Anatomical Characteristics of the Seed- Integument ...
Transcript of Anatomical Characteristics of the Seed- Integument ...
九州大学学術情報リポジトリKyushu University Institutional Repository
Anatomical Characteristics of the Seed-Integument observed on 10 Species of Eucalyptus
Harada, MorishigeKyushu University
https://doi.org/10.15017/15802
出版情報:演習林集報. 6, pp.1-19, 1956-03-20. 九州大学農学部附属演習林バージョン:権利関係:
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Anatomical Ch aracteristics of the Seed-integument
o’bserved on 10 Species of Ezica/LJyf61zts
Morishige H. ARADA
1. lntroductiQn
The 10 species seeds of EacalyPtas were forwarded to me for the first
time in 1954 by Mr. RoDGER, Director of the Forestry ancl Timber Bureau
in Canberra, Australia. These are the seeds of五7. botryoides, E..fastig’ata,
E,脅∫ノb1砿E. gigante.a, E.910bulzas, E. Pauciflora, E. pilulalis, E. robusta,
E. rostrata and E. tereticornls.. 1 have studied in order to find the ground of
classification being based. upon the construction of integurnent in seeds of
EucatyPtzas ・and the mutual relation between the degree of sclerenchym of
cell-membrane in the outer-integument and resisting character to the cold of
young plants germinated from those seeds. ’
1 express my hearty thanks to Mr. K. KoKETsu who has servecl me to
get these seeds of EuealyPtus, during his stay at Canberra in 1954, and to
Mr. G・ J. RopGER who forwarded to me useful seeds of these EucalyPtas
species for my investigation in 1954 and to Mr. M. R, JAcoBs, Mas/ter of Aust-
ralian Forest School, who forwarded to me the ・useful literature “The Natural
Occurrence of the Eucal.vPtas” which is connected with my inVestigation
in 1955.
II. Methods of Experiment
Though these seeds are generally small grains, 1 have divided them into
three classifications: larger grai n, mean grain and smaller grain from their
size for con. venience of my investigation, The seeds of E. fic・ifolia and E. glo-
bulus belong tq‘larger grain,’ those of E. fasti.aata, E. glgantea, E. Paueiflopta,
E. Pilularis to’‘mean grain“ those of E. botryoiaes, E. robwsta, E. rostrata
and E. tereticomis. to ‘smaller grain ’.
1 used phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid to test lignification, acetic acid
and hydrochloric acid to test crystal of calcium-oxalate, Sudan II I to test oil,
ferric chloride solution and potassium dichmate solution to test tannin, jodjod-
potassium solution, nitric acid, caustic potash solution as reagent for colour一
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reaction of integument of seed, eosin, safranin, congored and methylene-blue
to test the degree of the seeds dyed with colouring matters. 1 observed on
the hand-sections of all materials to’test the structure of seed-int/egument.
III. Results of Experiment
The seeds of E. ficifoZia and E. globalus belonging to larger grain are
remarkably characterized by the outer shape, so we can easily distinguish them
with the naked eye from those of the other species (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 1(a),
2(a) (b)). Among the seeds of E. fasti’gata, E. gigantea, E. Pauciflora and
E. Pilalaris belonging to mean grain, those of E. fastigata and E. gigantea
bear somewhat resemblance in shape and size to each other (Refer to Plate 1.
Fig. 3(a) (b), 4(a) (b)), and those of E, PauciilZora and E. Pilularis are also
observed to have similarity to each other in some degree in shape and size
(Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 5(a) (b), 6〈a) (b)). Ameng the seeds of C,. botryoides,
E. robusta, E. rostrata and E. tereticornis belonging to smaller grain, those of
E「.∂otry oi.des and.五’. t〃etioornis(Refer to Plate I. Fig.7(a)(b),8(a)(b)),
and those of E. robasta and E. rostptata are also observed to be similar in
some degree in shape and size to each other (Refer to Plate 1, Fig. 9(a) (b),
ユ0(a)(b).).
From the results of the experiment about the s:eeds ofユO species of Euca.一
lyPtus, the outer integument is observed to have more characteristics than
the inner one. lnner・integument in the se. eds of E. fdestiga・ta, E. gigantea,
E. Pauciflora and E. bilularis is relatively thick, and consists of many fiat
parenchymatous cells pressed (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 3(c), 4(c), 5(c), 6(c)),
bllt such thinL inner-integument as the seeds of E。 botryoides, E. lici/b伽,
E. globalus, E. robusta, E. rostrata and E. tereticornis consist of one row of
smaller parenchymatous cells, and they are some ellipse or some square in
shape at the cross section (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 1(b), 2(c), 7(c), 8(c), g(c),
10(c)).
The seeds of E. fastigata and E. globulas contain many dark brown sub-
stances in inner-integument, but other species contain many brown substances,
and therefore it is diMcult to find the cells of inner-integument at the cross
section of seeds of 10 species. The naked eye£olour of the seeds of E, fas tigata
(nak. co1. dark brown:out.一integ. white), E.動5/blia(nak. co1. brown:out.一integ.
pale yellow), E, globulus (nak. col. black, out.一integ. dark gray), E. gigantea
(nak. col. brown: outrinteg一. white), E. Pauciflora (nak. col. black purple: out,一
integ. pale yellow) E. Pitularis 〈nak. col. brown: out.integ. pale yellow) and
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E. robusta (nak. col. brown: out.“nteg. pale yellQw) among 10 species of
EacatyPtas seems to be caused more from the colour of the inner-integument
containing many coloured substances in t’he cells than from that of the ・outer-
integument.
The contained substances in the integument ofユO species of EucalyPtus
are crystals of calcium oxalate, oil and tannin, and 1 have observed that they
are more contained in the inner-integument than in the outer one. Though all
species contain crystals of calcium oxalate in their integument, the species
containing. them in outer-integument are only E. ficifolia and E. glob”lus,
We find oil in inner-integume. nt of 10 species of EucalyPtus, but the’species
containing the one in outer-integument are E. ficifotia, E. botryoides, E. robusta,
E. rostrata and E. tereticornis. Seed-integument of each species contains tan-
nin, whose amount is larger in inner-integument than in outer-one. Each cell in
integument relatively contains more tannin in cell-lumen ’than in cell-membrane.
