Anatomical terminology
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Transcript of Anatomical terminology
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky
2Anatomical terminology
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Organization of Organisms
A. atoms (elements of periodic table)
B. molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid)
C. cells (epithelial, bone, muscle, nervous)
D. tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular)
E. organ (stomach, heart, brain, lung)
F. organ system (muscular, skeletal, digestive, nervous)
G. whole organism (each different species)
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Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues
6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Summary of Common prefixes and suffixes
1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency
Prefix Meaning Example_________________
Ab- from, away abnormal - away from normal
Ad- to, near, toward adrenal - near the kindey
Ante- before antepartum - before delivery of child
Brady- slow bradycardia - slow heart beat
Brev- short brevity - in a short time
Circum- around circumocular - around the eye
Co- with, together coordinate - work together
Con- with, together congenital - with birth
Contra- against contraindicated - not indicated
Counter- against counterirritant - against irritation
Dis- apart from disarticulated - taking a joint apart
Ect- outside ectonuclear - outside the nucleus
End- within endocardium - lining inner heart
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Epi- upon, on top of epidermis - upon the skin
Ex- out from exhalation - breathe out
Hypo- under, lower hypodermic - under the skin
Hyper- above, higher hyperactive - higher level activity
Im- not immature - not mature
In- not incurable - not curable
Infra- under, below infrapatellar - below the knee
Peri- around pericardium - sac around the heart
Post- after postmortem - after death
Pre- before prenatal - before birth
Pro- before prognosis - a fore-knowing
Super- above, on top superciliary - above the eyebrow
Supra- above, on top suprapubic - above the pubic bone
Sym- with, together symphony - sounds played together
Syn- with, together synarthrosis - union of bones
Trans- through, across transurethral - through the urethra
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2. Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement
Prefix Meaning Example____________________________
Uni- one unicycle - one wheel
Mono- one mononuclear - one nucleus
Bi- two bilateral - two sides
Bin- two binocular - two eyes
Di- two dicephalic - two heads
Ter- three tertiary - the third part or stage
Tri- three trilobar - three lobes
Quadr- four quadriceps - muscle w four heads
Tetra- four tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule
Poly- many polydactyly - many digits (more than 5)
Oligo- few oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together
Micro- small microscope - equipment to view small things
Macro- large macrophage - large eating cell
Mega- great, enormous megadontia - huge teeth
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3. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things
Prefix Meaning Example____________________________
Acoust- sound acoustics - quality of sound
Aud- ear, hear audition - to hear someone
Abdomin/o abdomen abdominal - relating to the abdomen
Acr/o extremity, limbs acromegaly - abnormally large limbs
Blast/o early, embryonic blastocyte - embryonic type cell
Aden/o gland adenopathy - disease of a gland
Angi/o vessel angiogram - picture of a vessel
Arthr/o joint arthritis - inflammation of a joint
Bucc/o cheek buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip
Cardi/o heart cardiology - study of the heart
Corp- body corpus callosum - connecting body
Chondr/o cartilage chondrocyte - cartilage cell
Cephal/o head cephalic - relating to the head
Cyst/o bladder cystoscopy - view of the bladder
Cyt/o cell cytokinesis - cell movement
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Dent/o tooth dental - referring to teeth
Dermat/o skin dermatitis - skin inflammation
Duoden/o duodenum duodenal - relating to the duodenum
Encephal/o brain encephalitis - brain inflammation
Gastr/o stomach gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine
Hepat/o liver hepatitis - liver inflammation
Gloss/o tongue glossopathy - tongue disease
Glute- buttocks gluteus minimus - small buttocks muscle
Laryng/o larynx laryngitis - larynx inflammation
My/o muscle myocardium - heart muscle
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Nephr/o kidney nephrologist - one who studies kidneys
Neur/o nerve neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system
Oste/o bone osteocyte - bone cell
Ot/o ear otitis media - middle ear inflammation
Ophthalm/o eye exophthalmos - eyes bulge out
Path/o disease pathological - relating to disease
Pneumon/o lung pneumonia - condition of the lung
Rhin/o nose rhinoplasty - reform the nose
Stomat/o mouth, opening stomatitis - mouth inflammation
Thorac/o chest or thorax thoracocentesis - puncture of the thorax
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4. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents
Suffix Meaning Example____________________________
-ac related to cardiac - related to the heart
-ious related to contagious - communicable by contact
-ic related to pyloric - related to pyloric valve of stomach
-ism condition mutism - condition of being mute
-osis condition scoliosis - S-shaped condition of backbone
-tion condition constipation - constant blockage condition
-ist agent (a person) opthalmologist - eye doctor
-or agent operator
-er agent examiner
-ician agent physician
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5. Suffixes Used for Surgical and Operative Terminology
Suffix MeaningExample____________________________
-centesis to puncture amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid)
-ectomy to cut out and remove appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix
-ostomy to cut and form opening colostomy - opening to drain the colon
-otomy to cut or slice tracheotomy - cut the trachea
-pexy to fix or repair gastropexy - repair the stomach
-plasty to reform or repair rhinoplasty - reform the nose
-rraphy to suture, sew ateriorraphy - suture an artery
-scopy to view otoscope - instrument to view ear
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6. Other Suffixes Used in Anatomy
