Analytical Study of Community Development Programs

for Socio-economic Development in Pakistan

Ph.D Thesis

By

Siraj Bashir

for

The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work

Department of Social Work

Faculty of Social Sciences

University of Karachi, Pakistan

2017

Analytical Study of Community Development Programs

for Socio-economic Development in Pakistan

Ph.D Thesis

By

Siraj Bashir

Under the supervisor

Prof. Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah

Department of Social Work

University of Karachi, Pakistan

2017

Approval Sheet

Certified that the study entitled " Analytical Study of Community Development Programs

for Socio-economic Development in Pakistan" was carried out by Siraj Bashir under my

supervision and fulfils the requirements prescribed by the University of Karachi for the

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work.

Approved

Prof. Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah

Research supervisor

Department of Social Work

University of Karachi

Date:

Dedication

My

Beloved Family

Always there when needed

Acknowledgements

First and foremost thanks to God who blessed me with the potential and capability to

complete the manuscript. I would like to acknowledge and appreciate to my beloved family,

in general for their great and sincere support, encouragement and keen interest in my

studies. My family has always been strong sources behind all, which I have achieved in my

life.

My prime thanks are due to my guide and supervision, honorable Prof. Dr. Nasreen Aslam

Shah, Department of Social Work, University of Karachi, Pakistan. I feel a great sense of

gratitude for her great enthusiastic, scholarly and sincere leadership without which this

manuscript would have not been completed in its present form.

My field work has been successfully completed owing mostly to considerable support

extended to me by Mr. Mojahid Baloch, CEO DOC Balochistan, Mr. Muhammad Islam, Mr.

Taqseer Bashir, Mr. Yaseen Dashti & Mr. Hammal Mir, M.Phil scholars University of

Karachi, Sindh and a number of interested workers in the field.

I also acknowledge with deep gratitude and pleasure for the important contribution and

support of several people from different NGOs throughout country in completing this

research on community development programs for socio-economic development in Pakistan.

My sincere thanks are due to a large number of friends, colleagues and students who helped

in completing the present research. Special mention to may be made of Mr. Zahir Hussain

Director of School of Intensive Teaching, Pakistan.

The numerous libraries and there staff have very kindly helped to provide assistance with

regard to this research. Without mentioning individual names, I express my gratitude to all

of them.

Finally, I am so much thankful to all respondents who co-operated and supported me in

conducting interviews.

Siraj Bashir

Abstract

According to Sustainable Development Policy Institute (2014), Pakistan "58.7 million

people in Pakistan are living in multidimensional poverty with 46 per cent of rural

population and 18 per cent of urban households falling below the poverty line." Practices of

International Development have flagged community development programs as means to

improve the living standard of people. Community development programs can provide

opportunities to local people to improve the socio-economic condition and also use the

existing recourses in better way.

It is an approach that aims to bring about the changes in the society. These changes are

actually planned at development of the society. It aims at all-around development people. It

means at involving people, particularly of the areas in the development activities. The most

broadly understood definition of the term was developed by United Nation organization: "

community development refers to the process by which the efforts of the people themselves

are united with those governmental authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural

conditions of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress”.

The development proposes that the emerging nations move through a series of phases of

evolution towards modernization is on the basis of social, political and economic

stabilization. Nowadays in the world, every country considers community development as

an important approach for public development ,therefore; every country attempts to

implement several programs of community development to improve the living standard of

communities. Community development concept has been adopted rapidly by a variety of

donor agencies as well as by many national governments in the world. A number of modest

national community development programs were implemented primarily in British Africa

around 1948. The first major community development program was initiated in India in

1952 with the support from Ford Foundation and the United States Foreign Economic

Assistance Agencies.

From the inception of Pakistan up to the present day, Government of Pakistan and

International and National Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) have implemented a

number of community development programs in whole country as means to develop the

living standard of people in the country.

This thesis explores the impacts and contributions of community development programs for

socio-economic development in Pakistan. The study includes case studies, in-depth

interviews and focus group discussions with government officials ,NGOs staff and

beneficiaries in the field. Recommendations was made as to the best practices of community

development programs for policy makers and NGOs to improve the living standard of

people in the country.

Contents

Dedication………………………………………………………………………………….i Approval sheet ………………………………………….…………………………………ii

Abstract…………………………………………………………………….……………...iii Urdu Abstract………………………………………………………………...…………....iv

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...........v

List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………...….vi

List of Appendices………………………………………………………………..……… vii

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The concept of development 2

1.3 Social development and social welfare 4

1.4 Meaning and definition of community 6

1.5 Community organization 7

1.6 Community development 8

1.7 The process of community development 10

1.7.1 Community organizing 11

1.7.2 Community visioning 11

1.7.3 Community planning 12

1.7.4 Community implementation 12

1.7.5 Monitoring and evaluation 12

1.8 Ethics / Principles of community development 14

1.8.1 Development comes from within 14

1.8.2 No vision, no development 14

1.8.3 Development must be linked with the communities culture 14

1.8.4 Trusting 14

1.8.5 Unity 14

1.8.6 Participation 15

1.8.7 Justices 15

1.8.8 Move to the positive 15

1.8.9 Sustainability 15

1.8.10 Learning 15

1.8.11 Morals and ethics 16

1.8.12 Interconnectedness 16

1.9 Indicators of community development 16

1.10 The key actors of community development approach 18

1.10.1. Local governments 18

1.10.2. Provincial and federal governments 18

1.10.3. Politicians 19

1.10.4. NGOs 19

1.10.5. Religious leaders 19

1.11 A brief overview of socio-economic situation in Pakistan 19

1.12 The need of community development programs in Pakistan 20

1.13 The role of NGOs in terms of community development 21

1.14 The research problem 22

1.15 The objectives of the research 23

1.16 The scope of the research 23

1.17 The justification of the research 24

1.18 The basic research paradigm 25

1.19 Hypotheses of the study 26

1.20 The key concepts 26

1.21 The outline of chapters 29

1.22 End notes 31

Chapter Two: Review of Literature

Part I. Review of the Theoretical Literature

2.1. Introduction 36

2.2. Development theories 36

2.2.1. Modernization theory 37

2.2.2. Dependency theory 38

2.3. Alternative approaches to development 39

2.3.1. Need-based approach 40

2.3.2. People-centered development approach 41

2.3.3. Human development approach 42

2.3.4. The right-based approach 43

2.3.5. Participatory approach 44

2.3.6. The Millennium Development Goals 48

2.3.7. The Sustainable Development Goals 49

2.4. Models of community development 55

2.4.1. Asset-based community development 49

2.4.2. Community-driven development 53

2.5. Approaches of community development 55

2.5.1 External agent approach 56

2.5.2 Multiple approach 56

2.5.3 Inner-resources approach 56

2.6. Local leadership and community development 57

2.6. 1. Social skills 57

2.6.2. Empathy 58

2.6.3. Self-Awareness 58

2.6.4. Motivation 58

2.6.5. Self-Regulation 58

2.7. Community participation in community development programs 58

Part II. The Historical Background & Review of Related Literature of

Community Development Programs in Pakistan

2.8.History of community development 61

2.9.Historical development of community development in Pakistan 62

2.10.Major community development programs by government of Pakistan 64

2.10.1. Village Agricultural and Industry Development (V-AID) 66

2.10.2. Rural works program 67

2.10.3. People's works program 67

2.10.4. Integrated rural development program 67

2.10.5. People's program I &II (1989-90 & 1993-97) 69

2.10.6. Tameer-e-watan program I &II (1991-93 & 1996-98) 69

2.10.7. Social action program I & II (1993-96 & 1997-2002) 69

2.11. Community development programs by NGOs 71

2.11.1. Orangi Pilot Project 71

2.11.2. Aga Khan Rural Support Program 76

2.11.3. National Rural Support Program 81

2.11.4. Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS) 87

2.12. Current framework of community development programs in Pakistan 91

2.12.1. Benazir Income Support Program (2008 till present) 91

2.13. End notices 96

Chapter Three: Methodology

3.1. Introduction 113

3.2. Selection of the research problem 113

3.3. Universe or population 114

3.4. The sample 114

3.5. The Interviewing schedule 115

3.6. Pre-testing 116

3.7. The procedure of data collection 116

3.8. The process of data and their analysis 117

3.9. End notes 120

Chapter Four: The Data and Analysis

4.1. Tables and analysis of data 123

4.2. Testing of hypotheses 218

Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1. Introduction 222

5.2. Summary 222

5.3. Conclusions 223

5.4. Recommendations 228

Appendices:

Appendix 1: Glossary 231

Appendix 2: Bibliography 234

Appendix 3: Web- bibliography 251

Appendix 4: Interviewing Schedule/Questionnaire 252

Appendix 5: Photographs 267

Appendix 6: List maps, programmers.etc related to the research topic 271

List of Tables

Table No Contents Page No

1. Province of Respondents 123

2. Gender of Respondents 124

3. Age of Respondents 125

4. Marital Status of Respondents 126

5. Mother Tongue of Respondents 127

6. Cultural Background of Respondents 129

7. Religious of Respondents 130

8. Type of Family of Respondents 131

9. Head of Family of Respondents 132

10. Educational Qualification of Respondents 134

11. Number of Children go to School of Respondents 136

12. Available Educational Facilities in Community 137

13. Condition of Educational Facilities 139

14. Is there any Family Who does not send their Children to School 140

15. If Yes, that what is the reason 141

16. Do Boys and Girls are Provided equal Opportunity to Education 143

17. Are Girls Allowed to Get formal Education at their Own Selection 144

18. If No, then who is opposing the education of girls in community 145

19. Occupation of Respondents 147

20. Total Employees from Family 149

21. Personal Monthly Income 150

22. Do Your Community Has Skill Development Center 151

23. House Status 152

24. Type of House 153

25. Rooms of House 154

26. Source of Water 155

27. Availability of facilities 157

28. Do you have separate Kitchen 159

29. Do you have Separate Bathroom 160

30. What do you Think about Available Housing Facilities 161

31. Health Condition of Respondents 162

32. Available Health Facilities 163

33. Condition of Health Facilities in your Community 164

34. Suffering from any kind of Illness 165

35. If yes, then to whom you mostly visit 166

36. In your Community usually where Delivery take Place 167

37. Who Attends the Birth in your Community 168

38. How do you Dispose the Garbage 169

39. Are you Satisfied with your Community Condition 170

40. Any Initiative by Community regarding Health Improvement 171

41. What does Community mean to you 172

42. Importance of Community 174

43. What Problems you are facing in your Community 176

44. How you see Community role in Development process 178

45. Key Indicator of Community well-being 179

46. What is your understanding about Community Development 180

47. Is there any Community Development Program in your community 181

48. How does the Programs start in your Community 182

49. Implemented Community Development Programs past 10 years 184

50. Do you think these Programs address the community issues 185

51. If No, then what are the reason 186

52. The Capacity to Initiate Community Development Program 188

53. If No, what are the key reason 189

54. Who Makes the Decision in Community 191

55. Have you been Involved any Community Level Decision 193

56. Do you think Local People Participation is Necessary in CDPs 194

57. Who Benefits More 195

58. Are there any Family in your Community Whose living Conditions 196

Improved after CDPs

59. Have you Participated in any Project Planning in your Community 197

60. Have you been Involved in any Project Need Assessment 198

61. Do you think People know about these Community Development Programs 199

62. If No, than what are main reasons 200

63. Influence of Local Cultural and Community Head in Programs 201

64. How Long NGOs are Involved in your Community 202

65. What is the Attitude of Govt. and NGOs 203

66. Are Govt./NGOs taking some Steps to Make your Community Self-Reliant 204

67. Who Own the Community Development Projects 205

68. Do you think Tribe System is a Barrier toward Success of Community 206

Development Programs

69. What is the Challenges for Effective Local People Participation in Community

Development Programs 207

70. What Should be Done to Improve the Effective Local People Participation in

Community Development Programs 208

71. DO you think Community Development Programs can Improve People's Lives and

Participate in a Democratic Process in Pakistan 209

72. Do you think Community Development be Considered as Nation Building

Strategy 210

73. How Effective NGOs Programs is Improving Local people Lives 211

74. What are the Impacts of these programs 212

75. How Successful do you Rate these Community Development Programs 213

76. How do you See Community Partnership with Govt. and NGOs 214

77. Who Carried out the M&E 215

78. Future of Community Development Programs 216

79. DO you think the Sustainability of these Programs will be Maintained 217

1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Community Development is an approach to bring about changes in a whole community.

These changes are actually planned at the development of the community. It involves all

people, particularly of the areas in the development activities. Community development can

offer possibilities to local people to enhance the socio-economic circumstance and

additionally use the existing resources in a better way. Community development is defined

as a participatory people-centered method that involves to carry together, mobilize or

prepare the people, keep them collectively and allow them to work together to deal with the

desires and issues and for this reason to facilitate their groups1.