Such cells consisting of remarkable sclerenchymatous cell-membrane as those
in outer-integument of E. fastigata, E. gigantea, E. Paaciflora and E. Pilularis
contain relatively little tannin resulting from the narrowne$s of the cell-lumen.
The colour-reaction by reagent of nitric acid, caustic potash solution and
jodjodpotassium solution is only remarkably recognized at the lignified membrane
of the outer integument-cells of E..fastiga.ta, E. gigantea,亙. paucifioグa, E. pilu-
laris and E. rostrata. These outer-integument cells become yellow, yellow-
brown or brown colour by nitric acid or caustic potash solution and deep brown
colour by jodjodpotassium. Though integument cells of each species are not
dyed with eosin and congored, they are d. yed well with the colouring matters
of safranin and methylenblue, the former dyeing it red and the latter blue.
The outer-integument has more characteristics than the inner-one and the
seeds of these 10 species are divided into ,4 sections from th. e characteristics
seen in structure of the outer-integument ce11s a$ follows;
(1) Outer-integument cells consisting of remarkably sclerenchymatous
cell-membrane
E. fastigata, E. glgantea, E. Pa”ciflora, E, Pilularis
(II) Outer-integument cells consisti
(III)
(IV)
Outer-integ. ument cells consisting of somewhat sclerenchymatous
cell-membrane
E.プ05’グata
Outer-integument cells consisting of the decomposed cell-membrane
E.∂0〃yoides, E.9励ulus, E.グ0伽吻,・E. teグeticornis
Outer-integunient cells consisting of thin cell-membrane
E. ficifolia.
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Tbe characteristics in cells of 4 sections above mentioned are as follows:
(1) Outer-integument cells consisting of remarkably
sclerenchymatous cell-membrane
The outer-integument be1onging. to this section is lignified. The narrow
belt which is found to be stiff portion at th. e periphery of each of the sides
constructing these seeds and the one at the periphery of its navel consist of
larger sclerenchymatous cells than the other portion of that side (Refer to
Plate 1. Fig. 5(a). Plate II. Fig. 5(a)(b)).
(a) E. fastigata
The thickness of seed-integument is av. 90 pt and that of the outer-integument
av. 72 1i. The sclerenchymatous cells of the outer-integu ment arrange in a row
and are rectangles for a radial direction, being av. 72’pt in length and av. 21”
in breadth.,Lumen of each cell forms a narrow line at the cross section of
seed-integument (Refer to Plate L Fig. 9(c)). ・Cell-lumen centain$ black or
brown substances. Outer-integument at each side of the seed ha$ large, long
sclerenchymatous cells and large roundish polygonal ones in seme degree at
the horizontal section (Refer to Plate II. Fig. 3(a) (b)).
(b) .Zヲ. gigan彦ea
The thickness of seed-integument is av. 78 pt and that of the outer-integument
av. 58 pt. The sclerenchymatous cells in the euter integument arrange in a row
and their shape resembles that of E. fas tigata at the cross section (Refer to
Plate 1, Fig. 4(c)), The sclerenchymatous cells are of two kinds made up
roundish ones and somewhat squerish, polygonal ones at the horizontal section
(Refer to Plate II. Fig. 4(a) (b)). This point makes E. gigantea different
from E. fastigata.
(c)E.加%σ肋プα
The thickness of seed-integurnent is av. 28 pt and that of the outer-integument
av. 14 pt. The sclerenchymatous cells of th e oute, 一integument arrange in a row
at the cross section, and are relatively of smalle’r rectangles than those of
E. fastigata and E. gigantea. Those of E. Pauciflora are av. 24 pt in length
and 15 pt in breadth at the cross section of the seed-integument (Refer to Plate 1.
Fig. 5(c)). Cell-lumen contains pale yellow substance. E. Pauciifiora has only
one kind of somewhat irregular shaped roundish polygonal sclerenchymatous
cells with relatively wide cell-lumen at the horizontal section of the outer-
integument of seeds (Refer to Plate II. Fig. 5(a) (b)).
(d) E. Pilntaris
The thickness of seed-integument is av. 89 pt, and that of the outer-integument
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av. 56 pt. The sclerenchymatous cells of the outer-integument are almost poly-
gonal at the cross section of seed-integument, and their size is remarkably
large in comparison with those of E. Paueii170ra (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 6〈c)).
Ce11-1um.en contains pale yel16w substances. Outer・integument consists of larger
and longer cells having remarkably sclerenchymatous cell-membrane at the
horizontal section of the outer-integument (Refer to Plate II. Fig. (6)). The
narrow stiff portion at the periphery of each side of this seed is made remarkably
larger sclerenchymatous cells, which are long for the radial direction, their
cell-lumen being narrow, containing brown substances, and the largest one
among them amounting to 70 pt in length, 211i in・breadth.
(II) Outer-integument cells consisting of so皿ewh旦t scleren-
chymatous cell-membrane.
Only E. rosirata・belongs to this section, The thickness of seed-integument
is av,ユ4μand that of the outer-integument av.7μ. The outer-integumen、t cells
arrange. in a row, each cell is semicircle at the ¢ross section of seed-integument.
Its cell-membrane is somewhat sclerenchymatous and lignified, It is only this
species that we find thus d ifference. in structure from those among 10 speces ・of
EacalyPtus (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 10(c)). Cell-lumen is wide and pale yellow
in colour.
Outer-integument consists of longer cells at the horizontal section, each of
which has many pits in m. embrane. The special cells arranging in a row at
the periphery of each side is more sclerenchymatous at the outersi’de than at
the inner side (Refer to Plate IL Fig. 10(a) (b)). This, state of sclerenchym
is remarkably ・different in comparison with that at the periphery of E. fast’i-
gata, E. gigantea, E. Paaciflora arid E. Pilularis.