Suffix Meaning Example____________________________
-algia pain neuralgia - nerve pain
-cide kill or destroy germicide - substance that kills germs
-emia of the blood cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood
-gram writing or record electrocardiogram - record of heart action
-graph recording instrument electrocardiograph - records the heart
-itis inflammation appendicitis - appendix inflammation
-ology the study of ophthalmology - study of the eye
-oma tumor lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics
-orrhea flow menorrhea - flow during menstruation
-malacia soft osteomalacia - bone softening
-phasia speech dysphasia - slurred or blunted speech
-phobia fear arachnophobia - fear of spiders
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Start Reading and Studying today!
Learn your prefixes and suffixes!!!!!
It will make learning anatomy much easier!!!!
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomical Position
Subject stands erect with feet flat on the ground and palms facing forward
Figure 1.7a
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Directional Terms
1. superior (cephalic) : inferior (caudal)
2. anterior (ventral) : posterior (dorsal)
3. medial : lateral
4. ipsilateral (same side) : contralateral (opposite)
5. proximal : distal
6. superficial : deep
7. parietal : visceral
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axial – head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular – appendages or limbs
Specific regional terminology
Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes
1. sagittal - divides into right and left parts
a. midsagittal - right down the middle
b. parasagittal - away from the midline
2. frontal (coronal) - divides anterior & posterior
3. horizontal (transverse) - divide sup. & inferior
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Body Planes
Figure 1.8
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Body Cavities
1. Dorsal Body Cavity
a. cranial cavity (brain)
b. vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
2. Ventral Body Cavity (viscera - organs found here)
a. thoracic cavity
i. pleural cavity (space separating the parietal pleura and visceral pleura of lungs - like balloon pushed in with fist)
ii. mediastinum - all contents of thoracic cavity except the lungs (e.g. heart, esophagus, trachea, major vessels)
b. abdominopelvic cavity
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.9b
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae
Major serous membranes of the body:
pleura – around the lungs
pericardium – around the heart
peritoneum – around digestive organs
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
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Medical Imaging Techniques
A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph)
1. good for dense structures (bones and tumors)
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
B. Computed Tomography (CT)
[or Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanning]
1. employs X-ray technology to create clearer image
2. tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc.
3. Xenon CT – traces blood flow in the brain
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
C. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
1. employs CT X-ray technology to see organ action/motion
2. measures movement of the heart, lungs, vessels; can indicate abnormality/deformity in structure; tissue damage
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D. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
1. takes X-ray picture before and after administration of contrast substance to the vessels
2. used to study vessels of the brain and heart to help prevent strokes and heart attacks
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
E. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
1. uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13
2. effects of drugs, site of molecules, cancer cells
3. very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons in the brain during certain tasks
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
F. Ultrasound (US)
1. uses high frequency sound waves
2. gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
1. uses magnetic properties of molecules, not X-rays
2. differentiates tissues based on water content
3. presence of cancer cells, chemical disease of brain, spinal cord disorders, blood flow problems,
injury after stroke, measure effects of drugs on tissues
4. used chiefly on soft tissues such as brain & heart
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organ Systems of the Body
Integumentary system
Forms the external body covering
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
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Organ Systems of the Body
Skeletal system
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
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Organ Systems of the Body
Muscular system
Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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Organ Systems of the Body
Nervous system
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
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Organ Systems of the Body
Cardiovascular system
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
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Organ Systems of the Body
Lymphatic system
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
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Organ Systems of the Body
Respiratory system
Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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Organ Systems of the Body
Digestive system
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
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Organ Systems of the Body
Urinary system
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
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Organ Systems of the Body
Male reproductive system
Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Main function is the production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
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Organ Systems of the Body
Female reproductive system
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is the production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn