AnandabodhaShibira Epistemology 2013
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Transcript of AnandabodhaShibira Epistemology 2013
7/23/2019 AnandabodhaShibira Epistemology 2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/anandabodhashibira-epistemology-2013 1/22
ëq h Ìu c UÈ
¥ÀæªÀiÁt«ZÁgÀEpistemology
Vijayananda J
Krishna Kadiri
28th April 2013
7/23/2019 AnandabodhaShibira Epistemology 2013
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What’s that .. Epistemology?
• Study of knowledge Eleents of Knowledge Sour!es of Knowledge Valid knowledge" #n$alid knowledge" %ou&t
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Schedule
• 'ow do we know( ) A dis!ussion E*aples fro daily life E*aples fro aths" s!ien!e
• +raditional ,raework - .raana)$i!hara• A &rief peep into .raanas" their s!ope"
!lassifi!ation et!/• %is!ussion - whi!h praana to use for what • hats ne*t
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We will focus only on facts
• ,a!ts Sun rises in the east
anohan Singh is the . of #ndia
•
4eliefs #f Sa!hin hits a !entury" the #ndian tea will lose the
at!h
• 5pinions South)#ndians are hardworking
+his dosa is too &ig
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How do we know that…
• +here is a pot in the house• # a hearing a song•
+he food is tasty• +he perfue sells good• #t is !old in the night •
+here is no pot here• +here was a pot yesterday• # e*ist
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How do we know that…
• #f we put sugar in the paanaka" it will taste
sweet• #f we put ri!e on fire along with water" it will
&e!oe soft • She likes e• Another person is li$ing or dead
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How do we know that…
• .a$an is not at hoe &e!ause # talked to hi
on at his offi!e landline nu&er just now/• 'e !annot see/• #t A6 rain today/• +here was one ango/ #f 7aa" akshana"
4harata did not eat it" who ate it
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How do we know that…
• 4ritish #n$asion happened• 6our great)grand)father fought for
#ndependen!e• Kalidasa !oposed eghaduuta• Sri adh$aa!haarya e*isted•
+here is a hea$en soewhere
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How do we know…
• #n aths -29100:102
√2 is irrational
Any nu&er di$ided &y 1 result in the sae nu&er
+here is no round)s;uare
• #n S!ien!e -
<ewtons first law+here is no !oet &etween sun and earth now
#t is in!orre!t to assue that hea$ier o&je!ts fall ;ui!ker
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How do we know - Answers
1/ .er!eption ¥ÀævÀåPÀë ,ro sensory organs et!/ ,ro EA¢æ0iÀÄ (indriya=
• All e*aples of >pot" >!old at the night et!/ pertain to per!eption/
• 4ut EA¢æ0iÀÄ indriya is not sae as >sensory organ/ #ndriya is ateendriya/
#ndriya is the shakti within the sensory organ/
• .ariikshita pratyaksha : tested per!eption
• #ndriyas ha$e liitations/ Eyes !annot sell/
•
%enial of an o&je!t !an happen only fro that #ndriya" whi!h itspresen!e !an &e affired/ ?Sell !an &e affired only &y nose" therefore la!k of sell
!an &e affired only &y nose" not &y eyes=/
• eory is !ogni@ed &y anas/
• Sakshi ?ji$a= !ogni@es - self" spa!e" tie/ <ot generated &y #ndriya/
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How do we know - Answers
2/ #nferen!e" logi!" reasoning sing reasons" in$aria&le !on!oitan!e et!/
#f B is there" 6 will also &e there/ e see only B" &ut infer 6 &e!ause of in$aria&le relation &etween
the/
•
C£ÀĪÀiÁ£À anumAna not !dou"t’#
• <ot Soke itself" &ut Knowledge of Soke 9 ªÁå¦Û?$yApti=/ Vyapti is understood after repeated
o&ser$ations et!/
• C#f the road is wet" it ust ha$e rained last night/ <o&ody poured water/ So it ust ha$e
rainedD/ e did not see" hear" sell the rain/ #t is only >inferred &ased on the reason that
road is wet/
•
anuAna is used to know things that are not dire!tly per!epti&le" &ut the hetu isper!epti&le/ ,ire is not a$aila&le to pratyakSha" &ut Soke is/
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How do we know - Answers
• S!ien!e and aths use inferen!e e*tensi$elyF• #n aths -29100:102 - dire!t proof
√2 is irrational - proof &y !ontradi!tion
Any nu&er di$ided &y 1 result in the sae nu&er - atheati!al indu!tion
+here is no round)s;uare - %edu!tion
• #n S!ien!e -<ewtons first law - 7epeated o&ser$ations
+here is no !oet &etween sun and earth now - %ire!t per!eption
#t is in!orre!t to assue that hea$ier o&je!ts fall ;ui!ker - +ested per!eption
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How do we know - Answers
• 3. Agama, Scripture ) +e*ts or Senten!es without any istakes or wrong
inforation
• 6our great)grand)father fought for #ndependen!e &e!ause your grand)father
told so and he is trust)worthy/
• 4ritish #n$asion happened &e!ause there are any histori!al artifa!ts -
do!uents" letters" photographs" &iographies of so any people/
• Kalidasa !oposed eghaduuta - it is in history &ook/
• Sri adh$aa!haarya e*isted - it is in history &ook
• +here is a hea$en soewhere - it is in the Veda
• %o we dis&elie$e peoples words &y default or do we &elie$e the 5ne or two people
lying is a!!epta&le" &ut what a&out so any people ies" in!orre!t inforation happen !oe when there is a reason for the to lie/ hen no su!h reasons are there"
truth is told &y default/ E$en 1 or 2 people lie when there is a reason/
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How do we know - Summary
• .ratyaksha - for knowledge o&tained through indriyas
• Anuaana - ,or knowledge o&tained through a pro!ess of reasoning
•
Agaa - ,or knowledge o&tained through te*ts ?ore a&out this" later=
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Elements of $nowledge
• Su&je!t : Vishaya
• Validity : prAA<ya
• hoe$er has the knowledge : knower : praAtru
• +ypes of Knowledge Valid knowledge : praA ?this is a pot=
#n$alid knowledge : &hraa ?this is a snake=
%ou&t : sashaya ?#s that a tree or a an=
• Sour!es of knowledge generate $alid knowledge" unless there is a C.754ED/
# see things !orre!tly unless # ha$e jaundi!e/
# !annot infer fire" if # did not know that Chere$er there is soke" there is fireD/
# !an trust peoples stateents unless # think that they ay &e lying or e*aggerating/
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Agama continued...