(III) Outer-integument cells consisting of the decomposed
cell-membrane
The seeds of 4一 species of E. botryoides, E. globutus, E. ptobusta and
E. tereticornis belong to this section. Appearances of seeds of E. botryoides,
E. globutus and E. ・tereticornis are black,, but those of E. robusta brown.
The riped seeds above mentioned, species have many small trichomes grown
on their surface, and there feel rough, differing from the other seeds of Ezsca-
iyPtus species.
(a) E. botryoides, E. globalus and E. tereticornis
These 3 species are not fixed the thiekness of outer-integument and shape
of their cells owing ’to the decomposition occurring to cells of outer-integument.
6
When we observe the seeds of these species with the microscope we舳d black
stripes in net-work on the surface of the seeds of E. globulus and E, tere ti-
eornis, and the size of each division of the net-work is larger in the former
than in the latter. Black stripes of E. b otryoides from imperfect, irregular
net-work.
These 3 species have parenchymatous tissue consisting of small cells in
an enclosure surrounded by stripes on their seed surface. The cell-lumen of
E. botryoides is brown in colQur, E. globulus dark brown, E. tereticornis
yellow brown, but the colour of the cell-membrane of 3 species is black ・(Refer
to Plate II. Fig. 2, 7(a) (b) and 8(c)).
We find’ distinctly the decomposed state of cells in outer-integument at the
cross $’ection, and in the cells remaining unbrocken lignification is not recegniz-
able, and it is traceab1e that some parts of the rernaining cells look as if they
had been dissolved. Though the remaining cells of E. globulus and. E. botry-
oiaes are relatively large in size, those of E. tereticornis are smaller than
those above mentioned (Refer to Plate 1. Fig. 2(c), 7(c) and 8(c)). Cells of
jnner-integument arrange in a row at inner side of remaining cells. Judging
from above mentioned, it is evident that the parenchymatous cells surrounded
by stripes on the surface of seeds are inner-integument cells which have been
b.rought out up to the seed surface caused by the decomposition of outer-
integument cells,
(b) 五7.プoZ吻3彦a
T.he brown stripes of E, robusta also form net-work, at the horizontal
section of seed, and its distribution and shape fully resemble those of E. globulus
and E. tere ticornis. The parenchymatous cells surrounded by stripes are smaller
and brown, and cells-membrane is pale brown in colour (Refer to Plate II.
Fig. 9(a) (b)). The rests of destroyed cells of outer-integ ument are distinctly
discernable at the cross section of seed,. The rests do not present 11gnification,
but they look as if they had been dissolved. The size of remaining cells is
much smaller than those of E, globcalus and E, botrptoides (Refer to Pla.te 1.
Fig. 9(c)).
1 found yellow ones amongst black seeds of’ E. teretieornis, and outer-
integument of the seeds consists of yellow sclerenchymatous cells whose ligni-
fication is recognizable though not in those of black seed. lnner-integument
of yellow seed consists of smaller parenchymatous cells, and contains many
crystals of calcium oxalate (Refer to Plate IL Fig. 8(a) (b)).
As seeds of Casetemis sativus ripen their epidermis get soluble, and disappear
from the surface after they had become viscosity-substance. Epidermis of t. he
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seed of Lagenari a vulgaris consists of the palisade cells which are kept while
the seed is green, but in accordance with its ripeness, its palisade ・cells become
mucilaginous and. finally disappear, and only their sclerenchymatous cell-
membranes remain looking like hair. ln case of full ripe seeds of Benicasa
cer勾cera, only the longitudinal sclerenchymatous parts of the palisade ce1ユs in
their epidermis remain in hair-like appearrance at places along the edge of
the palisade ceJls・.
Judging from above mentiQne. d, 1 should like to conclude as follows: Ac-
cording to the ripeness of the seed of E. tereticornis, it changes from yellow
to/ black in colour, the outer-integument of the seed gradually goes through
chemical metamorphosis within this period until it gets dissolved and lost
except one part retained at the periphery of the sclerenchymatous cell. When
we observe the surface of the seeds, its remaining cell$ represent, trichome and
the parenchymatous cells surrounded by stripes at horizontal section of seed
are inner-integument cells. Though 1 could not find any young seeds such as
those of E. tereticornis. among the forwarded seeds of E. botryoides, E. globu-
ltts an. d E. robusta, 1 suppose that the development process of outer-integument
with net-work is probably similar to that of E. tereticornis.
(IV) Outer-integument cells consisting of parenchymatous
cell-membrane
The seed of E. fieifolia belongs to this section. The thickness of seed-
integument is av. 74 pt, and that’of the outer-integument av. 42,pt. The outer-
integument of seed consists of many parenchymatous cells at the horizental
section of the integum. ent while we observe at the cross section the parenchy-
matous cells arranged in 2-3 rows in outer-integument. Cell-lumen is colourless
or brown, cell-membran e pale yellow ’in celour. The outer-integument consisting
of such parenchymateus cell is only this .species among 10 ones. (Refer to
Plate 1. Fig. 1〈b) and Plate II. Fig. 1).
IV, Consideration
According to “The National Occurrence of the EacalyP〈us“’ altitude of
satisfactory growth of E. fastigata is 606. m-1273 m, E. gig. antea 909 m一ユ363 m,
E. Pauciflora 606 m-1667 m in main-land of Australia, altitude of typical growth
of亙. pilalaris is from just above sea level to 303m in southern limits to
606m in northern N.S. W.
Judging from above d. escribed the 3 species grow at upper alt. and stand
s8
cold, excepting j9. pilalaris among belonging to(1)section of my classification,
owing隆to the construction of the integument previouSly mentioned. The other
6species of Eucalyptus belonging to(1).一.(IV)section of integument classi丘ca・
ロ
tlon grow mainly below 500 m in altitude and their resisting-ability to the cold
seerns to be inferior to that of 3 species of(1)section. Altitude of 10 species
typical growing and maximum and minimum temperature of winter in Australia
are as follows:
Table 1,
Name of E.
E. fastigata
E. gigantea
E.PauciプZO/a.
E卜.pilu’aプis
E. プostグa・ta
E. botrptoides
E.glob勿1裾3
E. robusta
E.. teretico rnis
E.ノ彦eifolia
Sec. of
Seed
(1)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
Alt. of typical growth
Lovver
606 m
909 m
606 m
Above s. 1.