Community development has been practiced for so long as there have been humans even the

term may be referred to as, within the different phrases, "Community Regeneration" and "

Civil Society." The activities of community development had been carried out via

authorities departments and private organizations (Non-governmental organizations). The

modern roots of community development as a discipline to post-world war II reconstruction

efforts to improvement less developed countries2. At the others face, the American War

Struggle on Poverty of the Nineteen Sixties with its emphasis on resolving local housing and

social problems was used as a big impact on present day community development3.

The term community development first formally got use in 1948 on the British Cambridge

Convention on the development of African Initiative. Community development was

proposed to help the British colonies in Africa for independence by means of enhancing

local authorities and developing their economics4. Community development was also the

product of the cold-warfare era of the late Nineteen Forties and Nineteen Fifties. Its

principles have been derived consciously or unconsciously from theories without delay

against progressive doctrines. Community development was designed to put off this risk by

bringing people as one, inviting them into harmonious groups and mobilizing them for

common endeavors. Community development promised to generate permanent political

peace and brief economic increase. After a decade of revel in, it has become obtrusive that

neither promise may be fulfilled besides in uncommon and isolated instances.

The pursuits of community development programs have been to increase self-help, self-

assurance within the character and cohesion within the community so that the humans are

able to manipulate their affairs by means of themselves and make the local groups self-

governing systems to develop and maintain techniques and mechanisms for improving get

entry to local services.

2

The importance of community development approach was recognized after three major

activities inclusive of democratic political revaluation of France and Britain and the Second

World War. After these three key occasions, the complete community was destroyed and

full of some of the social problems. Then the social workers and sociologists delivered an

approach with the call of community development approach for the rebuilding in all

capabilities. From that point until now, the program is operating successfully; community

development is that approach in which the social scientists and other thinkers are of the view

that improvement alteration is not always possible without the participation of the

community.

The development proposes that the emerging nations move through a sequence of stages of

evolution towards modernization are on the idea of social, political and financial

stabilization. These days in the global, every country considers community development as

an essential method for public improvement, therefore; each attempts to implement several

approaches of community development to improve the living standard of communities.

Community development concept has been adopted rapidly with the support of an expansion

of donor agencies in addition to by way of many countrywide governments within the world.

Some of the modest national community development approaches had been implemented

normally in British Africa around 1948. The first main community development approach

was initiated in India in 1952 with the help from Ford Foundation and the United States

overseas economic help organizations.

While Pakistan attained independence in 1947, the nation confronted some of the social and

economic issues. At the beginning, there were number of the issues for example, bad

infrastructure, illiteracy, rehabilitation of refugees, loss of funds and poverty of masses. To

resolved those issues, the government of Pakistan sought the assistance of the United

Nations with the view to formulating community development approaches. Community

development as an approach was introduced in 1951, when first UN advisor came in March

1952, analyzed the problems and needs suggested professional approach. Since 1951 till

today various community development programs were implemented by government and

non-government organizations (NGOs).The main aims of various community development

programs were to bring to planned socio-economic change in the country.

1.2. The Concept of Development

Development is a process to improve the socio-economic and political situations, and it

gives equal opportunities to all for better life supporting each social justice and efficiency

among hundreds. It additionally achieves an extra degree of profits, safety, and improved the

facilities for health, education, social welfare, housing and etc.

The concept of development has changed time to time and even these days. There are

different schools of thought. Many people related the idea of development with modernity.

3

'Modernity’ in its wide sense means the state of being modern, new or up-to-date, therefore,

the idea of modernity situates people in time5. Exclusive changes are happening in our

everyday existence, so the sample of modernity will alternate now and again.

The concept of development gained a great value after Second World War. The easy way to

measure development is with one of a kind indicator which includes as gross per capita

income. This attitude changed into connected with financial improvement and economic

growth. The nations with sustained growth of GNP or per capita income were measured as

developed country. This concept of development is supported by worldwide companies

consisting of the World Bank and different local trends and national governments in the

global.6 The World Bank makes use of cross countrywide product consistent with capital

(GNP %.) to distribute the countries of the sector into improvement components. Low-

income countries are defined as those with a GNP p.c. figure in 2001 of US$744 or less,

lower-middle-income countries have US$745–2,964, upper-middle-income countries

US$2,975–9,204 and high-income countries are those with GNP p.c. of US$9,205 or

greater7.

During Nineteen Seventies-Eighties, a new idea of development seemed in which

development was taken into consideration as a situation of human well-being rather than as

the condition of GNP. This concept presented in Cocoyoc assertion in Mexico in 1974 via

United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCID) and the United Nations

Environment Program (UNEP). According to the statement(1974), our first challenge is to

redefine the whole structure of development. This must no longer be to improve material

matters but to develop a human being. People have basic needs, food, safe water, clothing,

health and education. Any method of development that does not direct to their fulfillment or

even not as good as interrupts them is a travesty of the notion of improvement8.

Within the late Nineteen Eighties, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), which

divided human well-being approach into three dimensions of development in terms of an

extended and healthy lifestyles, education and knowledge and a decent standard of living.

The general concept of this approach changed into to remove poverty and inequality in

different societies. After this approach, development is understood and measured not only in

economic feature but also in terms of social well-being: health, education and political

structure and a standard live. This is why it not been said that development is not only to be

measured in terms of economic growth but is also to be defined as growth in social change9.

The human well-being concept of development referred that everyone man or women ought

to gather moral and material well-being. The ultimate purpose of development is to provide

everyone with ever increasing opportunities for a better life. It, consequently, calls for an

equitable distribution of profits and different assets so that it will carry justice and equality

and well-prepared manufacturing to elevate stages of services substantially to make bigger

and improve centers for training, health, nutrients, housing and social and cultural well-

4

being. The qualitative and structured adjustments that improvement imposes on society must

cross hand in hand with financial progress even as racial ethnic and social inquilines ought

to be considerably decreased. There are decisive factors in hastening improvement and as a

result, have to be dealt with dynamism10.

A new approach to the idea of development is linked with equality, the reduction of

inequality between individuals or social groups and inequality between areas which includes

the distance between rural and urban areas. This concept was presented via Dudley Seers

whose article referred to as " The that means of development" within the International

Development Evaluation. He said doing away with the increased charge as a development

degree in developing countries and sought rather pay attention to equality and the reduction

of unemployment and poverty. A new method has regarded in many nations-MDGs is

growing greater and higher health, training, undertaking, housing, and different facilities.

The pressure on according to capita earnings to address poverty stages is some of the

hundreds to fulfill the simple desires of most of the people of the humans. For this reason,

the primary goal of development is to enhance the general well-being of existence and to

satisfy the basic needs of the general public of the human beings in a country.

1.3.Social Development and Social Welfare

Modern social development policy and program need an updated policy formation pattern of

thinking a number of principles, values, approaches and manners. The precondition on

which all new capability is constructed is the improvement of a theoretical shape which

exhibits the man or woman's or community's knowledge of the world to locate itself within

the international and to make selections in terms of it11. The difference among social

development and social welfare and their link to every other always confuses people because

the phrases are occasionally used with the identical which means. There's additionally

misunderstanding to their structure and position. Whether or not social welfare comes below

social development or no longer. Social development as a method to social welfare and

states shows a different reaction to the social issues of distorted development.12

The concept of social welfare is essential to the idea of social development. The term social

welfare is by and large misunderstood in a modern-day society where it is related with

charity for poor households and communities. The that means of social welfare was

referring usually to a circumstance of human well-being and prosperity; a state of social

welfare be supplied while individuals, families, groups skilled a high diploma of welfare.

Midgley defined social welfare as a “state of human properly-being that gives whilst social

troubles are dealt with while human needs are met, and when social opportunities are

maximized."13

In past, human-well was the duty of people and families. People and households have been

stimulated to assist their family or even their friends who need assists such as aged , disabled

5

and food. Now in this modern generation, the classical or traditional shape of social welfare

is fully modified; governments and NGOs have taken this duty. Now social works entirely

depend on professional employees who work with individuals, agencies, and groups with

clinical and prepared methods.

Governments and NGOs try to improve the residing standard of human beings through a

number of community development approaches. McKendrick (1987)14 defined social

welfare as a based system of social welfare services and institutions prepared to help poor

people and corporations in attaining pleasant requirements of lives. It was to have private

and social family members which allow them to develop their full capacities and to broaden

their well-being in harmony with the needs of their households and the communities. Social

welfare may be implemented via three welfare models: institutional, residual and structural.

The commence of institutional social welfare model started out after Second World War to

reconstruct the damaged structures of groups. The evolved country took the responsibility to

provide the fundamental requirements of lifestyles such as schooling, health, housing

facilities and jobs for its populace15. Beveridge's report was considered a landmark for

Institutional model of welfare. In 1941, William Beveridge was assigned the project of

surveying the present countrywide tasks of coverage all allied facilities. The Beveridge

document encouraged the start of a supply for youngsters as much as the age of fifteen or if

in everlasting education, up to the age of sixteen making sure that parents might be able to

feed and clothe the kid; the start of health and rehabilitation services for the prevention and

the danger of illnesses and restitution of capacity for workings are available to all

contributors of the community.16

The second one model of welfare is residual version that concentrates on social troubles and

disparities, and social welfare is normally understood as cash or any form of pays to

disadvantaged humans who want assist due to physical or mental illness, poverty, age,

disability, or differently described conditions17. On this model, services have to be given

most effective to the ones those who aren't capable of addressing their problems.

Government or Non-governmental organizations must help them until they again gain

suitability to exercise his or her responsibility like a normal people.

The third model " structural model" is also known " social development model". It is being

used by present states and International and National agencies throughout the world. Third

World countries' social development is analyzed as a latest approach to social welfare 18 .

The United Nations considered social development as the greater capacity of the social

structure, institutions, services and policy to use resources to produce acceptable changes in

levels of living. It is linked in the wide sense to the accepted social values and improved

provisions of income, wealth, and opportunities19.

Kumar, H (1997)20 defined a new attention to social development. She says that the idea of

planned change is the important thing concern of social development. Kumar expresses

6

some of the critical characteristics which are based on the Indian context are in relevance

with Pakistani communities. She states that demonstration and mass mobilization are

required much more in social development in a link to social welfare. She mentions a

number of the actions of social development as improvement and decrease of poverty;

combating exploitation and repression, social action, mass mobilization and campaigning;

lobbying and advocacy are two significant expertise's which in India [and Pakistan] are not

used at present with the full force; development of pressure groups and development of

human resources 21. Social development and community development are linked with each

other and both have a precious area in social welfare. It's because social development offers

a clear coverage structure for social welfare programs, and community development

provides the suitable and suited shape for the implementation of the social welfare

programs.

1.4. Meaning and Definition of Community

Due to fast adjustments in the industrialization, urbanization, information technology and

communication, it is not always a smooth task to delineate the term of the community

because these adjustments have influenced the social and physical structure of a community.

It may be described as a collection of people residing in a selected geographic location under

the same laws and guidelines or may be having the same career, religion, and language.

The word " community" is derived from Latin and has been used in the English Language

since the 14th century. It gives two ideas, the first is the development of social grouping and

the second one is the connection among the particular community members. The concept of

community become further advanced within the 19th century to distinguish the activities and

relationships of inhabitants within a local setting to that of larger and industrial societies.

The concept of community is described in some of ways by numerous experts. According

to Hillman(1950)22 said, "a group of people based on some unique standards and common

values which might be shared via different people. The distinctive criteria for identifying a

community can be a geographical region (village, town, town, district, state , and many

others), caste, faith(Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Parsi, Christian and Muslim), Language (Marathi,

Urdu, English, French and Japanese) , profession (business, teaching, labor so forth), ethnic

origin (European, Asian, African, and so forth)."

Hillman's (1950a)23 analysis of 94 definitions of community showed three most common

elements of the concept of community. These are area, common ties and social relations. In

the same way, modern authors of community development textbooks have discussed the

concept of community in terms of core characteristics. These are the size of population and

harmony among people, identity and belonging, primary relationships and attachment and

local culture.

7

The World Health Organizations has described the community as 'a selected group of

people, regularly living in a defined geographical region, who share a common culture,

values and norms, are organized in a social shape in keeping with connections in which the

community has evolved over a period of time. Members of a community gain their personal

and social identity by sharing common beliefs, values and norms which have been

developed by the community in past and may be modified in the future. They show off some

consciousness in their identity as a group, and share ordinary necessitates and a promise to

reaching them.24

A community has considered a collection of folks that shared their desires, needs and

interests to assist or guide each member in a community. A community is a selected

geographical region with shared interests and wishes of its individuals. From the above

definitions of community, we can conclude with these phrases that community is a grouping

of folks that live in a specific place with a complete variety of day by day felt desires 25.

Currently, three kinds of communities are classified:

I. Geographic communities share physical area. In this sort of community, the members of

the community make contact with each other to fulfill their primary desires and pursuits.

This sort of community ought to experience a sense of belonging and feature some social

norms and values. In such groups, how power is distributed, has a significant impact on how

the community develops.