• Two types of texts Authored +e*ts
nauthored +e*ts : Veda/
•
nauthored +e*ts are free fro istakes/ All istakes happen onlydue to authors/ +herefore te*ts without authors ha$e no istakes/
#f Author is ignorant" it A6 lead to istakes in te*t
#f Author does not want to gi$e !orre!t inforation" it A6 lead to istakes
#f Author is in!apa&le ?does not know proper language" &lind" deaf et!/= then it A6 lead to
istakes/ #n the !on$erse" whene$er there are istakes in te*ts ?or spee!h=" definitely then the author is
responsi&le/
So how !an there &e istakes in unauthored te*ts
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%an there "e an unauthored te&t?
• 4ut how !an there &e te*t without author +he rule that all te*ts ha$e authors is known only through #ndu!ti$e reasoning/ Just like
we know that any nu&er di$ided &y itself gi$es 1" without di$iding e$ery nu&er we
know/
E*!eptions in indu!ti$e reasoning are identifiied when we see the" just like we identify
0 as an e*!eption to the a&o$e rule/ #t fails when 0 is di$ided &y 0/• So how do we identify e*!eptions in rule regarding te*ts and authors
#rrespe!ti$e of whether su!h te*ts e*ist or not" what is the rule to
identify an e*!eption ?,alsifia&ilityF entioning when ones theory
will go wrong=/
#t is only if they are reputed to &e unauthored/ 'ow u!h reputed As u!h as neededto reo$e the possi&ility of a lie or de!eption or ignoran!e/
+his !riterion is et only &y $edas/ So they are an e*!eption/
• Author)not)known is not sae as <o)author/ Akasha does not ha$e a
!reator" we dont say Akashas !reator is not known/
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When to use Agama
• hen that knowledge !annot &e o&tained through per!eption or
inferen!e
• E*aples ) %hara" adhara" what to do" what not to do" s$arga"
naraka - how do we get this knowledge <ot through .er!eption &e!ause no&ody !an see" hear" tou!h the
<ot through inferen!e" logi! ?tarka=F lÉ cÉ AlÉÑqÉÉlÉÉSÏlÉÉÇ AÉaÉqÉÇ ÌuÉlÉÉ mÉëÉqÉÉhrÉÇ kÉqÉÉïÌSwÉ Ñ ?Anuana and pratyaksha" without the aid of Agaa" !annot &e!oe praA<a for
dhara and others=/
5nly through Agaa
• ore e*aplesF pApa" pu<ya <ot doing sandhyA$andana will result in pApa/ 'ow do we know
5ne should fast on ekadashi/ 'ow do we know
5ne should not eat during e!lipsesF 'ow do we know
.urpose &ehind applying gopi!handana
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So what are Agamas?
• Apaurusheya Vedas is the priary Agaa/ Anything that is in line with the is $alid ) sadAgaa
Anything that is not in line with the is in$alid ) durAgaa
• aha&harata ?in!ludes 4haga$adGita and Vishnu)sahasranaa=
• 7aayana ?not Valikis" &ut the original 7aayana written &y 'ayagri$a=
• 4rahasutras
• .an!haratras
Why not Shaiva tantra, Shaakta tantra?
Veda)$iruddha
•
Satt$ika puranas/ Why not others?
Veda)$iruddha
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'nterpretation of Agamas
• 5thers too a!!ept Agaas" &ut partially/
• eak rules of interpretation/ ike >aha &rahaasi/
• A!haryas ain ruleF na !ha anu&ha$a$irodhe Agaasya prAA<ya/ ?Agaa is not $alid if it !ontradi!ts esta&lished anu&ha$a/ So no Agaa !an &e $alid" if its
interpetation says that you are infinite God=/
• So how do we interpret?
• sing 4rahasutras
• Why should we trust Brahmasutras?
• 4e!ause they are logi!al" are &ased on Vedas" and are written &y ost
trustworthy 4eing - Sri Veda$yasa/
• How do we know he is trustworthy?
• ,ro shaastra/ Shaastra says <arayana is Veda$yasa and all words of God are
praana/ Sar$a &haga$ad$a!hana praA<a
• +hen why not 4uddha - 4e!ause of la!k of shrotranukulya(
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(id we miss any )ramanas?
• #llustrations are not praA<as/ +hey are only for e*planation/ Ji$a erging into God are like pouring water into water/
• C# guess that #ndia will win the at!hD - #s this praA<a
• tilityF #f # study E!onoi!s &ook" # will &e!oe su!!essful/ +herefore it is
praA<aD - is this !orre!t .rayojana does not ean praA<a/ Siilarly"
worshipping Santoshi aa or ayyappa ay result in teporary good" &ut it
does not ean they are supported &y praA<a/
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शमधकषर मसಶಮಧಕಷರಮ!"#
shr#adh$esha)Krishnarpanaastu