30 m
Flinder 一
Above s. 1.
Above s. 1.
Above s. 1,
Above s. 1.
Above s. 1.
Upper
1273 m
1363 m
1667 m
303 m
228 m(606) m
15i.血
30・3 m
65 rn
364 m
151 m
Mt. correspondingto uper Alt. of A.
in Kyushu, Japan
ML Hikosan
Mt. Yufu
Mt. Kirishima
Mt. Wakasugi
1200 m
1554 m
17co rn
678 m
Mt. Ranges Sasaguri 65-300 m
Table II.
.一
@ Winter Temperature .
FPlaceN.ameofE.Sec. of
reed 孕in・(C) max.(C)
.E.ル∫’∫80’α
i.9彦8α”’鯉
d.ρ伽κゴプ~0プσ
「。ρ〃z轟1〃ゴs
(1)
一2.0。
@ O.5。
黷P.0。
@ 9。O。
1 8.3。
@ 4.o。
@ 4.o。
@ 20.5。
Alt.@ (m){ 1194
@ 1324
@ 1324
@ 45
σ〃π醐8
lt. Buffalo
@ 〃
arisbane
E.プ03∫グα彪 1 (II) 4.0。 11.8。 42 Hamiltoロ
E.∂0≠プツ0ゴ463
d.810勧1z’s
d.プ0加s∫召
d.∫召プ6’ゴ60プ72ゴS
(III)
9.5。
S.09
X.5』
U.0。
15.oo
P.L5ロ
Q0.3。
QLoo
77
@5
S2
X4
Jervis Bay
ホ少オ加
arisbane
fympie
E.ガ6〃b~勿 rIV) .
W.0。 16、O。 12 Albany
The forest nursery at the Experimental Forest Office of Kyushu University
at Sasaguri-Town, Kasuya Gun, Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan is situated at
50 m above sea level, and Lat. 33037’ N., Long. 130e34’ E., the results of the latest
meteorogical observation for temperature, forest and snow in winter-period
are as follows:
9
Table III.
Dece.m.
i1954)
Jan.
i1955)
一eeb,
i1955)Place Alt.
.豪ハn・q.C)
ma.x..
i℃)
min.i.9.
m.ax.
コ℃)
min.i℃)
max.i℃》_
Temperature:
@ !
Sasaguri-Town
eukuoka冒City I
50m
Q.5m
一2β
黷Q 1
21.0
Q1.5
一3.2
|2.8
13.0
P4.3
一2.0.
黷P.9
16.9
P7.9
Frost:
Snow:
Place Alt.Frost in days4. mong 3 months
Days inIil!,gslLpost p g-r-iod
Sasaguri-Town
Fukuoka-City
50 m
2.5 m
23
21
181
162
5 ti/mes in three months, but very light
Addition: Av, rnin. temperature for 10 years is 1.2e C in February
Judging from above mentioned tables, though Eacal.vPtus species 〈E. fasti-
gata, E.9・ig・antea, E.加%o加。グのgro.w at upPer mountain in’Australia, min.
temperature at there resembles that of the mountain country, altitude 300 m
at Sasaguri district, Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan, 1 suppose naturally that
the other 7 species growing at lower country below 500 m in Australia will be
damaged from cold in winter at lower country in Japan,
According to the results of investigation from December,ユ954 to February,
1955, on the damage caused from. the cold to the seedlings and young trees of
E. ucaly’Ptus at the forest nursery of the Kasuya Experimental Ofi!Lce, E. gigantea
had no dam. age at all, the cold damage percentage of E. fccifolia was 70 pto,
E. fastigata O.9 e/o, E. globulus 21 e/o, E. Pauciflora O.24 e/o, E. Pilularis 71.8 e/o,
E. botryoides 68 o/e, E. robusta 44 e/o, E. rostvata 333. e/o and E. tereticornis
84.2 e/o. The degree of the damage done to them in most cases was the
witheredness-only seen on the part of leaves and sprouts of the seedlings and
young plants of EptcalyPtus.
On the 26th, November, 1954, 1 planted young plants of E. Paueiflora 181
in number and E. fastigata 34 and the other 7 spe. cies of EacalyPtus at Arahira
in Kasuya’Experi血ental Forest, situated at 4 km from the Kasuya OMce, and
its alt. is 300 m above sea, av. min. temperature per 3 months above described
was 一3e C. The young plants of E. Paaeifl’era and E. fastigata mostly has
no cold damage there, but the other species were as much damaged by snow
and frost as they were at the Forest Nursery.
’On the 22nd, November, 1954, 1 planted the youngs of E. gl obulas 131 in
number,亙. P〃Utaris 92, E, robv.sta.9, E. rostrata 92 a耳d 石1, teretic. Ornis 58
10
at Takatsuji in the Kas町a Experimental Forest, situated at 2 km from the
Kasuya Office, alt. 85 m above sea level, min.. temperature per 3 months was
一 2¢ C. The cold damage percentage of EacalyPtas in that period at Takatsuji
was co岨ted E. globulnts 35.8%, E.がlaslaプis 53.2%, E.ア。∂us彦a 77。7%, E. rost:
rata 63%,亙. teretieornis 91。3%. The degree of the damage was rnostly only
part of sprouts and leaves of the younger plants of EacalyPtus. Judging from
above mentioned experiment,, E. gigantea, E. fo. stigata and E. Paptciflora have
strong resisting character to cold, but the other 7 species/ are weak to cold in
Japan as they are in Australia.
Judging from above described results, the other 3 species excepting E. Pilu-
laris among (1) section of $eed wi’th outer-integument consisting of remarkably
sclerenchymatous cell have very resisting character to the cold within my this
experiment, but each species belonging to (II>一(IV) (The section of seed with
outer-integument censisting of less sclerenchymatous cells (II). The section
of the decomposed cells (III). The section of the parenchymatous cells (IV))
reduces its resisting power to the cold in the order. given above, in.other words,
the.first section the strongest, the second less, and third and the forth the least.