II. Communities of interest, in which people make interactions with each other on the basis

of a common interest (e.g. teachers in university). Such group also can be shaped with

specific characteristics out of doors in their manipulate with low profits that supply them a

sense of not unusual identification and shared worries.

III. Virtual communities, a group of people who proportion a general interest and correspond

and talk through the internet and see themselves as a definite group social aggregations that

emerge from the Net when people carry on those public discussions long enough, with

sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships26.

In this study, a community is a socially, culturally and economically surrounded institution

of residents with capacity, and they could make right decisions in any sort of community

development program for the mutual benefit of its members.

1.5. Community Organization

Community organization is a process through which a community acknowledges its basic

needs. So as to fulfill these needs or goals, it develops the confidence and works to obtain

these needs or targets. It also exposes the sources (inner and/or external) to cope with these

8

needs or objectives and take action in respect to them. In the meantime, it extends and

develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices inside the community27.

As a process, community organization includes the one's welfare services which can be

performed with the support of community members in accordance with the requires and

available community recourses. Community organization is the approach of dealing with

people and groups who are involved with social services. For the principle of manipulating

the degree of such services, the organization attempts to enhance the high-quality for further

achieving such objectives. The term community organization was not used in earlier days

whilst social welfare services had been supplied, and it was considered a charity based

approach to assist disadvantaged people. The concept of community organization was

evolved in the United states in 1870 from the experience to make organizations and

institutions more involve in social services process to help more needy people and also

promote citizen participation.

Each community has some particular needs. Community organization contains out the

responsibilities to fulfill these needs. For this cause, the organization employer uses,

develops, mobilizes and creates assets. The principle aim of it is to bring a balance situation

between community needs and resources; it decides the tasks to be performed as well as it

covers different fields including education, health, tourism etc. Community organization

assists people- a specific geography- improve their living quality. It is a participatory

approach to problem-solving. Human beings face some of the troubles that can be overcome

through participatory technique. Through this process, it facilitates to convey out numerous

voices to present collective power and strength to a trouble. Community organization is key

to bringing favored or deliberate modifications in a community. It alters the balance of

strength and creates new strength bases.

In the context of this study, community organization referred as a manner to prepared the

community members and gives a collective questioning, to cause them to self-sufficient and

self-reliant to identify the particular community needs and resources . on the basis of self-

help makes efforts for collective development.

1.6.Community Development

The idea of community development relates to the those interventions which allow local

communities to recognize their collective capacities or talents to become aware of their local

problems and utilize the existing sources to enhance the well-being of their participants.

Inside the present era, most countries are launching a number of community development

programs to deliver deliberate and acceptable adjustments of their domains.

Distinctive definitions of community development are available within the literature. They

vary from country to country and community to community, however, there is a few same

characteristic which are common universally. A generally accepted definition was evolved

9

by United States International Cooperation (1999)28 It stressed the process where members

of the community set to make and take collective actions regarding their local issues. They

recognize their local issues and felt needs and take initiatives collectively according to their

available resources. They also request for external aids from government and donor

agencies. From the other point of view, the United Nations (1975)29 defined that community

development is an organized process where members efforts of a community can be joined

with the collaboration of government departments and non-governmental organizations to

improve and evolve community socially, economically and culturally. These efforts should

be directed to national development.

For the beyond few many years, community development has recognized a subject of

interest to each academician and practitioners. A great range of academicians considers that

it is a process to build the capacities of people collectively by means of improving their

competencies. At the same time, the majority of practitioners agree with community

development as an outcome to improve the social, financial and physical situations or

structures of the community. Community development as a process develops and enhances

the potential to act collectively, and the outcomes, take collective moves to enhance the

community's various sectors like, environmental, cultural, social, political, economically

etc.30

The idea of community development has indicated numerous matters to several human

beings. It has been related by some as an umbrella term for all types of socio-economic

development programs at local community level. For many other people, it has supposed the

illustration of the local community on the applications making plans and implementation at

local level. The social movement that happens when somebody represents the consequence

of human development and people’s felt needs supports the local community as a part of

action.31 Similarly, the term community development has come into usage in international

businesses to deliver the planned and organized modifications with the support of people's

self-efforts to get better the financial, social and cultural situations of groups.32

Community development as a voluntary participation of individuals of that local community

in a systematic process bring some desirable improvements, especially, in health, education,

housing, recreation in that targeted community. These efforts give a clear path for

strengthening that community shape for human well-being. As Ismail(2001)33

mentioned,"....community development is a process of interventions at a community level

this is planned and organized movements in a particular manner in order to enhance the

standard of the existence of the community as mean in social, cultural and environmental

sectors through tasks and functioning participation and with minimum outside assist".

Pearce, J. (2000)34 recommends that community development approach incorporates three

key elements: collective empowerment, collective leadership and leading change through

dialogue. It is need of time to apply community development method at rural areas in

10

addition to city areas where local people have to be linked in all tiers inclusive of need

assessment, making plans and implementing the applications.

In this regard, we can say that community development process can be achieved for

numerous purposes:

• To improve the different sectors of a community which includes health, training,

housing, recreation and so forth.

• To inspire a community to prepare community-based plans to solve their troubles.

• To boost the capacities of local communities to identify their sources and interests

• To expand community leaders

• To construct a comprehensible relationship and cooperation among community

individuals

• To develop functioning community groups and organizations

However, community development has been taken into consideration as a way, a manner,

and a program. It desires a number of planned interventions to acquire its reason objectives.

These deliberate interventions may be taken for a single issue of the community or can focus

on a number of issues of that community. As an example, these approaches can be

associated with schooling, health, housing, agriculture and recreation.

1.7.The Process of Community Development

The process of community development is possibly very long, expensive and complex. The

members of the community usually need to get all the primary facilities which include

schooling, safe drinking water, clean environment and health services. With these, they

generally attempt to prepare to make plans to fulfill them. There are two special views

regarding community development process. Some scholars argue that the primary intention

of community development process is to elevate public involvement in community

interventions and it is not a matter whether their efforts are successful or not. On other side,

a few scholars argue that the ultimate goal is to improve the living standard of life in the

community. Though, the both procedure are vital for community development method.

As mentioned earlier, community development is a process which goes through different

phases. The process takes time, especially, if it is new in a community. Community

development process should follow five phases which are summarized below.

11

1.7.1 Community Organizing

Organizing begins with one motive or a number of purposes to alternate something for

betterment. It is a pattern for community individuals to set together to work collectively to

find solutions for their common problems. Organizing can be formed in a number of

methods. Community organizing can be formed in number of ways which includes

language, race, gender or sexual orientation. Issues of organizing deal with a specific

interest in schooling or housing. Community organizing focuses on region and tackles

people who live within the same place.35

In this first process, a locally based organization can be formed to implement community

development programs even as forming the organization. The involved people try and

supply equal representations to all groups, particularly religious, ethics and so forth. Due to

the fact their participation can lessen the complexities of projects or programs. Three styles

of approaches had been identified with the support of community developers regarding

problem-solving in communities through community organizing: services, advocacy, and

mobilization. Inside the first two approaches, the individuals of the communities will not be

involved concerning problem-solving. Actually, communities might not be requested.

Through the primary approach, a number receives basic requirements of lifestyles like health

services, insurance facility, food, employment and many others. This approach does not

focus on the causes of the problems or challenges. It just presents one-time service.

The second approach is advocacy which is also a method wherein an organization or one

person speaks or struggles for a deprived groups or individuals. Through this approach, they

try to influence the policy maker in addition to the decision makers or the related humans for

an change. The third approach named mobilization includes community participants to take

direct actions to assist local humans regarding projects. It is very vital for a community as it

includes absolutely everyone to remedy their troubles. There are two types of approaches to

mobilize community members: social action campaigns and the development version. In

social action campaigns, the purpose is to bring applicable and deliberate changes consisting

of promoting civil rights. The campaigns can be appeals, strikes, picketing, petitions, sit

down-ins and so on. The development model is more common at a community stage.

Through development social, economic offer distinct services to inclined groups, which

include social, economical, etc.36

1.7.2 Community Visioning

The second process of community development is called community visioning.

Communities used it as a technique to improve public participation in community

development programs.37 The visioning phase, but, tries to broaden a usual view for groups

and through this view, the organization wants to deliver a suitable and ideal change within

the communities. Without vision, communities can't move ahead as it provides a base via

12

which communities try to enhance their living standard of life. On this step, communities

members with the help of community developers understand their issues and want to tackle

these issues in a systematic way to bring a high-quality change for communities.

1.7.3 Community Planning

Planning is the vital process in community development programs. Planning is an organized

and systematic process of making a need and then doing the best approach to complete the

need, within a deliberate shape that that permits communities to apprehend their community

needs and assets and put into effect suited operational thoughts. Planning refers to thinking

about the future in order that community organization does something positive about it now.

If communities have correct plans then their abilities to modify the one's plans without

compromising their common cause can be a great deal more.

Community planning and development tries commonly start with a search of in which the

community is headed which could consist of a need base evaluation and so on. This process

is to build up a general plan of where the community should be headed. This contains a

number of steps like meetings. By and large, the vision is examined by means of the

development of particular strategies and an action plan which the communities wish to

comply with. The community organizations help the communities to make goals to resolve

their felt needs in line with available resources. They make a plan to acquire the goals, speak

the opportunity and require budget for the activities, set up goals in a selected time frame for

each intervention and choose and agree on the interventions to be carried out.

The making plans process commences with recognizing a standard vision after which

evolves plans in centered regions, as an instance, health, schooling, recreation, and housing.

The planning needs a number of commitments by community members to achieve the

targets. The planning process wants to answer the following questions:

• What are the felt needs?

• How these felt needs are fulfilled?

• Who will be responsible for completing these needs?

• When to accomplish these needs?

• What resources are needed for these felt needs?

1.7.4 Community Development Program Implementation

After making a proper planning, the next step is to implement the community development

programs in step with the purposed plan. Implementation typically manner to carry out the

activities proposed in community development plan. Implementing a community

development program may be a very hard assignment and it needs some of the interventions

13

to perform the one's programs which are activities like delegations, the finances

management, coordination with the internal and outside organization. The implementation

of community development program is the step wherein plans become truth.

1.7.5 Monitoring and Evaluating

In the community development process, the last step is monitoring and evaluating.

Monitoring is the organized and systematic series and analysis of data as a community

development program in development. It is supposed for growing the effectiveness and

performance of a program. It may be conducted consistent with the goals and interventions

planned during the making plans steps of this program. It assists the continuity of the works

in a way and may allow community member and interested humans understand whilst

interventions are going wrong. If completed properly, it turns into a very useful tool for

correct community development programs. It also presents a realistic stand for assessment.

At the same time, it permits communities to decide whether the to be had assets that groups

have are enough and being used well. During the process, it also makes positive whether or

not the potential that communities have are good enough and appropriate.

The aim of monitoring in community development program is to provide tips and if required

do the correction when that program is not on the right course. In the course of every step of

the plan, communities might also ask questions about the fulfillment of putting in objectives,

the appropriateness of the budget, the fine of the work as a set and other needed

requirements. Evaluation is the assessment of actual community development programs

against the purposed plans. It assesses to examine what the community does or has executed,

and the way it has performed it. The evaluation may be of two types: formative (taking

locality during the existence of a community development program with the aim of

improving the method) also can be summative (drawing studying from a completed

programs).

There are numerous rationales why it is far beneficial for a community to evaluate it:

• To inspire community members to take part in community development process

• To promote community efforts by means of creating a reliable system of monitoring

programs

• To get the assistance of community at huge for the development efforts through having a

powerful evaluation machine in the area.

Evaluation focuses on the unique goals of the procedure. There may be a distinction between

measuring outputs and results. Outputs are typically matters that can be calculated which

end result from the plan. Examples of outputs consist of the number of jobs created, the

variety of homes built and so on. Results are commonly much greater long term and are

14

complicated to link to the remaining targets identified in the visioning process. Examples of

consequences increase or decrease the level of poverty or personal income.

1.8 Ethics for Community Development

Ethical practices suggest the values of expert performance that any professional is predicted

to apply. From social work to medicine, all specialists have a diffusion of ethical practices

which are needed to be conducted in their related fields. Ethical exercise may be very crucial

for any career commonly and this comprises social work as a profession. As Lombard

(1992)38 says about community development standards which include gaining knowledge of,

empowerment, participation and ownership. Bopp, Bopp and Lane (1998)39 defined some

ethics for community development program that mainly are associated with Pakistan

context. A summary of Bopp, Bopp and Lane (1998) ethics are mentioned below.

1.8.1 Development comes from within: It is proper that external professionals or human

beings can provide some of services or expertise (technical support, education and so on) to

the targeted groups for the reason of improvement, but they cannot bring suited

improvement inside the communities, therefore, it should be taken into consideration that

development comes from communities' personal efforts. Therefore development comes from

within.

