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Oleh:Dr Erica Gilda,Sp An

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An exaggerated response to an allergen that ismediated by a type I hypersensitivity reaction.

The syndrome appears ithin min!tes "olloig expos!re to a

spesi#c antigen in a sensiti$ed person ad characteristicallypresents as ac!te respiratory distress, circ!latory shoc%, or both.

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Anaphylactic reactions againstpolypeptides

Venoms ( hymenoptera, fre ant,snake, jellyfsh )Airbone allergens ( pollen, molds,danders )Foods ( peanutes, milk, egg,seaoods, grain )

Enzymes ( trypsin, streptokinase,chymopapain, asparaginase )eterologous serum ( tetanusantito!in, antilymphocyteglobulin, anti"enin)uman proteins ( insulin,

corticotropin, "asopressin,serum, and seminal proteins)#ate!

Anaphylactic reactions againsthapten carrier

Antibiotics & penicilin, cephalosporins,s!l"onamides'

Disin"ectants &ethylene oxide,chlorhexidine '

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The most important o" anaphylaxis are

histamine, le!%otrienes, )*+A, and platelet activating "actor hich increase vasc!larpermeability and contract smooth m!scle.

-+ receptor activation bronchial smooth

m!scle contraction

-+/receptor activation vasodilatation,

enhanced m!c!s secretion, tachycardia, and

increased myocardial contractility

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)*+A cleaves brady%inin "rom %ininogen0brady%inin increases vasc!lar permeability andvasodilatation and contracts smooth m!scle.

Activation o" hageman "actor can initiateintravasc!larcoag!lation in some patients. E12A,312, and le!%otriene )4 attract in5amatory cells thatmediate additional tiss!e in6!ry.

Angiodema o" the pharynx, larynx, and trachea

prod!ce !pper airay obstr!ction, hereasbronchospasm and m!cosal edema res!lt in loerairay obstr!ction

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-istamine may pre"erentially constrict largeairays, herean le!%otrienes primarily a7ectsmaller periphereal airays. Trans!dation o" 5!idin to the s%in &angiodema' and viscera prod!ces

hypovolemia and shoc%, hereas arteriolarvasodilatation dicreases systemic vasc!larresistance.

1oronary hyperper"!sion and hypoxemia

promote arrhytmias and myocardial ischemia.(e!%otriene and prostaglandin mediators may alsoca!se coronary vasospasm.

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$rgan system %igns and symtoms

1ardiovasc!lar -ypotension, tachycardia,arrhytmias

8!lmonary )ronchospasm, co!gh, dyspnea,

p!lmonary edema, laryngealedema, hypoxia

dermatological 9rticaria, "acial edema, pr!rit!s

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Air&ay

. (oo% "or the sign o" airayobstr!cion &paradoxicalchest, abdominal

movements, accessorym!scles o" respiration'

/. Treat airay obstr!ction asan emergency airayopening manoe!vres,s!ction, insertion o" an

oronasopharyngealairay'

;. Give oxygen at highconcentration'

1omplete airayobstr!ctionno

breath so!nds at themo!th or nose.

8artial obstr!ction air entry is diminished

and o"ten noisy.

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'reathing

(oo%, listen, and "eel"or the general sign o"

respiratory distress 1o!nt the respiratory

rate

circulation

(oo% at the colo!rs o" thehands and digits

Assess the limb temperat!re

by "eeling the patients hands

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disability

Assess the patientconscio!s level rapidly

Examine the p!pils >evie entrite the A)1

E!posure

To examine the patientproperly "or expos!re

o" the body isnecessary

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