1 suppose that the thickness of integument, especialy the degree of being
sclerenchymatous of cell-membrane in the outer-integument and the state of
its tissue have mutual relation to the resisting character to the cold of the
young plants ger:匝、inated from those seeds.
In other words, it indicate that from the physiological ne¢essity the species
of EucalyPtus growing at moderately upper country with cold temperature
scatter their seeds on the cold area and so these seeds consists of thick integu-
men,t for that purpose, especially for protecting the embryo with scleren-
chymatous cell-membrane. The species of EasealyPtus whese seeds consist of
thin inner-integument, especially the ’outer-one being less sclerenchymatous
such as E. rostrata, grows at mean altitude with mean temperature, while,
EucalyPtas plants whose seeds consist of thin integum. ent, especially those
with outer-integument consisting of decomposed cells or those with the paren’
chymatous cells grow at moderately at warm lower area. Thus species
of EucalyPtus are physiologically provided with such characteristics about
as to enable themselves adapted to their en. vironment. lf 1 could find similar
results about seeds of many other species of EucalyPtus than 10 species
I tried, 1 should think very interesting and those experimental results would
have the applied value abotit the natural occurrence and artificial plantation
of EucalyPtus.
11
V.Sllm皿ary
1) Seeds of 10 species of Eucalyptus contain mostly crystals of ・oxalate of
lime, oil and tannin in seed-integument and we find them more in the
inner-integument than the outer one.
2) The sclerenchymatous cells in outer-integument are ligpified, and colour
reaction by reagent is recogrtized, namely these become vellow, yellow
brown or brown in colour by nitric acid or caustic potash solution and
deep brown in colour by jodjodpotassium.
3) Though integumen.t-cells ofユO species of EucalyPtas are not dyed.by
eosin and congored, they are dyed well by colouring materiaユs of safranin
and methylenblue, the former dying them red and the latter blue.
4) Seeds of E。ノiei.folia and E, globulus are relatively large grains among
those of 10 species of EacalyP・tus and each of the two entirely is different
from the other in shape and outwardly colour, the former consisting of
parenchymatous cells in outer-integument, latter of decomposed cells, and
the cells left undecomposed represent tiny trichome on the surface of seed.
5) The seeds of E. fastigata and E. gigantea have mutual resemblanoe in
size and shape, outer-integument of each species con.sisting of two kinds of
sclerenchymatous cells, the former is of larger longer. cells and of larger
roundish polygonal ones ,at the horizontal section, but the latter of rather
roundish polygonal cells and rather squarish polygonal ones.
6) Seeds of E.ρ傷6礎ノZoi’a and E, pilularis are like each other in s.ize and
shape, the former consisting of somewhat irregular polygonal scleren-
chymatous cells with relati.vely wide cell-1umen at the horiz. ontal section,.
but the latter of larger cells with remarkably sclerenchymatous cell-
membrane. ・7) The seeds of E. robusta and E. rostrata resemble each other in shape, but
the former has brown. stripes of net-work on the surface of seed, with the
decomposed state of. cells in outer-integument distinctly discernible at the
cross section, but the outer-integument of E. rostrata consists of long
larger and rather sclerenchymatous cells, each cell having membrane with
many pits in it at the horizontal section, and each cells being semicircle
and arranged in a row at the cross section of outer-integument.
8) The seeds of E. botryoides and E. teretieornis resemble each other in
shape, and each has black s. tripes on the surface of seed representing net・
work sound and regular in the latter and far less sound and regular in
12
9)
the forrper, the cells left undeco丘Lposed are found at the cross section Qf
the seeds of each species, but those of E. boiryoides are larger in shape
than those of E. teptetieornis, and the decomposed cells seem to be dissolved.
Ithink that the strtlcture of seed一項ltegument of theユO species is closely
related to the resisting character to the cold of the young plants germi一 ’
nated from these seeds.
Anatomical Literature of Seed
1.ALvEs, A。:Z茸chtung und Samenbau von Klee und Gr註sem in D益nemark und Schwedel.
Arbeiten der Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gese1.lschaft,. Ht.208,1912,
2.BムσHM・ANN, E.:Die Entwicklun.gsgeschichte und der Bau der Samellscha1:e der Scrophu・
lariflee.”.
Inaug1. Dissertatio11,1,eipzig,1880.
3.BERMTzKY, L:Anatomische Be.sti!nmlmg des Samens. voll Cuscuta lrifolii und C. s翅・
veo’evas,
:Landw. Vers・St.88:1, II,ユ916.
4。.Coエu箇s, E. J.:The structure of the integumentary system of the barley grain in rela-
tion to localized water absorption and semipermeability.
An.n.. B.ot.,3.2=381-414,1.918,
5.GRIMBAcロ, P..:Vergleichende Anatomie verschi.edenartiger:Fr日chte und Samen bei d.erse1・
ben Spezies,
Inaugl. Dissertation. M茸nster,1913,
6.v、 H:6H:翻し, F,:Morphologische Untersuchungen Uber die Samenschalen der Cascptrbitaceen
und einiger verwandter Familien.
Sitzb. d. K. Akad. Wiss,1. Abt.73;1-41,1876.
7.K:AM冠NsKY, K:。 W.:Anatomische Struktur der S.amen von einigen C銘sσ%彦aarten und deren
syste.matischer Wert.
Angew, B.ot. Zdtsch, f, Erforschung der Nutzp且an乞en,1Q:5.,387-409,1928.
8.K:ムMENsKY, K. W.:Morphologische-anatomische Unterscheidungsmerkmale der Unkraut・
sam.en a,us den Fa1nilien Liliacea.¢und lrida‘eae.
Bu11. of Appl. Bot Gene and:Plan.t-Breedirlg,25;4,5.9L108,1931 キ9.KoL:島:鼠., F.;Untersuchungen廿ber den Bau der.Samenschale an Hilum und Chalaza bei
einigen of五ci.nelle識Pfianzen.
Inaug1. Dissertation, Bern,1918.
10.KoNDo, M,:Der anatomische Bau einiger auslandischer Hulsenfruchte, die jetzt viel in
den Handel ko.mmen.