1.8.2 No vision, No development, If communities have no vision then development

becomes impossible. It is vital that outside forces need to assist neighborhood communities

to evolve a vision and work together for improvement.

1.8.3 Development must be linked with the communities' culture: Development must be

related with the communities' tradition, and such programs which go against communities'

interests should not be implemented because certain developments cannot bring any positive

changes. It designs how humans assume, learns and clear up their problems. What they

value and recognize that attracts and please them. They go towards their feelings and are not

suitable. Greater intensely lifestyle is the soil in which the tree of identification has its roots.

1.8.4 Trusting is an important part of development: Some of joint tasks or programs have

failed because of distrust among them. This has resulted in isolating or refraining each other

because of discouragement and in the end tearing and attacking down every different down.

In these groups wherein we see cultural, religious, ethical, political and personal variations

have created complexities for the groups to get improvement probabilities. The communities

among whom we have got observed harmony or cohesion have moved forward quicker in

comparison with the ones. For development, it's far crucial to expanding a trustable

environment among members in groups.

1.8.5 Unity: Disunity is taken into consideration risky for any communities. Solidarity is the

signal for improvement due to the fact unity manner oneness. Without oneness, it is not

15

viable to convey prosperity in communities. Cohesion is the starting point for development,

and as development unfolds, cohesion deepens.

1.8.6 Participation: Without people's participation in programs, it is not always feasible to

gain the goals. Participation is the energetic engagement of the people inside the method of

development. Not anything can be carried out in life and all of the unknown potentials

remain inactive unless people have interaction in their very own volition. without

participation, there is no development.

1.8.7 Justice: According to the principle of justice in development, every man or woman

ought to be dealt with equal recognize as a person irrespective of lifestyle, age, gender,

beliefs or every other reason. It way that each character should take delivery of same threat

to participate within the development process and to get a truthful share of the benefits.

Unless development is stimulated and directed by the pursue social and economic justice, a

few people will constantly be tremendous at the expense of others. And whilst a few people

become developed via a procedure which on the equal time deprives others. If there is no

justice, all that is done in human and community development is not development.

1.8.8 Move to the positive: The solution of the serious issues that beset persons and

communities are best approached by thinking about and moving into the positive choice that

we desire to generate. It further offers strength to us and it will become much less probable

that we provide away our strength combating the terrible. In addition, in community

development, it is much more successful to focus energy on building the substitute than it is

to try to oppose and damage what is not preferred. This in no way includes that injustice or

bad conditions would be allowed to hold. The concept of moving to the fantastic purposes

that we ought to glaringly reflect on consideration on will become easier. As an alternative,

many people focus their program energies on trying to eradicate the meant obstacles to the

things they choice to perform.

1.8.9 Sustainability: It is the continuity of a likely program for a longer period. Program

sustainability refers back to the lifestyles and liveliness of the community's development of

mastering and increase. The process sustainability is related to community's possession and

to the level of autonomy from dependency questioning. Groups that depend on government

or different external grants will not be capable of an initiate, lead and preserve their

community healings and developmental activities. In similar situations when projects for

development come to them, they most likely go against each other for controlling and

getting a share of it. In such occasions, these communities will be deprived of the benefits of

developmental projects.

1.8.10 Learning: This concept refers to a process of gaining new talents, capacities, facts,

strategies, and expertise that make us capable of deal new challenges and furthermore,

grows our potentials. Human beings' getting to know beings. This leads to changes in

16

performance. Here people, households, communities, or even the whole country of citizens

need to learn. Due to the fact learning is the key self-inspired on the coronary heart of

human development, There is no way of separating learning to know the method of

community development programs either. Until human beings are gaining knowledge of,

community development is not taking place. The endorsement of a spread of sorts of getting

to know is a substantial part of what individuals and corporations facilitate community

recuperation and development initiatives which need to be done.

1.8.11 Morals and Ethics: Community development claims a moral institution. When there

are not any morals then the basic moral standards are violated, development stops.

Essentially, moral and ethical requirements illustrate how people ought to suppose and act

toward themselves. There has never been a successful community in the history of the world

that did not have moral and laws that people were required to follow. Moral and ethical

standards are not mere limitations obligatory on people's freedom by the conservative or the

produce. On the contrary, these standards describe where the boundaries of well-being may

be found.

1.8.12 Interconnectedness: In community development programs, each part of

development is associated with all of the others religious, personal, social, cultural, political,

financial, and other dimensions. When one a part of it dysfunctions then the whole circle of

development is affected. The simple cause of this for community development programs is

to make connectivity in the system. It provides the following vital strategies for community

development programs like non-public growth, the strengthening of households, and

community development need to all move hand-in-hand; working at any one of these levels

without attending to the others is not enough. Personal and social development, as well as

top-down and bottom-up approaches, must be balanced. This is the true meaning of a

holistic approach to community services and development.

The study shows that these major ethics/principles have to provide the base on which

community development program is based in Pakistan with adaptations in which important.

1.9. Indicators of Community Development

A quantitative or qualitative element that is a variable that offers a clean and reliable manner

to calculate success. It reflects adjustments related to an intervention to help to assess the

overall performance of a developmental actor. Signs used to measure conditions in addition

to a forecast of initiatives or programs. Community development is a result of various

components, comprising changes in thinking, adjustments in traditional customs and norms,

physical infrastructure. These indicators can give you an idea about the levels of progress

and improvement in a community:

• Improvement inside the social services like schooling, health, housing, nutrition, safe

drinking water, easy surroundings and so forth.

17

• Development in profits that makes feasible for community members to cope with their felt

needs.

• Reduction in poverty in targeted groups.

• Broaden updated technology at community stages to meet their necessities with extra

prepared and clean methods.

• Reduce maternally and infant mortality quotes in communities

• Sustainable use of environment

With these above-mentioned signs, it confirms that community development is a collective

effort to enhance the community, however, we cannot deny outside forces helps and efforts

government, NGOs, donors, and different communities as well. It is an exquisite factor that

community development is constantly tried to carry socio-economic alternate within the

community.

It is essential for the community members to apply the five important steps process of

community development to recognize their local needs through using the available sources

on a self-reliant basis. However, transparency and accountability are very vital elements of

community development without these factors there may be an opportunity to obtain this

program aims. This could be accomplished through growing a strong tracking and evolution

mechanism to maintain it.

1.10.The key Actors of Community Development

Several actors play different roles to perform a community development program in a

community, however there are a few key community development actors who perform

tremendous functions to complete the program successfully. It is important that each

character who can work must work in this way enabling everybody to direct self-reliant

lives. Their attempts need to be sponsored up via carrying at the point when they can go on

further on their own.

Those who are involved in community development programs have their own strengths and

abilities to play even though they may have some limitations in their efforts to improve

community development. Consequently, the key actors who participated the process of

community development may be recognized as observe:

1.10.1 Local Governments

(i) The Union Council Governments

Essentially, it is Union Council Governments' responsibility to implement community

development programs in their communities. They have to up-to-dated processes to mobilize

18

community resources e.g. human and natural sources to bring development in several fields

like health, training, housing, recreation. Union Council Governments have a particular

repute and possess very close relations with community members. The representatives of

Union Council Governments from the same groups, and that they know their troubles and

priorities thoroughly. It is less difficult for them to plan strategies more successfully for the

development of the communities.

(ii) District and Tehsil Local Governments

District and Tehsil Governments are a top system of local government. They have legal and

more powers to implement community development programs of their communities to

provide social services like health, education, water, roads, employments and giving them

with working tools. But, they must enhance their abilities and competencies to prepare

acceptable plans in step with peoples' wishes and supervise the development interventions.

Therefore, they have to have satisfactory and skillful people who can implement community

development programs. So that you can fulfill these desires, they should use their available

resources of earnings, a good great income collective system and proper control of the same.

District and Tehsil local governments should implement these plans which have been

recommended by the members of communities and their participation must be given top

priority because without local members' participation it is not possible to bring change.

Governments should prepare community development experts by giving them professionally

and need base training to implement the projects more systematic and organized ways.

1.10.2 Provincial and Federal Governments

The crucial function of provincial and federal governments in present about community

development is to put together and oversee implementation and broaden a good atmosphere

for the groups to execute numerous social, financial and so forth guidelines and lead them to

able to giving facilities. The provincial and federal governments have authorities to regulate

the interventions. In addition, the provincial and federal governments can define their

relationships with local governments, so there cannot be any overlapping of responsibilities.

In order to make the community development programs more sustainable, the provincial and

federal governments must look into ways of correcting any weak points and give

encouragements to the concerned people to build their confidence to continue their efforts

for betterment. The both governments need to be more accountable and transparent to the

members and give their full potentials to control corruption in community development

programs.

Provincial and federal governments must have obvious functions regarding proper use of

resources and set up well-develop tools, equipment and finances in order to enable union

19

council and district and Tehsil governments to carry out their duties successfully to complete

community development programs.

1.10.3 Politicians

Politicians are other key actors in community development method and they have a

completely inspired function in groups. They may be very helpful actors in uniting the

member's efforts to bring about community development. These comprising members of

countrywide and Provincial assemblies, senators, chairmen, councilors as well as other local

and countrywide leaders living in their communities. They could play an inspiring and

motivating position to mobilize the members of communities to work with other community

development actors.

1.10.4 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

For past four decades, non-governmental organizations are taken into consideration one of

the most active actors in community development process and their contributions in

community development process cannot be left out. Further to the present efforts to

encourage members to work harder, to gain Million Development Goals and Sustainable

Development Goals. The general public of community development methods is being

implemented by NGOs. They may be assisting a number of groups to increase themselves in

keeping with the community development program policy and practice with the emphasis on

partnership and escalating people's capability to be self-reliant and unbiased.

1.10.5 Religious leaders

In our communities, spiritual leaders have a more popularity wherein they are able to put

any nice and terrible effects on community development programs. Besides identifying these

efforts, there is a want to learn from their revel in and promote the merging of these efforts

with the ones of the groups in which viable, and we can't ignore them at any price. Their

involvement should be ensured in community development process.

1.11.A Brief Overview of Socio-Economic Situation in Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is located inside the area wherein South Asia converges

with the middle East and Central Asia. The country has a 1,046-kilometer coastline along

the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south borders Iran and Afghanistan inside the west

and India to the east and China to the northeast. Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic

together with four provinces and four federal territories. Pakistan has the 7th largest states

armed forces in the global and is also nuclear owner as well as a declared nuclear weapons

state. Pakistan is the only country in the Muslim international and 2nd in South Asia to have

that status .40

20

Socially, people in Pakistan are divided into numerous tribes with diverse cultural and

historical history. Pakistan’s people and traditions reflect a mixture of many various cultural

impacts. People are living collectively as one society. The Urdu language is the countrywide

language. Economically, Pakistan is a growing country in Asian continent with the middle-

income rate. Most of the people of the population are poor and stay in severe poverty. The

prevailing authorities of PML(N) tries tough to elevate economic growth and enhance the

usual of residing to the human beings. The economic growth of the country rises very slowly

and with the years the economic situation continues to be bad. The most critical monetary

interest in Pakistan is agriculture. The majority of the populace is essentially depending on

agriculture for their life. It anticipated that sixty-seven percent of the populace is dwelling in

rural areas and most of them rely on agriculture for their lives.

Pakistan stays a growing country inside the global with in keeping with capita of 3,148 US

dollars ranking 144th in the global. The country was greater stricken by floods, terrorism,

strength disaster, food scarcity, unemployment, inequality and famine in the closing three

many years than some other us of a within the international. Of the disadvantaged

population, about three out of ten people are affected by a scarcity of health facilities in

hospitals, five out of ten not have get right of entry to number one schooling and as a

minimum, four out of ten have abysmal requirements of living. More than 45 % of populace

does no longer have get right of entry to safe drinking water and minimal nutrition.41 But,

latest economic growth rate are encouraging and the financial system grew with the aid of

4.3% in 2015. But a number of the citizens are still residing in poverty. The development of

the food needs of the country of a does no longer equal the population annual growth price

of 1.6%. Meanwhile, drought and struggle has broken the financial system and located the

country in a desperate scenario.42

For many a long time, Pakistan has gone through numerous social, economic and political

crises. Moreover, a number of planned have carried out to address these problems . Since

2013, the current govt. of Pakistan Muslim League (N) has followed a few high quality steps

to stabilize the economic and basic needs and eventually acquire wholesome and dynamic.

1.12.The Need of Community Development Programs in Pakistan

In the present era, each country tries to start community development programs because it is

taken into consideration a fundamental method for countrywide development, so for this

reason, every country tries to implement a number of community development programs to

enhance the living standard of people in their countries. Community development approach

in Pakistan is neither a new nor it is an as shocking concept. In last three decades, it has been

considered as an approach for community development. Community development approach

helps communities for collective power and strength. Community development is the key to

bringing improvement in a community that is intensively felt.

21

Lots of people in Pakistan and especially in rural communities stay in underdeveloped areas.

