous – integration & coordination
Endocrine – integration & coordination
Digestive– absorption & excretion
Respiratory - absorption & excretion
Circulatory - transport
Lymphatic/Immune – transport & immunity
Urinary - absorption & excretion
Reproductive - reproduction
![Page 35: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Anatomy & Physiology · 1/23/2012 · Anatomy & Physiology Advanced Biology Mrs. Layton-Krout . ... and dorsal faces up Cranial = toward the head –which is Superior in humans,](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060722/608293c0a38f0e01f66c930d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Abdominal Cavity
RUQ LUQ
RLQ LLQ
Quadrants Nine regions