Zeits.ch. f. Untersuchung der Nahru.ngs und Gen.ussmitte1, sowi.e Gebrauchsgege瓜一
stande,25;1-5.6,1913.
11,:KoNDo, M,:An.at.omische Untersuchungell fiber japanische Colliferen-Sarnen.und Verwandte.
Landw. Vers.一S.t.,8ユ=443-468,1913.
12.KRAus呂.、. L.二Entwicklungsgeschic.hte der Frttchte von・召’oグdeum, TPtiticum, Bromus und
Poa mit beso且derer. Ber員.cksichtigu.ng ihrer Samenschale箆,
Jahrb. f。 Wiss, B.ot.,77;733-808,1933.
ユ3.KuJALA, V.:Untersuchungen茸ber den Bau und die Keimf甑higkeit von Kiefem-un.d:Fichten・
samen。
Helsinki}1.927,
13
14, LAKoN, G,: Bbitrti’ge zur forstlichen Samenkunde. Zur Anatomie und Keimung teiniger
Koniferensamen.
Naturw. Zeitschr. f, Forst・und Landwirtschaft, Jahrg. 10: 4el-410, 1912.
15・ LoNpE, G.: tiber die Entwicklungsgeschichte und den Bau einiger Samenschalen.
Inaug. Di$$.ertation, 1874. ’16. MERz, M,: Untersuchungen tiber Anatomie und Samentwicklung der Utr’icularien Und
Pinguicptia.
Inaugl, Dissertation, Bern, 1897.
17, NETomTzKy, F.; Anatomie der Angiosperrnen-Samen.
Berlin, 1926.
18, NmTH,AMMsR. A.: Beitzversuche und anatomisch-chemische Studien mit den Samen des
Wirsingkohles.
Zeitchr. f. Pfianzenkarankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 41 t 149-167, 1931.
19. PAtsmerJ, L. H.:Anatomical characters o・f the seeds ef Legecminosae, chiefly genera of
Gray’s manual.
Transactions of the Academy of Science, St. Louis, 9: 6, 91-263 with Tables and
I PIates, 1899.
‘20. PRiTzEn, E.: Der systematische Wert der Samen-anatomie, insbesondere des Endosperms
bei den Parietaies,
Inaugl. Dissertation, Berlin, 1897.
21, RptEvEs, R. G. and VAunE, C. C.:Anatomy and microchemistry of the cottQn seed,
Bat, Gaz,, 93: 259-277, 1932.
22. RTTTE”, G: Die systematische Verwertbarkeit des anatomischen Baues von Frtichten一 und
Samen.
Beihefte z. Bot. Centralbl. 26; 1, 132-156, 1909.
23. voN RttMKER, K.:,Dar Saatbau und die Saatbauvereine.
:Berli叫1922..
24・沢田利農夫=本邦産主要林木種子の鍾別法.(針葉樹の部).
朝鮮総督.府林業試験場報告,第8号,昭和3年.
25. ScHXcK.Eu A.; Zur Kentnis des Baues und der lnhaltverhaltnisse der Hillsen und Samen-
schalen ・der Leguminosen,
Inaugl. Dissertation, G6ttingen, 1919.
26. SETTEGvs・w, H.: Die landwirtschaftlichen Samerein und der Samenbau,
Leipzig, 1892.
27.渋谷常紀.稲の種皮の組織学的.研究(予報)..
日本:作.物学会記事,第1巻,第2号,15-16,昭和3年.
28. Vor・aT, A.: tiber den Bau und die Entwicklung des Samens und des Samenmantels von
Mptristica fragrans.
Inaug. Diss., G6ttingen, 1885.
29. WiNToN, A. L.: The anatomy of certain oil seed$ with especial reference to the m-icro-
scopic examination of cattle foods.
Rpt. Conn, Agr. Exp. Stat, 1903, Part II. Food products, 175-198.
30. WiNTo), A. L.:Anatomie des Hanfsamens.
Zeitschr. f. Unters. d. Nahrungs u. Ge卿ssmitte1,7言385-388,1904.
31.近藤万太郎;H本農林種子学(後編.)・
.昭和9年.
32. NoBm F.: Ha. ndbuch der Samenkunde. 1876.
14
Explanation of Plate 1
Outer shape of 10 species of EucaZyPtus and ・cells in integument
of ripe seed at the cross section
㎏聡聡慧町取恥恥恥恥㎏㎏聡聴塩払晦取払聡聴㎏聴㎏聡恥
亀域⑪可0蝕いqけいα母いαけ可α蝕いい鉱い0心いq
其其叙叙瑛駁叙綴概架奴駅搾取駁α町胃ππ二二駁二二釈
Fig. 10(a).
Fig. 10(b),
Fig. 10(c).
Outer shape of seed of E ficifolia
Cells in integument of E. ficifolia
Outer sha,pe ef $eed of E. globulpts
Outer shape of seed of. E. globuius
Cells in integument of E. globultis
Outer shape of seed of E. fastigata
.Outer shape of se.ed of E.ノ’astigata
Cells in integument of E, fastigata
Outer‘ shape of seed of E. gigant-ea
Outer shape of seed of E. gi gantea
Celts in integument of E. gig’antea
Outer shape of seed of E, Paticiflora
Outer shape of seed of E. Paptciflora
Cells in integument of E. PauciLtlora
Outer shape of seed of E. Pilularis
Outer shape of seed of E. pilularis
Cells in integument of E. Pilularis
Outer shape of seed of E. botryeides
Outer shape of seed of E. botrpteides
Cells in integument of E. botryoides
Outer shape of seed of E. tereti・cornis
Outer shape of seed of E, tereticornis
Cells in integument of E. tereticorMis
Outer shape of seed of E. fobecsta
Outer shape of seed of E. robusta
Cells in integument of E. robscsta
Outer shape of seed of E. rostrata
Outer shape of seed of E. rostrata
Cells in integument of E, rostrata
25
w2512蜘2512脚2512脚2512脚25皿脚25皿脚2512脚2512恥1225脚
××××××X×X××××X××××××××××××X×X
am ・・… 。abdomen
co …師・concavity at the p.oint
Ce・b。… …COnCavity at the rearサ の
る1tc ……孤ner。1nteg.ument Ice111n・・。・・・… Lllnユe]n of cell
n.a …・。。nave1
.or・・・… …rest of outer・integument cell
otc……o.uter-integllment ce11
pc
po
ps
,..,,・sclerenchymatous portion at
periphery of the side
...,..sclerenchymatous portion situ-
ated at periphery of ovel
....,. 唐モ撃?窒?獅モ?凾高≠狽盾浮刀@portion at
the point ef seed
re.,,....,.rear sd,.....side
su ・… 帥sture の ロ
W1。…・・Wlng
.