They do not have to get entry to fundamental facilities inside the twenty-first century. Even

nowadays, babies are given by traditional and untrained midwives, diseases like malaria,

diarrhea, and dengue are rampant, kids suffering from a loss of right vitamins, illiteracy and

infant mortality rate are very high, fast populace growth, majority people living under

poverty line, violence against women and vulnerable people and so forth.

But, some of these issues need to be tackled for the human well-being in an effort to

alternate this image, one has to put into effect a plan systematically and extensively. Right

and suited efforts must be made to lessen this case and get minimum important primary

centers to carry improvement of their lives. To carry deliberate changes, there may be a want

to hold community development programs at local levels. Attempts must be made to

enhance the socio-economic conditions of people by using enforcing programs on enhancing

health facilities, presenting educational facilities, growing industrial area, enhancing

agricultural region, reducing infant and maternal mortality and so forth.

1.13.The Role of NGOs in terms of Community Development

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a form of non-profit agency that works to

develop human well-being. NGOs are non-public companies that work to relieve suffering,

aid the welfare of the underprivileged, look after the surroundings, provide crucial social

services or adopt community development.43 The term Non-Governmental Organizations

came into use in 1945 in United Nations' constitution chapter no 10 article no 71 due to the

want to make specific between public rights for inter-governmental unique agencies and

people for global private organizations.

NGOs and civil society are the main initiators of development projects in the World. NGOs

are voluntary agencies that play a tremendous role in community development programs and

poverty alleviation. Global and local NGOs provide services via raising finances, conducting

one-of-a-kind relief and developing activities while a number of them perform advocacy

programs in the society.44 NGOs offer extra helpful and less expensive development services

than the ones that could be furnished by means of international donors or even the

government. However, NGOs have constrained technical capacity and lack of accountability

to provide services either in community development or in complex emergencies.45

NGOs are institutions related to the improvement of social, economic, environmental and

political alternate and their essential agenda that is linked with the concept of development.

This gives significances to the idea that an NGO is a corporation this is the fundamental

undertaking relating to the regions of development work at local, countrywide and global

ranges. NGOs' contributions towards to development and poverty alleviation is extensive,

but NGOs want to prepare and empower themselves a good way to provide substantial

22

support in the attempt of sustainable improvement to reduce poverty and different human

sufferings .46

The origin of non-governmental organizations( NGOs) in Pakistan goes back to the partition

of 1947 when British India was divided into two states Pakistan and India .At that time,

many voluntary organizations were formed to give charitable assist to refugees driving into

the recently established country. After few years of Pakistan, a number of the NGOs

consecrated on rehabilitation and basic services such as health , education, housing etc. In

Pakistan, NGOs are more active civil society organizations that provide assistance to a

number of communities to identify their problems and try to improve their quality of lives.

Non-governmental organizations(NGOs) are the main development actors which have

played an indispensable role in Pakistan for socio-economic development. A number of

NGOs are working for the areas of development which include health, education, housing,

etc. While some other NGOs are working for social and human.

Non-Governmental Organizations are known as development actors that can contribute to

the promoting of cross-cutting social links and networks. They might form the basis for

collective actions and increased level of democratic participations. NGOs have a great credit

in organizing local people at the grassroots levels. Meanwhile, that can be viewed as

strengthening social capital a role that may complement the delivering of services. However,

there is a enormous development to engage local communities in community development

programs. The Orangi Pilot Project, National Rural Support Program (NRSP), the Aga Khan

Rural Support program (AKRSP) that led the way in this trend. It is considered a success

tool for development where people take active participation to deal with their problems in

more organized and systemic way.

1.14.The Research Problem

Community development is …. an meant try to create assets that increase the ability of humans to increase their quality of lifestyles. These assets may also encompass several

varieties of community capital such as human, social, financial and environmental ones.47In

every country, community development is considered an integral approach for country wide

improvement, so every country tries to implement some of community development

programs to growth the capability of people to enhance their living standards.

From the inception of Pakistan up to the present day, the authorities of Pakistan and Non-

authorities agencies have carried out diverse community development programs in the entire

country as approach to expand the residing standard of people within the country. Those

programs encompass five years Plan, Village Agriculture Development Program, Basic

Democracies, Rural Worker Program, People's Worker Program, Khush-has Pakistan

Program, Benazir Income Support Program, Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Program, Zakat

and Usher system etc. Because of the above situations, it's necessary to conduct right

23

researchers inside the subject of community development programs to understand the

impacts and contributions of these programs due to the fact we cannot handiest change

people perspective concerning development however also motivate them to take part in

development programs at local and country wide ranges.

The present study was conducted to analyze how community development programs have

been implemented in Pakistan. The study was the analysis of how initiatives have taken by

national, provincial and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) have met the needs of the

community and have changed the living standard of people through community

development programs.

1.15.The Objectives of the Research

The main objective of the study enables us to know the impacts and contribution of

community development programs for social development. The study set with following

specific objectives:

To find out the initiatives taken by Government and NGOs to bring change in the

living standard of people.

To find out the best practice of community development programs

To find out the impacts and challenges of community development programs

To find out the level of awareness of community development programs for social

development

To find out inspiration of communities for participants in community development

program

To find out the developing and establishing recommendations for public and private

sectors regarding implementation community development programs in systematic

way.

1.16.The Scope of the Research

The details of the research could be examined in terms of the theoretical and conceptual

framework of community development programs and alternative processes. This study

focuses on two key issues that are not usually enclosed in the literature. The first issue is the

lack of awareness among people about community development programs, especially in

rural areas. The second issue is the role of key influencers like tribal chiefs, political leaders,

religious leaders and cultural practices in community development programs at local levels.

The study aims to provide detail information that can be used by social welfare and service

planners, policymakers, NGOs and community-based organizations (CBOs). Firstly, there

is a dire need to regenerate community development programs for socio-economic

development in the country to set policies for community development programs in

Pakistan. Secondly, the community development programs have not been given any proper

24

focus as means for human well-being. There is a general need to identify the best practices

of community development programs to know the impacts of these programs.

However, the study will provide guidelines for improvement of various aspects of

community development programs. The study will also provide guidelines to restructure the

programs according to new established tools and techniques. The research findings and

recommendations of the study will provide strategic guidelines to the government and donor

agencies for planning and implement new community development projects or programs

more effectively.

1.17.The Justification of the Research

Community development is a deliberate and organized intervention or approach. This does

not resolve all of the troubles confronted by communities, however; it is able to build a self-

assurance to tackle the issues more systematic way. Community development is a

professional manner and an art in itself. It is one of the methods of beginning change. Some

of projects or programs can be prepared for the development of the communities. The

character of such projects or programs differs as in keeping with the situations from area to

area, country to country and from community to community.

The concept of community development for human well-being has been adopted in Pakistan

since 1951 when the first UN advisory team came in Pakistan in March 1952. They analyzed

the problems and suggested for professional approach. Since 1951 till today, various

community development programs have been implemented by government and non-

governmental organizations (NGOs).The main aims of various community development

programs were to bring a planned socio-economic change in the country which to lead the

development of professional social welfare:

• Five Year Plans

• Village Agriculture Development Program

• Basic Democracies

• Rural Worker Pogrom

• People's Worker Program

• Khush-Hal Pakistan Program

• Benazir Income Support Program

• Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Program

• Zakat and Usher system

25

There are high claims by the governments and international and national agencies about the

steps taken by them to bring planned and organized changes in different sectors such as

health, education, housing, recreation, welfare of children, welfare of women etc. In this

regard, the research assigned to study the impacts and contributions of community

development programs. It also tried to find out the government of Pakistan and NGOs have

implemented locally acceptable approaches, empowered local communities and generated

desirable changes.

• The results of the study will be useful to the following groups of individuals:

• The government officials who are involved in policy and planning process and wish

to bring acceptable and desirable changes within their respective departments,

especially, social welfare development.

• The researchers who would like to explore a deeper understanding of the community

development approach in Pakistan.

• The donor agencies-international and national- in the field of socio-economic

• The communities that want to involve themselves in community development

programs for social development.

• The independent experts, professional workers, academics and intellectuals who

wish to know the best practices of community development programs for social

change in Pakistan.

1.18.The Basic Research Paradigm

The study was conducted in the perspective of community development programs. The

projects or programs could not probably give benefits to the people as a whole in the country

but through community development programs. A majority of people can get advantages

through evolutionary basis. It must be accepted that the respondents in the sample taken for

this study were not represented by the total population of the country. The study paradigm

for the research on which this work is certainly had to be like this:

• Proper implementation of community development programs will improve the

standard of living of the communities.

• Success in their community development programs will create a democratic and

participatory society.

• The participation of local communities will gain a confidence to deal with the local

issues more organized ways according to available resources.

26

• Development will enhance an awareness among people to break the traditional

barriers or customs for change.

This means community development programs will improve the quality of life. Proper

planning and implementation in community development programs will make possible the

communities to get more basic facilities within the communities and improve their standard

of living. These programs will direct to the improved lives of people in their targeted

communities.

1.19.Hypotheses of the Study

A hypothesis states what the researcher wants to discover. Each research calls for the

guidance of hypotheses. Hypothesis is a tentative declaration approximately the nature of

empirical truth which can or might not be actual.48In order to fulfill the objectives of study,

the two hypotheses have been formulated:

• Community development programs can improve the living standards of people but

people are not aware about it.

• Tribal system is a barrier to success of community development approach.

1.20.The key Concepts

A idea may be otherwise understood and for that reason in a different way defined. It's far,

therefore, essential to define the important thing ideas of this have a look at. Beneath we

define some critical phrases that are often used in the study:

Beneficiary: A person and /or group of persons who gain from a specific benefit, program

or some other shape of development.

Benefits: In a community development program, benefits are the final results of a project or

program which enhance the beneficiaries' first-rate of lifestyles. Advantages can be labeled

as social, environmental, infrastructural, financial and private.

Community Development: A process by way of which the efforts of the people themselves

are united with the ones of government to enhance the monetary, social and cultural

conditions of groups. This complex method is consequently made up of two critical factors:

the participation of humans themselves in efforts to enhance their level of living with as tons

reliance as feasible on their own idea, and the stipulation of up to date technical and

different assists in ways which promote initiative, self-help and mutual assist and make

those extra powerful. It's miles expressed in application designed to attain a wide style of

particular upgrades.49

27

Capability-building: a hard and fast of moves geared toward strengthening community

those who worried in network improvement packages.

Disadvantaged people or group: group within a community this is marginalized and has

decreased get admission to assets and services which includes health, education.

Development: development is one of the key topics in phrases of this study. It is able to be

studied within the context of human well-being. Development is a word that is wealthy in

meaning that can also be reliable with a superb alternate in all elements of the society. For

the purpose of this observe, the following which means is followed: development is a

procedure through which individuals of a society enhance their resources to make

maintainable and fairly dispensed progress of their nice of life constant with their very own

aspirations.50

Empowerment: A manner through which males and females in needy conditions decorate

their get right of entry to understanding, sources, selection-making energy and raise their

cognizance of participation in their communities, so one can reach a degree of manipulate

over their personal surroundings.

Household: A socio-monetary unit which include of folks that live together.

Livelihood: Method of aid or subsistence ok shares and flows of food and cash to meet

fundamental needs.

Malnutrition: A pathological nation on account of too little (or too much) consumption of

crucial nutrients.51 Which ends up from a mixture of inadequate meals, ill fitness, and

inadequate care, on the whole influences the more venerable in a family, specifically kids

and ladies

Monitoring: An ongoing activity undertaken by concerned project officers and /or

beneficiaries to keep track of progress made in projects and to make improvements as

needed.

Ownership: The right to possess, to have control over a resource.

Participation: To participate in any activity, strive; to maintain or have a proportion in

something in common with others. in this examine, participation refers to people,

organizations, groups and institutions taking component inside the (making plans, designing

and enforcing) choice-making system associated with the community development effort.

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): Participatory tools designed to access the

perceptions, get admission to and control over resources, attitudes, blessings, selection-

making positions, constraints, the degree of involvement, men and women in community

development programs.

28

People-centered approach: This attention acknowledges that efficiency cab is increased

within the use of development or community development programs assets by using creating

the situations for nearby, to plan and put in force development programs based on their

desires, priorities and worried. The people-centered technique is a way via which groups

wishes may be addressed collectively with the connection between them and the troubles

that may arise from adjustments in decision-making methods.

Policy: Path of movement followed by way of a government, organization, group or person,

to guide program activities.52 Community development programs rules are the ones

addressed to fulfill the targeted needs of groups on equal phrases within present allocation of

belongings and responsibilities.

Poverty: The failure to meet human being's " primary needs", i.e. the in capability to get the

important stages of health, nutrition, housing, training and employment as a way to sit up for

an inexpensive duration of life. 53

Resource: In development, the term resource refers to what humans use or probably can

also use in an effort to perform their activities, together with land, seeds, trees, credit,

technology, hard work and services.54

Self-reliance: The capability of the community to resolve their problems through their

personal projects, strategies, and sources.

