ANAPHYLAXISAnaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you're allergic to, such as a peanut or the venom from a bee sting. The flood of chemicals released by your immune system during anaphylaxis can cause you to go into shock; your blood pressure drops suddenly and your airways narrow, blocking normal breathing. Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include a rapid, weak pulse, a skin rash, and nausea and vomiting.ETHIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORSThe most common causes of anaphylaxis are; drugs, foods, latex exposure, and insect bites and stings. The most common food offenders in adults are peanuts, tree nuts and shellfish. Insect stings causes many deaths Tom Anthony O. MonponbanuaBSN-3a

MS- Care Of Clients With Immunologic ResponseCOMMON AGENTS CAUSING ANAPHYLAXIS

DRUGS

Penicillins (Most Common)

Cephalosporins

Tetracycline

Streptomycin

Kanamycin

Neomycin

Heparin

Protamine

Vancomycin

Amphotericin B

Polymyxin

Bacitracin

Aspirin

Colchicines

Tranquilizers

FOODS

Peanuts

Seafoods

Eggs

Nuts

Milk

Citrus Fruits

Strawberries

Legumes

INSECT VENOMS

Hymenoptera

BIOLOGICAL

Heterologous (esp. equine

Enzymes

Vaccines (Esp. Egg Culture Types)

BLOOD PRODUCTS

Plasma

Cryoprecipitate

Whole Blood

Gamma-Globulins

ALLERGENS EXTRACTS

Skin-testing Agents

Desensitization

DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS

Subromophthalein

Oidinated Contrast Media

INCIDENCE:The Incidence of anaphylaxis related to latex exposure, especially in health care workers, has dramatically increased since the 1990s with increased use of latex gloves.Anaphylactic events commonly present with hives and angioedema and often with dyspnea, wheezing, syncope, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flushing, headache, rhinitis, substernal pain and itching. Cardiovascular collapse, Shock, and respiratory tract Obstruction, which can occur immediately and other manifestations, are primary cause of death in anaphylaxis.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGYAnaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions result from systemic release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. Again, anaphylactoid reactions are chemically and clinically indistinguishable from anaphylactic reactions except that they are not IgE mediated. These mediators consist of preformed substances stored in the granules of mast cells and basophils (histamine, tryptase, heparin, chymase, and cytokines), as well as newly synthesized molecules that are principally derived from the metabolism of arachadonic acid (prostaglandins and leukotrienes).

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT Anaphylaxis is treated by; Administering epinephrine Removing or discontinuing the causative agent Administering emergency oxygen Maintaining open airway Placing the client in trendelenburg position Giving supported IVF, such as 0.9% PNSS or LR soln. as necessary

NURSING MANAGEMENT

Remove/Avoid the Client From any allergens that can trigger his/her allergy Counsel all client with history of anaphylaxis or anaphylactic-like reaction to carry apinephrine with them at all times in the form of an Epipen or Ana-Kit injection It is also important for them to carry a medical alllert necklace or bracelets and an identification card in their wallet or purse and that they register with proper authorities.