jJe
・}、
t
PLATE 1. Fie. 1-10
N
ig,1{ al
け
ら:ift・1、.1’/x/」
、話噸
ぎ
“澤
il〔・
、謬,
慧で羅翻夢ナ1㍗㌻P.〉..弓
鰯:..或鴨ダf躍,三,.}勝・
’
切a
ヤ コ t17邪・嘱1F ・’ しノ㌧ . 腎 、 iI r . .㌦」イ㍉
/1
ノ
/
Fcl
.,蓼
@
otc
ite
Fi巳り工(b}
’響撫 額灘灘
sd一“J一一
Eig.2Ca)-一十㎎
望、
X×..sSrtf
伊sら・4{a)1
“Os
。麟
ノ
Pご
fe
\.
、
v噌
ノρo
拶夢…
。1
饗製酵繋掌:滴 1鱒
認二二 Fig.7(b)
“ ・煮 . 蜜 .
ノ it.c Fig.7(c》
翻騨 Fi889(b)
ピ ’
・ σ ユto
’Fig・2(b,}
鮒 . 晒 , サ
rl. 恂ケII声
、へ
燈
・:1
急:
.河
舜ゴ
”” ’
』鳶F.
/t/
Fig.7〈a)
“a
slt総
Fig.9Ca}
一ce
)Cこ2,9,-F
玄藩巳2鋲奮
‘
4
●
9
1
F
一11“’り
「」ゴ噛乙
砕 -引一
型
. .
’ -
’“h,
一「
P1
即望.文
量 ズ謝甲・
r㌦
b秩@・
一「}引1
一.
、1ψ
Lk・,
fi
itc
Sig.・,ゆ}順告 .
Ps 喫
’ . ’ ロ へ , \ “・’i翻
} ’ 墨 -]m., う F土呂.sく。) P。 、
5Pt
ll敦
_一 /1』i
気 ρ。、 、 壌競
,= @1,、藩a
lp
Fig.5Cc)
ユ均一
Fig.4くC}
黄
su一
Ot’
O
一
O
、t
、 」乙
恥S.8(a》
FSg.9(c)
re
ぐ購群綴醜
Pe、麟,
蝋、
・・”
駆」lt.,
oo一 一
Eig.6(a)
鞭篠・一皿a
灘一Sd
I葦
N.
x.pg
I気,ln「ト2葦重「・一、;』皆β了
tt’E/1
號
t.
」/・il
rflt
、青
!1:
Eig,5(b>
ot,a
Pln
:ea=tww/
ite Flg.5(e}
講 海
欝
Fig.BCb}
or
幽 「再
eis.ro(a)/ 1 1
イ瓢5
Vig,lo(b)
9U
舞蝿滲燕ニヒ嫡r轄\’灘∴聖鈍
馨1㌦
㌧「」弓年
Fig.6Cb)
瀦恋舷捌
襲嵩
xte
Flg.6Cc)
oSe
li
scc Etg.エO(el
16
P:LATE’II.:FエG.1’一10
f.OV狽?nli,C,
F19.工
ept
甘i6。4くa》
’d?eTx一一,
一’.曳
亀 驚 ..
縛
Eig.6
ーー..
、CS
)C{7卿8曜-
F
n
1.詫
it@e鰍?C
Mg.2
へ!・’
麟’鍛.!
試
一,人 ユa
傷摩/ern- 唐撃唐戟E “/ g
Pig.4(b)
.o〈ts
li・i’ s,
=k ln
/ t
藩梱
筆雛C
圖n
灘、
倉「
tSし
Fig.S〈 a)
欝.
夢
竈
F工9●5(a,
蟻/γ
re Ss .7 〈 a}
.《G黛..鷲.l
Fig.8(d)
鞭・
Fig,9(a)
0
既n
.、
〃.名.「
.鰹
∂ . ~
〆
.’〃
..轍
C
F’ig.8(・ a)
れe 一.g. sst
RigigCb) 1
.
、③ご
.触,
鬼 /
◎4
譲
.翻躍
麟、.・
’
:x yo・ lllLXfifpt;eb
Rig.8・(b)’
亟二渚 葛 .,=・.
pm.1,tw1・.1-1一//,
1嶽弼層
・一41NX/ i i.L.・..
}へ 剛 ,
pt ’t J.:.iX“1’:i
Mg・エO(a》
難・rr
.琶.
曝罐 ノ 、
cPt’‘. D晦オーユn
Fig.3(b)・・
s,c
ぺ.ll
ipぐ《禽壁 穂.禽 恥 .州.嘱1舳\ne
Eig.5〈b)
ノ纏馨攣灘臨.褻舞懸
’kt:.鍵・幾鰯.1,... t/’..一..
Pig.7Cb)
kXt七c
Fig.8( e)
e.硝.
i
’1勾
i2VXNN
Fi呂・工。(b》
e
17
Explanation o£ Plate II
Cells in outer・一integument of ri/pe seed of
of EtiealyPtus at the horizontal sec tion
10 species’
Fig;1. Cells in outer-integument of E. ficifolia ×270
Fig. 2. Black spripes distributing on the surface of seed and inner-integument
cells of E. globpttus × 270
Fig,3(a)(b), Outer-inte.gument ce11s cons圭sti且g of the seed of E.ノ廊露8α地 ×360
Fig. 4(a> (b), Outer-integument .cells consisting of the seed of E. gigantea × 360
Fig. 5(a).
Fig. 5(b).