Stakeholder: Contributors and /or individuals who will be affected by a venture's outcome

or activities in network improvement packages or tasks.

Target group: In community development programs, that is a collection in an effort to

participate in an advantage from projects or programs.

Tribe: A social fragment installed upon a genealogical version of a social shape. In line

with such model the society is fragmented with the aid of a principle of descent from a not

unusual ancestor or from not unusual ancestors.

Tribal system: An antique organization that runs nearby communities governance system.

It's nevertheless common in majority areas of Pakistan, specifically in rural areas. In which

choices can be taken in step with their traditions or customs. This gadget headed by using

one neighborhood leader and him his energy to take any choices.

Vulnerable group: Group of human beings who've insufficient get right of entry to the

quantity and first-rate of centers that could make sure a healthy lifestyles and /or are liable to

losing such get entry to altogether.

Zakat: An Islamic institution set up upon a state command in the Quran, wherein it's far a

religious responsibility incumbent upon each Muslim who's a charge, grownup, sane and

29

possesses assets of the minimum quantum and length as laid down, to pay a portion of the

property for distribution many of the needy.

1.21.The outline of Chapters

1.Introduction

This dissertation is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction of the study.

This chapter contains the statement of the problem, objectives of the study, the scope, and

the research paradigm. It also has the key definition of terms and outline of the study.

2. Review of Literature

Chapter two provides a theoretical background for the research topic. It offers an overview

of development and community development theories and appearance of alternatives

development approaches and community development approaches. It discusses the historical

perspective of community development in the World as well as in Pakistan context. It

explains the role of community development actors and local community development

programs experiences. Chapter two also reports about the five secondary case studies,

Orangi Pilot Project, Aga Khan Rural Support Program, National Rural Support Program,

HANDS and Benize Income support Program. These case studies aim to explore the

community development initiatives were implemented by Government of Pakistan and

national NGOs and encourage local people for a desirable change.

The focus of this chapter is to examine the development organizations' strategies along with

the best practices of community development programs in Pakistan and in last it explains the

related literature about community development programs in Pakistan.

3. Materials and Methods

In chapter three methodology and steps adopted for carrying out this research work is

discussed in this chapter. All the steps taken are discussed in detail e.g. selection of the

universe and size of the sample and etc. Statistical formulas used for analysis are given in

this part of the thesis.

4. Results and Discussions

Chapter four focuses on discussions the key themes that have been recognized in this study.

It analysis these themes in relation to community development programs. These themes

represented the major finding of this study and explain the results thus obtained from them.

30

5.Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

Chapter number five concludes with the implications of this study for community

development programs in Pakistan and suggests some more areas that need further research.

It also contains a summary, conclusions, and recommendations of the research work.

31

1.22. End Notes

1 Pawar, Manohar.(2014).Social and Community Development Practice. Delhi, India:

Saurabh Printers Pvt. Limed.

2 Wise, G.(1998). Definition: Community Development and Community Based

Education. Masdison, USA: University of Wisconsin Extension service.

3 Green, P.G.,& Haines,A.(2002). Asset Building and Community Development.

Thousand Oaks, USA: Saga.

4 Alam, Anwer .(2008).Community Development and Social Welfare. Peshawar,

Pakistan: New Awan Printers.

5 Ogborn, M. (1999). Modernity and modernization. London, UK: Oxford Press.

6 Tripathi, Dutta Shiva. (1988). Social Movement and Development, A.L. Allahabad:

Chugh Publications.

7 Willis, Katie. (2005). Theories and Practices of Development. New York, USA:

Taylor & Francis e-Library.

8 United Nations.(1974).The Cocoyoc Declaration. New York, USA: United Nations

Publication.

9 John, Rapley.(2007). Understanding Development. Theory and Practice in the

Third World. USA: LYNNERIENNER Publishers

10

Food Agriculture Organization.(1975), November 26).Environment and

Sustainable Development. Retrieved From the NPTEL website:

http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/122102006/mod6/1.htm.

11 Kaplan, A.(1999). The Development of Capacity. Cape Town, South Africa

:CDRA.

12 Midgley, J.(1995). Social Development: the development perspective in social

welfare. London, UK: SAGE publications.

32

13 Midgley, J. (1997). Social Welfare in a global contest. California, USA: Sage.

14 Mckendrick, B.(1987).Introduction of social work in South Africa. Pinetown,

South Africa: Owen Burgess Publishers.

15 Lotz, J. (1998). Lichen factor: the quest for community development in Canada.

Canada: UCCB Press.

16 Beveridege, W. (1942). Social Insurance and allied services. London, UK :

HMSO.

17 Chatterjee. P.(1996). Approaches to the welfare state. Washington, DC, USA:

NASW Press.

18 Kirst-Ashman, K. (2003).Introduction to social work and social welfare: Critical

thinking perspectives. Pacific Grove, USA: Cole-Thomas Learning.

19 Elliot, D. (1993). Social work and social development: towards an integrative

model for social work practice. International Social Work, 36,21-36

20 Kumar, H. (1997).Social work, social development and sustainable development.

New Delhi, India : Regency publications.

21 Patil,.Ramagon.Asha. (2013). Community Organization and Development. Delhi,

India : PHI Learning.

22 Hillman, Arthur. (1950). Community Organization and Planning. New York, USA

: Macmillan.

23 Hillman, Arthur. (1950). Community Organization and Planning. New York, USA

: Macmillan.

24 World Health Organization. (2005). Ageing and Health Technical Report. Tokyo,

Japan: WHO publications.

33

25 Be Beer, F. & Swanepoel, H. (1998). community development and beyond. Cape

Town, South Africa : National Books Printers.

26 Stolte, Michhael. (nd). The communities matrix. Journal of the Making waves,

15(2), 21-22.

27 G. Ross, Murry. (1995). Community Organization. New York, USA: Harper &

Brothers.

28 Ismail, Maimunah (1999). Extension: Implications on Community Development.

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

29 United Nation. (1975). Popular Participation in Decision Making for Development.

New York, USA; UNO publications.

30 Jones, G. E. (1982). Progress in Rural Extension and Community Development.

London, UK: Wiley and Sons, London.

31

Ferrinho, H. (1980). Towards the theory of community development. CP, South

Africa :Juta & Comp. Ltd.

32 Fitzgrerald, M. (1980). Urban community development in South Africa.

Johannesburg, South Africa: McGraw-Hill.

33 Ismail, Maimunah.(2001). Community Development: Distance Education Module:

Institute for Distance Education. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia : University Putra

Malaysia.

34 Pearce, J. (2000). Development, NGO and the civil society. London, United

Kingdom: Oxfam publication Limited.

35 Kahn, S. (1991).Organizing: A guide for grassroots leaders. Silver Springs, MD:

National Association of Social Workers.

34

36 Rubin, H. J., & Rubin,I. S. (1992). Community organizing and development.

Boston, USA :Allyn & Bacon.

37 Shipley, R., & Newkirk, R. (1998). Visioning: Did anybody see where it came

from? Journal of planning Literature, 12, 407-416.

38 Lombard, A. (1992). community work and community development: perspectives

on social development. Pretoria, South Africa: HAUM Tertiary.

39 Bopp, M., Boop, J., & Lane, P. (1998). Community healing and Aboriginal social

security reform: a study prepared for the Assembly of First Nations Aboriginal

Social Security Reform Strategic Initiative. Lethbridge, Canada : Alta.

40 United Nations Development Programs. (2015, July 26 ). About Pakistan.

Islamabad. Retrieved from the website:

http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/countryinfo/.

41 United Nations Development Programs.(2014). Human Development Report. New

York, USA: Oxford University Press.

42 Daily Express Tribune. (2015, April 15). World Bank projects: Pakistan’s

economic growth at 4.4%. Karachi. Retrieved from the website:

http://tribune.com.pk/story/870142/world-bank-projects-pakistans-economic-growth-

at-4-4/.

43 Thomas Kuby.(1999). Non-governmental organizations work in world Bank-

support Project. Washington, DC., USA; Oxford Press

44 Rahamato, D.(Ed.).(2002). Civil Society Organizations in Ethiop (2nd ed).

Stockholm, Sweden :Elanders Gotab.

45 Van Rooy.(1998). Civil society and the AID industry. London, United Kingdom:

Earth scan publications Ltd.

35

46 M.Swilling & Russel.(2002). Size and scope of non-profit sectors in South Africa.

Cape Town, South Africa: Knoxville printers Ltd, Cape Town.

47 Dayal, Rajeshwar.(1966). Community Development Program in India. Allahabad,

India: Kitab Mahal.

48 L. Ellis.(1994). Research methods in social science. Madison, USA: Brow and

Benchmark.

49 Theron, F. (2005). Integrated development planning as a micro-level development

strategy. Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik.

50 Korten, D.C. (1990). Getting to the 21st century: Voluntary action and the global

agenda. West Hartford,USA: Kumarian Press.

51 United Nations.(1997).Report on the World social Situation. New York, USA:

United Nation Publications.

52 FAO. (1990).Rural Households and Resource Allocation for Development: an

Ecosystem Perspective. Guidelines for Teaching and Learning. Rome. New York,

USA: United Nations publication.

53 UNDP.(1997). Human Development Report. New York, USA: Oxford University

Press.

54 Inter Press Service.(1996). Gender and Development. Rome, Italy: Oxford

University Press .

36

CHAPTER TWO

Theoretical Framework and Related Review of Literature

2.1. Introduction

The main goal of the review of literature is to get related researchers and other published

and unpublished materials.1 It offers a course to accomplish particular research in the light

of conclusions drawn from the previous works. Thus the review of the literature offers a

base upon which the destiny studies is yet to be built.2 As a result, the theoretical structure of

reference, the researcher appears for the literature on the field in a query. As such most

effective that the literature is reviewed, which the studies think has an instantaneous relation

to the research subject matter. An overview of literature for studies examine offers a road

map and affords a foundation for the statistics perform the particular research examine.3 It

also helps to make sure that the research will be connected with previous studies.

Therefore, this chapter will first concisely discuss the theories of development such as

modernization and dependency. These are the basic theoretical justifications for recognizing

development attempts accomplished everywhere in the world. The common concept of

development consists of the requirement that human beings to get access basic facilities

which include health, schooling, recreation, housing. Besides that, their local social norms

are reputable inside the community of the particular country. On this research study, the

term development is thought as social phenomena within a country in which humans are

glad through the balanced and sustainable use of sources and systems. The alternative

approaches consisting of the basic need strategy, human development, the right based

approach, participatory development approach, people-centered development approach, the

millennium development goals and sustainable development goals will be discussed. After

that, the focus could be shifted to community development models and history.

Subsequently, associated literature in the context of Pakistan will be presented.

This chapter highlights (i) theoretical background (ii) various approaches to development

and community development (iii) review of the literature.

2.2. Theoretical Background

A theory is a set of interconnected thoughts that offer a framework for organizing and

understanding observations or activities. A theory is a logically connected set of common

propositions that establishes a connection between two or more variables.4 In the past few

decades, a number of development theories have come out by several professional scholars

with special viewpoints of social theorists, economists, politicians, and scholars. The

theories argued below will include most effective the ones relevant to the Pakistan

circumstance and may be used for conceptualization ideas to update the studies.

37

2.2.1. Modernization Theory

Modernization is the transformational process through which traditional societies end up

present day societies. The theory of modernization is the reaction of developed countries

(Western and the united states ), social sciences to the many demanding situations

confronted by the third world after the Second World War. Modernity may be called the not

unusual behavioral system previously related with the urban, literate, commercial &

democratic societies of Western Europe and North the America.5 On the other side, Roger in

De Beer (1998) illustrated modernization as a prepared process through which human beings

move from the traditional pattern of existence to a advanced and improved their living

standard.6

The particular function of the modernization concept has been connected to public policy

choices, particularly, in the financial field. In this perspective, it is so common that the

financial principle of modernization is supported at the five stages of development from

Rostow’s model. In the evaluation, these five levels: traditional society, precondition for

takeoff, the takeoff process, the drive to maturity, and high mass consumption

society. Consistent with this explanation, Rostow has determined a potential answer for the

help of Third world modernization. If the third world is facing troubles and not being

capable of addressing their problems, then the solution lies in the provision of giving help to

these nations inside the shape of capital, technology, and expertise. The Marshall Plan and

the Alliance for development in Latin the united states are examples of programs/projects

which have been prompted by Rostow’s political theories.7

The concept of modernization theory is that the modern nations like European and the USA

are extra creative. Their people are more knowledgeable and healthful, and the citizens are

getting greater facilities which include health, schooling, housing, recreation and many

others. Argued, current societies have unique social features and their roles are clear to work

in scientific methods to tackle their issues and because a society movements from an antique

to a greater advanced or developed society, so the idea of modernization endorsed that the

United State of America and various Western European countries experienced with this

model which can be replicated in different countries to permit them to increase through

modernization.8 Modernization is a long method and adjustments come via an evolutionary

method, not a modern one. It could take centuries to complete and its effects will appear

after a prolonged duration. All thoughts came from the evolutionary idea.9

They also recommend that the wealthy industrialized countries are the maximum advanced

compared with underdeveloped, less-growing or backward nations, therefore, their way of

development is certainly the proper way and that for this reason offers the excellent version

of development for underdeveloped, much less growing or backward nations to follow it.

