Anaphysio ch 15 respiratory93
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Transcript of Anaphysio ch 15 respiratory93
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The Respiratory System
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The Respiratory System• Basic functions of the respiratory system
• Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) – movement of air in and out of the lungs• Inhalation (inspiration) draws gases into the lungs.• Exhalation (expiration) forces gases out of the lungs.
• Gas Conditioning – as gases pass through the nasal cavity and paransal sinuses, inhaled air becomes turbulent. The gases in the air are
• warmed to body temperature• humidified• cleaned of particulate matter
• Gas Exchange - respiration• Supplies body with oxygen• Disposes of carbon dioxide
• Produces Sounds
• Protects respiratory surfaces
• Site for olfactory sensation
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Respiration
• Respiration – four distinct processes must happen• Pulmonary ventilation – moving air into and out of
the lungs
• External respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
• Transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
• Internal respiration – gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
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Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Respiratory organs• Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
• Bronchi and smaller branches
• Lungs and alveoli
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Figure 21.1
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Respiratory System
• Consists of• Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and
other muscles that promote ventilation• Respiratory zone – site of external
respiration – respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
• Conducting zones• Provides rigid conduits for air to
reach the sites of gas exchange• Includes nose, nasal cavity,
pharynx, trachea• Air passages undergo 23 orders of
branching in the lungs
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The Nose• Provides an airway for
respiration
• Moistens and warms air
• Filters inhaled air
• Resonating chamber for speech
• Houses olfactory receptors
• Skin is thin – contains many sebaceous glands
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The Nasal Cavity
• External nares – nostrils• Divided by – nasal septum• Vestibule - anterior opening • Continuous with nasopharynx• Two types of mucous membrane
• Olfactory mucosa - Near roof of nasal cavity, houses olfactory (smell) receptors
• Respiratory mucosa - Lines nasal cavity
• Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
• Goblet cells within epithelium • Underlying layer of lamina propria
has glands that contribute to the mucus layer and blood vessels that warm the air.
• Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly
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Nasal Cavity
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Nasal Conchae
• 3 paired bony projections along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
• Superior and middle nasal conchae - part of the ethmoid bone
• Inferior nasal conchae - separate bone
• Function - Particulate matter deflected to mucus-coated surfaces
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The Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 7.11a, b
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The Pharynx• Funnel-shaped passageway• Connects nasal cavity and
mouth• Shared by the digestive and
respiratory systems• Divided into three sections by
location• Nasopharynx – superior
portion, • Oropharynx – continuous
with the oral cavity• Laryngopharynx – between
the hyoid bone and the esophagus
• Type of mucosal lining changes along its length
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The Nasopharynx
• Superior to the point where food enters
• Only an air passageway
• Closed off during swallowing
• Epithelium consists of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium that moves mucus
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The Oropharynx
• Arch-like entranceway – fauces• Extends from soft palate to
the epiglottis• Epithelium - stratified
squamous epithelium• Two types of tonsils in the
oropharynx• Palatine tonsils – in the
lateral walls of the fauces • Lingual tonsils – covers
the posterior surface of the tongue
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The Laryngopharynx
• Passageway for both food and air
• Epithelium - stratified squamous epithelium
• Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
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The Larynx• Prevent food and drink from entering the trachea
• Passageway for air
• Produces Sound
• It connects the pharynx to the trachea
• Epithelium of the larynx
• Stratified squamous – superior portion
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar – inferior portion
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Nine Cartilages of the Larynx
• Thyroid cartilage - shield-shaped, forms laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
• Three pairs of small cartilages
• Arytenoid cartilages
• Corniculate cartilages
• Cuneiform cartilages
• Epiglottis - tips inferiorly during swallowing
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The Larynx
• Vocal ligaments of the larynx• Vocal folds (true vocal
cords) - act in sound production
• Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) - no role in sound production
• Voice production • Length of the vocal folds
changes with pitch• Loudness depends on the
force of air across the vocal folds
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The Trachea• Descends into the mediastinum
• C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
• Carina - marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi
• Epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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The Trachea
Figure 21.7a, b
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Bronchi in the Conducting Zone• Bronchial tree - extensively
branching respiratory passageways• Primary bronchi (main
bronchi)• Largest bronchi • Right main bronchi - wider
and shorter than the left• Secondary (lobar) bronchi
• Three on the right • Two on the left
• Tertiary (segmental) bronchi - branch into each lung segment
• Bronchioles - little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter
• Terminal bronchioles - less than 0.5 mm in diameter
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Tissue Composition of Conducting Zone
• Changes along pathway• Supportive connective tissues change
• C-shaped rings – trachea, primary bronchi• Replaced by cartilage plates, secondary & tertiary bronchi
• Epithelium changes• First, pseudostratified ciliated columnar – trachea• Replaced by simple columnar - bronchi• Then simple cuboidal epithelium - bronchioles and
terminal bronchioles • Smooth muscle becomes important at the bronchioles -
controlled by the ANS (bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation).
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Lobes and Surfaces of the lungs• Right lung has three lobes
• Left lung has two lobes
• Concavity on medial surface = cardiac notch
• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus
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The Pleurae• A double-layered sac surrounding each lung
• Parietal pleura• Visceral pleura
• Pleural cavity - potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae• Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity
• Central mediastinum • Two lateral pleural compartments
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Structures of the Respiratory Zone
• Consists of air-exchanging structures
• Respiratory bronchioles – branch from terminal bronchioles• Lead to alveolar ducts
• Lead to alveolar sacs
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Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 21.9b
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Features Of Alveoli
Figure 21.10b
• Alveoli cell types• Type I cells site of gas exchangeand• Type II cells - secrete surfactant• Macrophages
• Surrounded by basal laminae and elastic fibers• Interconnect by way of alveolar pores• Internal surfaces - site for free movement of alveolar macrophages
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEMDISORDERS
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Disorders of the Respiratory System
• Anthrax• Caused by spores of the bacterium
• Asthma attack• May result from exposure to an allergen,
cold temperature, exercise, or emotion
• Atelectasis• A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by
a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Bronchitis• An infection of the bronchi
• Carbon monoxide poisoning• Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • A group of chronic respiratory disorders
including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Cold • A respiratory infection
• Cystic fibrosis • A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands
• Emphysema • The alveoli lose elasticity and become
dilated and do not exchange gases well
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Hantavirus • A respiratory condition spread by breathing
in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks
• Hay fever • A respiratory inflammation caused by
allergens such as plants, dust, and food
• Lung cancer • Directly linked to smoking and smoke
products
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Pleural effusion • A condition in which air or fluid enters the
pleural cavity
• Pleurisy• An inflammation of the membranes that line
the lungs
• Pneumonia • An inflammation of the lungs, in which a
buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Pneumoconiosis • An inflammation in the lungs caused by
inhaled irritants
• Respiratory acidosis• A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood,
causing a lowered blood pH
• Respiratory alkalosis • A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Respiratory distress syndrome
• A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly
• Sinusitis • An inflammation of one or more of the
paranasal sinuses • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
• A respiratory disorder of newborns
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Tuberculosis • Caused by bacteria that are difficult to
destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air
• Upper respiratory infection• Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose,
pharynx, or larynx
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