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7(a).
Fig, 7(b).
Fig, 7(c).
Fig. 8(a) (b).
Fig. 8(c).
Fig, 8(d).
Fig. 9(a),
Fig. ’9(b)・.
Fig. 10(a),
Fig. 10(b).
Cells’ in sclerenchymatous portion at periphery of each side and cells
at inner portien of its side of E. paptcifiora × 360
Cells in the sclerenchymatous portion at periphery of the navel and cells
at the inner portion of the navel of E. Paucptora × 360
0uter-integument cells consist-ing of the $eed of E. Pi-lzalaris × 360
Biack spripes distributing on the surface of seed of E. botryoides × 60
Black spripes distributing on the surface of ripe seed and inner-
integument cells・ of E. botrptoides ×360・
Cells in the sclerenchymatous portion at periphery of naveU Iof seed and
cells at the inner p/ortion of the .navel of E. betrptoides × 360
0uter-integument cells and inner-integument cells consisting of the
yellow seed of E. tereticornis × 270
Black spripes di’stributlng on the surface of the ripe seed and inner-
integument cell of E, teretieoグ痂s ×2701
Cells in ’the sclerenchymatous port’ion at the periphery of navel and
cells at the inner portion of the navel of E. tereticoptnis × 270
Brown spripes distributing on the surface of ripe seed of E. robttsta × 60
Blown spripes distributing on the surface of seed and inner-integument
cells of E. rebusta × 270
011ter畢integume.nt cells co.nsisting of seed of E. rostプata >く360
Especial cells in the sclerenchym.a. tous portion at periphery of each
side・of E. rostrata ×270 ’
.
cm ・….・cell-membrane
cr...,・・,.一crystal
it ,.}.・.・・.intercellular spaces
itc ..・..,inner-integument cell
ln…。一・1u皿en of cell
nc ,.}...cells in navel
or....,..v・rests of outer-integurnent cell
po.・’.・・..・,sclerenchymatous portion situ-
ated at periphery of ovel
pm ・・・…pits membrane
Plt・閃… 8。・P.1t
sc・…h,・・,cells of sclerenchymatous p’or-
tion
st,・,・一・… stripe
18
Resum6
(El Espafiol)
He estudiado sobre la estructura de la・s integumentes de la semillas de las
diez especies de EucalyPtus, las cuales son E. botryoiaes, E. fastigata, E. fici一
二」臨E’.gigantea, EL g励幽S, E. Pa〃ciflora, E. piluZ〃is, E. robasta, E. rost-
rata y E. tereticomis. Escribo el sumario si.guiente:
Las semillas de las /diez especies de EuealyPtus contenen crystals de calcio-
oxiicoacido, 61eo y tanino, los cuales est6n muchos en integumento interior que
integumento exterior. L. a celda escles6tica del integumento externo tiene el
estado lenoso, la cual se tinta a castafio intenso por la soluci6n de jodjodpotasa,
los integumentos de todas diez especies se tintan rojos por safranin y azules
por methyllazuユ.
Puedo clasificar las cuatro secoi6nes sobre la estructura de integumento
externo de las diez especies:
1) El integumento externo consiste de la$ celda muy escles6ticas
E. f’astigata, E. gigantea, E. PauciLffora, E. Pilularis
2) El integumento externo consiste de las celdas alg(’m esclesoticas
1ヨ.rostra彦.a
3) El integumento externo consiste de. las celdas destructivos
E.ゐ0〃yoides, E「.810∂ulUS, Eゼグ0伽吻, E. tere彦icornis
4) El integumento externo consiste de las celdas blandas
E. ficifolia
Puedo clasificar las dos secci6nes sobre la estructura ・de integumento interior
de las diez especies de Eucalyptus:
1) El integumento interior es espeso relativamente y consiste de las blandas
celdas, las cuales arreglan irregularmente.
E. fast’igata, E. gigantea, E. Paaeiflora, E. Pi’lularis
2) El integumento interior es delgado relativamente y consiste de las blandas
celdas, las cuales arreglan en una fila.
E.ゐ0.〃yoides, E㌦fic ifo〃a, E.9励eclUS, E. Ptobu吻, E.グOS〃ata,
Zヨ.≠〃6蕗ooプnis
Las plantas de EucalyPtus que ocurren eneima de la altura superiora fria
relativamente en Australia, son亙. fastigata(altura speriora:1194 m, teInpera一
19
tura de minimo en julio :, 一2“ C), E. gigantea (alt. sup, 1324 m, temp. min O.50 C),
E. Pauciflora (alt. sup. 1324 m, temp. min. 一le C) en las diez especies, las semil-
las consisten de las celdas muy escles6ticas al integumento externo y el integu-
mento interior es espeso relativamente.
Las plantas de EucalyP・tus que ocurren encima de la colina o la costa
abrigada en Austrlia son E. botryoides (altura superior: 77 m, temperatura de
rninimo en julio:90.5 C), E,ガσ舜b〃a(alt. sup,ユ2 m, temp. min,80 C), E, globa・
1’zts (alt. sup. 5 m,, temp. min. 4e’C), E. rob,asta (alt sup. 42 m, temp. min. 9”.5 C)
y E. tereti’comis (alt. sup. 94 m, temp. min. 60 C) en las diez especies, las otras
semillas consisten de las celda$ destructos o las celdas blandas al integumentb
externo y el integumento interior es delgado, excepto la semilla de E, Pilularis,
la cual tiene las celdas muy escles6ticas (alt. sup. 45 m, temp. min. 90’C).
Las plantas de EucalyP tas que ocurre encima de la altura mediano desde
altura del nivel de mar en Aus/tralia, es solo E. rostrata (altura superior: 42 m,
temperatura de minimo en julio: 4”C) en las diez especies, la semilla consiste
de las celdas alg血ガescles6ticas al integumento externo y el integtlmento interior
es delgado.
Suponeo que la mutualidad est6 en la estructura de. las semillas de Euca-
lyPtus plantas y la ocurrencia natural de EaealyPtus /plantas en la limite de
mi experimento, pero la semilla de E. P・llularis este la excepci6n.