After Independent of Pakistan, this approach turned into introduced inside the country with

an awesome external finance and technical assist from the united states. But, this method

becomes not a hit and Therefore, this approach was not successful and as a consequence, the

country did not progress in terms of economic and social development.

38

2.2.2. Dependency Theory

The dependency theory was developed on the onset of the Nineteen Sixties. The dependency

concept develops from a view that the failure of development in underdeveloped countries is

a result of capitalistic initiatives which takes away the underdeveloped countries of its own

herbal capital at the same time as making advanced countries wealthier. Dependency

principle is connected with Marxist development idea. The significant concept of this

concept is to assess the crucial part of the world's economy instead of the modernization

theory of that time.10 This theory argued that underdevelopment is taking place through the

utilization of third world countries by the evolved nations. The theory is involved with how

developing nations are depending on advanced countries and it links the idea of the

worldwide North making use of the global South through this dependency11.

According to Coetzee (1989) the modernization theory does not prevail to cover the gap of inequalities or injustices among the developing and developed nations.12 However, according to Burkey (1993), the dependency theory has to succeed to deliver socio-economic dependency and in this regard, in underdevelopment at the outer edge because the primary controlled the stability of financial and political authority. Dependency concept can get guide by using Dos Santos’s record that several countries (the main ones) can increase and may be self-enough on the identical time as other nations (the structured ones) can do this handiest as a reflection of that development13.

It believes the development of superior capitalist (Western) societies resulted in the underdevelopment of the third world. It believes the development of advanced capitalist (Western) societies resulted in the underdevelopment of the third world.14 Furthermore, the theory supported an internal looking approach to development and an improved role for the state by imposing certain barriers to deal, making internal investment problematic and encouraging the nationalization of key industries. He said that growth of under-development which he connects to the poor countries when he means that these countries are not under-developed because they lack technological development or are disconnected from the world but because there is a distinct exploitation of advanced nations15.

The concept of dependency idea in Pakistan started before independent, consequently, the

economic, political and social relations can be connected via dependency theory. The

peripherally of Pakistan may be clarified particularly by way of the world monetary system

stood on dependency idea which says that the under-developed state of affairs of any

country of the poor country is because of the unequal nature of one worldwide economic

gadget. During the beyond sixty-nine years, Pakistan has exceeded through military regimes,

which encompass trendy Ayub Khan,s regime, preferred Zai,s regime, and popular Parvez

Musharraf's regimes. They military regimes which dominated the country more than 25

years have practiced pro-feudal policies

The existing democratic regime took over the ruling position from 2008 and wish to bring about social and financial reforms in the structure at a countrywide level. History tells us that Pakistan is dominated by using elites that are favored with the aid of the colonizer.

39

Moreover, Pakistan has usually been depending on monetary aid. Pakistan has often taken loans from IMF and international bank and they imposed their policies and undoubtedly these rules serve the quality pursuits of the west. Furthermore, these guidelines brought about some of the socio-economic troubles like unemployment, poverty, disparities and inequalities. The monetary, in addition to the social indicators in Pakistan, are very bad. The greater part of the population lives in the rural areas in which they do not actually have the get admission to clean water and food. People living below the poverty line because of hunger and famine of food. The foundation reasons connected with the colonial period and therefore, the political and economic dating between colonial India and the then British authorities may be defined through dependency principle.

However, the results of both military and democratic regimes were unsatisfactory. The country has now not benefited from the attempts of improvement using modernization concept and dependency idea, consequently, dependency theory, therefore, during the past 69-year, the country's development suffered trade and investment that turned down and poverty increased.

2.3. Alternative Approaches to Development

These alternatives approach to development appeared due to the fact the formerly referred to

theories (modernization and dependency) have failed to offer very nice and proper effects to

the humans of Pakistan. According to Onimode (1992), the main idea of development

theories based on a situation with growth has endured failing in many nations. These

theories have evolved a number of socio-economic crises and were incapable of adopting the

troubles, so alternative approach needs to be introduced to transaction socio-economic

troubles to get higher the best of lifestyles for the most important variety of people and

throw away fear with the material general of the dwelling of the discriminatory few16.

The primary intention of alternative approaches is that to create greater opportunities for

every people and it is not a cease itself, however, a denotes to the advance of human well-

being, that's measured essential for human development.17 According to Burkey (1993a), the

great displeasure with customary development theories through to an assessment of the

initiative and the point of development and towards a seek for alternative approaches. As he

further added that, such approaches should focus on sustainable development and people-

friendly growth in terms of its significance to assure the needs of the deprived people.18

The alternative approach to development believes on participatory and people-centered

development. Alternative version entitles for a joint approach although all community

development actors including community, government, politicians. They are able to play a

critical function in development procedure. Similarly, it tries to engage ordinary human

beings at the grassroots stage in view of the local people being given the opportunity to

participate in community development projects. They have the capacity to make plans,

implement and manage their own development. This method facilitates the community to

construct their own capability, independence and make certain sustainable development.19

40

On this regard, we declare that if the actual involvement of local people were utilized in

community development programs in Pakistan then suitable and sustainable development

might be guaranteed. Consequently, this study changed into initiated to know the

development challenges inside the context of community development programs.

2.3.1. The Basic-Need Strategy

In the early 1970s, government and global organizations have become interested in to

redefine the concept of development that must no longer were linked most effective with

Gross National Production (GNP) per capita and the adopting of a new approach. According

to United Nations (1976), the development aids need to be directed toward addressing the

primary requirements of deprived humans. The Basic-Need Strategy approach was

introduced by International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1969 which focused on

employment generation.20

The key concept of the basic need strategy method to development is to give same

opportunities to humans for social, physical and mental development. This method focuses

on mobilizing and exacting sources for targeted groups, identified as lacking in these

sources and ponders on the character of what's furnished in place of on earnings. The main

reason of this technique is understanding of improvement as now not simply through

economic development however also associated and measurable social development for

deprived groups.21 Essentially, these efforts need to improve the living general of destitute

human beings and help those needy citizens to escape from the susceptible situations.

This approach principally focuses on three essential aspects. First, the need for safe place,

food, clothes and other required substances for regular lifestyles. The second is get right of

entry to services along with health, education, drinking water. The third one is their

involvement in the decision-making process at nearby and countrywide stages.22According

to ILO declaration(1974), development have to now not be related most effective with the

fundamental needs pleasure. There are different needs, desires, and values. The development

includes freedom of expression and affect, the right to give and to obtain thoughts and

motivation. There's a deep social need to take part in figuring out the idea of one's own

being and to make some contribution to the fashioning of the world's future. More than all,

the development consists of the right to work via which we propose now not simply having

a work, however, finding self-realization in work and the right now not to be divided

through production tactics that use human beings just as tools.23

Basic-need approach does no longer trust in "top-down" method which focuses humans' participation inside the decision-making process. Though this person can get their fundamental needs. Via Basic-need approach (a) large participation of people inside the nearby decision-making process can construct ownership and confidence (b) getting measurable improvement inside a short time may be feasible.24 From the stories of underdeveloped or developing countries with community development programs, the top-down approaches aren't applicable for enhancing the living standard of people. People must be involved in the procedure of improvement and they must take decisions themselves to clear up their problems. Lack of community participation has been considered as one of the

41

reasons for the failure of a few community development programs. As Binwanger and Deinninger (1997) said that decentralization has had its disasters in nations like India, Brazil, Ghana and different developing countries25. From the above perspectives, it could be concluded that the basic need strategy focuses on the need to participate in neighborhood and national decision-making procedure. Development planning and implementation are vital for the delight of their basic needs. It is thus a more optimistic and concrete concept concerning casting off poverty or reducing unemployment.

2.3.2. People-Centered Development Approach

For the duration of the Eighties, a number of promises have been made in the World to hint with the three key development challenges namely: poverty, environment, and people involvement inside the development manner, so the people-centered development approach was started to deal the three key challenges. The people-centered development approach focuses the local people's participation especially the susceptible organizations which include young people, girls and the illiterate inside the process of development.26 A people-centered approach referred to as attention to opportunities for an increase and equality approach directed at expanding the effective use of sources in small-scale agricultural and informal city sectors wherein most people of the poor received their livelihoods. It recommended a rural strategy targeted on growing the access of the small farmer and the self-employed to land, water, credit markets, and other facilities that would permit them to raise their productivity.27 The people-centered approach has a primary vicinity within the development manner. The principle intention of this method is to fulfill communalities felt desires in step with their own decisions and it can't impose any outside tasks without their interests." The method believes on indigenous programs. The concept of indigenous initiative approach human beings residing in a selected cultural, social, economic and natural setting define their own concept of development definition of relevance and keep in touch with indigenous conditions.28 As De Beer and Swanepoel (2001), argued that the people-centered development approach

believes on the participatory and learning process. The key elements which are connected

with this technique include:

• people involvement in development in process

• the need for sustainable development

• the assist and advocacy of the people’s role in development by using community

development actors.29

People-centered approach usually connected with cultural-relative, location unique, social

putting and obviously situations establish idea. As Korten (1990), said that people-centered

approach has been considered the beneficial approach in development processes of alternate

and improvement as it focuses on the challenges of equitable and sustainable development.

42

On the second side, it also emphasizes practicality, flexibility and contextual for a new

solution for problem.30

The people-centered approach lets the people of a community, specifically on the grassroots

stage, to play an essential role in their development. In this method, the community is taken

into consideration the primary actor within the development manner and outside agents

simply perform the role of facilitators even as all decisions of projects may be taken by

community members with collective efforts. This approach is referred to as bottom-up

approach where local residents put their effect community development programs in step

with their personal desires.31According to Fitamo (2003), this concept motivates the local

people participation of their development practice and through this method, they will have

the ability to utilize their local assets in more prepared ways to deal the felt needs. The

principle goal of the People-centered approach to empower neighborhood groups to take

unbiased decisions for development.

From the above perspectives, it can be concluded that peoples-centered approach will

increase the local people's capabilities, abilities, and institutional potentials to prepare and

manage the neighborhood resources in a systematic way to bring acceptable changes of their

lives.32

2.3.3. Human Development approach

The third alternative approach on development appeared with the booklet of the first Human

Development Report by United Nations Development Programs (UNDP)) inside the

Nineties. Therefore, Human development reports are being published almost every year.

They relate to the concept of human development to specific subject matters, which includes

poverty, gender, environment and many others. It also comprises the statistical index and

other applicable figures to human development for many countries. This technique has been

carried out for the past twenty five years.

Humans are the actual property of a nation. The essential objective of improvement is to

produce an enabling environment for human beings to stay long, healthful and creative lives.

This could emerge to be a simple fact. However, it's habitually forgotten inside the urgent

alarm with the addition of supplies and monetary wealth. With this idea, development is

diagnosed with human development. The primary report additionally discussed the idea and

measurement of human development and explained it as a process of growing humans'

decisions. The choices generally were based totally on the subsequent; well lifestyles, the

possibility to acquire records, and the chance to have access to assets desired for an upright

standard of living.33

Human development is a process of raising people’s options. The particularly critical ones are to direct a protracted and properly lifestyles to be knowledgeable and to achieve happiness from a first rate preferred of residing. Similarly, options contain political freedom, assured human rights and self-recognize what Adam Smith knew as the "capacity to

43

combine with others without a being embarrassed to emerge in community". 34 The idea of Human development method was introduced by Mahbub-ul-Haq, a Pakistani economist who desired to the degree the World's social and economic development reviewed in diverse ways. As he claimed, the country should no longer be considered a evolved country that sells guns and through weapon manufacturing increase the GNP of that specific.35 According to World Bank (1990), economic development is described as a sustainable growth in dwelling standards that consist of health, schooling, and environmental safety development in a broader experience. It's understood to include other critical and related attributes in addition to equality of possibility and political autonomy and social liberties. The general purpose of development is, consequently, to enhance the social, economic, political and social rights of everybody throughout gender, ethnic groups, religions, races, regions, and international locations. This aim has changed by and large substantially because of the early Nineteen Fifties while most of the developing nations emerged from colonials.36 The key intention of this approach is to growth the people's possibilities. These opportunities may be modified the time to time. The objective of development is to create a permitting scenario where human beings can enjoy a healthful and creative existence. The technique focuses all functions of human improvement such as primary social services, saving and investment or era.37

2.3.4. Rights-Based Approach

The Rights Based Approach became introduced in the late 1990s by United Nations. It's been focused on some of the country wide and international agencies for past three a long time. The preceding processes focused improving human abilities and opportunities for higher lifestyles, but this method specializes in shielding human rights and fundamental freedom. According to United Nations Human Development Report (2002) , human development and human rights are near enough in concept and concern to be well-matched and agreeable, and they're one-of-a-kind sufficient in approach and plan to increase every different productively. In brief, human development is crucial for understanding human rights and human rights are necessary for full human improvement38. The UN charter summarizes four principal goals: peace, human rights, justice, and freedom. Since its birth, the United Nations has promoted human rights as verified with the aid of the subsequent declaration of its constitution: We the Peoples of the United Nations decided to verify belief in basic human rights, inside the self-recognize and fee of the human person, in the identical rights of women and men and of nations big and small. The foundation method on human rights is the everyday announcement of Human Rights which was accepted in 1948. The statement states “the acknowledgment of the inherent self-admire and of the same and absolute rights of all individuals of the human family is the bottom of autonomy, justice, and peace within the world."39 Since then, the UN has taken the lead and served as the institutional framework through which many other human rights instruments have been passed, signed, ratified and implemented by states. This approach is taken into consideration as a social, economic, cultural, political and civil rights which interlink with the improvement system. The previous approaches in the

44

development process which include primarily based-need approaches were associated with the needs of communities and did no longer encourage the humans to take energetic participation in development process. This approach, in contrast, affords an ideal framework for human development tactics to worldwide human rights legal guidelines and requirements difficult the structural reasons of unequal distribution of power and discrimination that are at the center of development policies.40 The human-rights approach has been defined as…a conceptual agenda for the manner of human development this is normatively based on global human rights standards and operationally directed to enhance and protect human rights.41 This approach can be linked with human development approach by identifying to get human development results. Human rights must be recognized by those whose development is at risk. Human Rights Approaches require a high-quality process in the belief that the process of which rights are recognized is just as imperative as the result. Human Rights Approaches center on accountability and identify those responsible for human rights realization (duty-bearers), whose abilities to meet their responsibilities must be strengthened.42 A set of particular Millennium Development Goals have been settled upon comprising eleven goals with some of goals and signs connecting to development. The honor for all internationally known human rights and fundamental freedoms such as the right to development. It forms the normative basis for the declaration. Twelve months later, in December 2000, the general assembly followed a resolution that recommended all actors including all UN companies, country wide parliaments, civil society organizations and the private zone to contribute to enforcing the Millennium Declaration and fulfillment of its goals. 43NGOs must enforce right-based approach to enhance their mandates. It have to praise involvement and people-centered activities and supply possibilities for the politicization of development work.44

From the above views, it is able to be concluded that the right-based approach is used by some of the organization throughout the world. The key reason for the approach to consciousness human rights and it need to be based totally on care, solidarity, and a desire for justice. There will be no improvement whilst there cannot be a human rights-based society. All people need to be dedicated to accomplishing the goals of human rights.

2.3.5. Participatory Development Approach

Participatory approach was introduced in the overdue Nineteen Seventies and early Nineteen

Eighties. This approach to improvement developed rapidly in the course of the Nineteen

Eighties and into the early Nineteen Nineties with the creation of some of strategies and

tools like Rapid Rural Appraisal, Participatory Action Research and Participatory Rural

Appraisal. On account that its creation, those approaches and strategies have been known as

key tools for community development. It's been applied to a number of national and

international agencies throughout the world in different fields such as health, education,

gender awareness and so forth. The reason for this approach to development is to get an

active and effective assist of commonality members to implement community development

programs or projects more smoothly.

45

A participatory approach in development is a prepared process through which targeted

communities collectively follow their personal thinking, take a decision and control their

intervention. It is able to be the exercise of local people's effort in thinking, appearing and

controlling their intervention in a joint framework.45

A participatory approach to development because the collective activity includes

communities within the development process (evaluation, planning, and implementation). It

believes in nearby people's participation within the development manner where they discuss

their troubles and come with acceptable solutions. This approach helps local level

organizations to become an associate in the development process.46

Participatory needed to be present in all levels of development initiatives. Communities need

to be encouraged to take part in decision-making, making plans, implementing and

evaluating of initiatives. This will supply a feel of involvement and ownership in their lives,

and they are able to use beyond the timetable of improvement projects 47.On the other side,

Roodt (2001) stated that participation approach builds local people's self-belief to take

collective tasks regarding their felt needs for people to set together and take joint decisions

on development.48

In 1990, participation had come to be a mainstream predicted module of development.

Engagement of local communities, the participation of poor members of groups, attention to

the effects of the consultation has become valuable views of development and (commonly)

conditions for investment. That is mainly actual for the Poverty discount approach Papers.49

On the other side, various development organizations diagnosed that major development

initiatives had failed because local people were neglected in their development projects.50 It

is so much seen that without local people's participation in planning and implementation, no

development initiatives can be succeeded.51

2.3.5.1. Participation

Participation has been a fundamental challenge for some of the approaches to development.

The involvement of local people in a first-rate range of administration policy-making

interventions comprising of a level of services, budget allocation and the ideal for proper

adjustments if you want to adjust the program in the course of community need to get people

guide and inspire a experience of solidarity in the community.52

People's participation makes a unique sort of condition inside a participatory improvement

manner. Actual decision-making activities arise and solution locating interventions appear

from these participation processes. As Paul (1988), says participation as a voluntary work

and through this local people become busy in planning ,decision making, implementation of

projects, monitoring and evaluation of community development programs and in sharing of

profits. Participation needs the voluntary and democratic participation of neighborhood

communities inside the following (a) give their efforts for development (b) share and get

identical profits from the development schemes (c) decision-making in respect of setting

goals, making policies and making plans and enforcing development programs.53

46

The accomplishment of programs depends on local people participation in appraisal,

planning, execution, and evaluation. Without people's participation, we cannot get

assignment targets, so it's obligatory for organizations to ensure humans' participation in

task interventions. Programs most probable achieve their goals where goals fit to the

priorities of the local people and where the supposed human beings are frequently consulted

and involved in at all stages of the method.54

Participation allows the local people to come to be the topics in their personal development

and not easy items method.55It seems simple to mention the local people to take part in the

development procedure, but it isn't an smooth task to mobilize them for participation. There

have to be a participatory capacity which can't be built inside days or like a avenue or dam

but needs to be evolved.56

2.3.5.2. Empowerment

The idea of empowerment pertains to the liberty of choice and it method manipulate over

sources and decisions. Empowerment isn't most effective approximately starting up get entry

to decision making however additionally need to contain methods that direct human beings

to discover themselves as capable and entitled to occupy that decision-making

area.57According to the World Bank (2002) empowerment is the increase of assets and

abilities of terrible people to take part in negotiating with affect, manipulate and preserving

accountable establishments that alternate their lives. It categorizes empowerment into four

key elements along with access to information, inclusion/participation, responsibility and

local organizational ability that need to underlie institutional reform.58

In this period, empowerment has now not taken into consideration a power itself however is

a procedure with the aid of which the latter is best bestowed to an stop or for a motive.

Klasen, S. (2006) argued that power is the capability not most effective to compel one's will

however also to put the phrases of the accord. In this feel, one might have a look at authority

as something which one has over every other. The conception of strength as "power over

one greater" is most important in the literature. In reality, the rationalization of authority in

names of power and domination seems from an overview of the usage of empowerment

across disciplines59.

Empowerment is taken into consideration the important thing to community development

programs. The principle goal of empowerment is to decorate vulnerable people's energy to

take active participation in the decision-making practice.60 According to UNDP(2004), the

essential objective of empowerment is to increase community members' participation in the

decision-making process and get identical possibilities in health, education, housing,

recreation, employment etc. Every character should additionally have the choice to

participate in all community choices and to improve his or her lifestyles61.

The crucial recognition of empowering motivates human beings to participate. Participation

refers involvement of local people in the decision-making practice and having the strength to

make decisions, and it is through participation that human beings come to be empowered62.

Empowering the people to approach the contract with them regarding initiatives. If humans

47

emerge as empower then they will put their contributions for improvement. Through the

empowering process, the deprived communities can take choices to solve their troubles.

2.3.5.3. Capacity Building

Capacity Building method means to enhance people's capability to settle their community

level problems and lead them to equipped for movement. As an end result, development is

the process by way of which vulnerabilities are reduced and abilities are elevated. The idea

of the capacity building is hooked up with empowerment, so it may be taken into

consideration as the approach to community development programs that growth local

people's competencies and abilities to remedy their troubles. Capacity building helps

neighborhood people to recognize all levels of development and to involve themselves in the

decision-making process. From this view, we are able to keep in mind that participation of

humans is a crucial in community development programs improving local people's

capabilities and skills can supply to the sustainability of the projects.63

Capacity building of people focuses on enabling all members of the community comprising

the marginalized to enhance skills and abilities in order to take more control of their own

lives and also make a contribution to development. As Bhattacharya(2003), said that without

improving local people's ability, communities are most effective considered a crowd of

people performing without a subject for the good. Consequently, capacity building is a tool

to empower the local community to get new abilities and expertise which they are able to

use to enhance in community development programs inside their groups64.

A UN report on Capacity Assessment and Development (UNDP, 1998), announces that

ability may be the potential of individuals and organizational units to do capabilities

efficaciously, effectively and sustainably. This concept has three essential parts: (i) It

suggests that capability isn't always an inactive state of affairs but is factor of a continuing

method; (ii) It make certain that human belongings and the method wherein they're used are

crucial to ability improvement; and (iii) it includes that the at the complete historical past in

which companies begin their functions may also be a key attention in strategies for

capability improvement. Capacity is the power of something to carry out and convey

satisfactorily65.

Improving people's ability is a critical tool to growth local people participation in

community development programs, so the government of Pakistan and NGOs needs to

overview their community development programs in line with the above-mentioned

parameter.

2.3.5.4. Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a term normally used all over the global. The purpose of

sustainable development is the lengthy-time period stability of the economic system and

socially; that is merely manageable through the integration and acknowledgment of

economic, environmental, and social issues throughout the decision-making method.

According to the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development

48

(1987), improvement is maintainable if it receives the simple necessitates of the present with

no compromising the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own wishes.66

Martinussen (1999) said that sustainability means the need for the cautious use of renewable

and non-renewable resources in a way that might no longer put off the need for destiny

generations67. Building on this definition Ife (1995) sustainability as retaining a system in

order that assets can be used at the velocity that they can be restocked. Sustainable

development requires a sturdy dedication to motion directed toward reshaping the members

of the family among humans and the surroundings68.

In this study context, sustainability approach means the continuance of community

development programs within the country. The sustainability of any community

development program depends on the level of people's participation in community

development process-decision-making, planning, implementation, and assessment. There

should be cooperation among local groups and government, and NGOs should work

mutually as to ensure its sustainability of programs in destiny. But, participatory

development method focuses the people's participation in all stages of development via

which they could construct their capacities to deal problems in a systematic way. In

Pakistani context, a range of interventions together with women rights, child improvement,

health care and many others, are being implemented by participatory development approach

as a favored alternative approach for helpful community development programs because of

community involvement and programs sustainability. There is evidence that community

participation improves the success of development projects. For example; Orangi Pilot

Project (OPP) and The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRP). The both project's great

success involve a number of local people from a slum and rural areas efficiently in

managing and solving their local issues.

2.3.6. The Millennium Development Goals

In September 2000, leaders of 189 countries and as a minimum 23 global corporations met

at the United nations in the USA and dedicated to supporting achieve the eight Goals via

2015. The decision of the assertion finally became the MDG. The information with

objectives are69:

To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• To achieve universal primary education

• To promote gender equality

• To decrease child mortality

• To improve maternal health

• To struggle HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

• To ensure environmental sustainability

• To develop a global partnership for development

49

The primary aim is to remove severe poverty and starvation. Two goals will serve to obtain

this goal. These are first, to lower by partially the part of human beings residing on much

less than a dollar a day; and second, to decrease by way of half of the part of people who

enjoy from starvation. The second goal is to achieve a widespread primary education. The

target for this is to make certain that all boys and girls whole a full direction of primary

training. The third purpose is the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of

women, and the goal is to reduce gender inequality in primary and secondary education if

feasible via 2005 and at all ranges by way of 2015.

The fourth goal is to reduce child mortality, and the objective for this is to reduce by means

of two-thirds the mortality rate amongst youngsters under five. The fifth goal is to improve

maternal health. The target here is to lessen by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio.

The sixth goal, that is to challenge HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases have targets. The

first goal is to stop and start to opposite the unfold of HIV/AIDS, and the second is to halt

and begin to reverse the occurrence of malaria and different main diseases.

The seventh goal, which is to make certain environmental sustainability, has a couple of

goals. The primary of those is to enroll in collectively the values of everlasting development

into the country of rules and projects; and to copy loss of environmental resources.

Secondly, that is the pledge to lower through half the percentage of people without the

sustainable right to use to safe drinking water; and at closing to get critical development in

lives of at least a hundred million slum dwellers, by way of 2020.

The last goal is to develop an international partnership for improvement. This goal would be

considered reached when seven goals are met. The primary of those is to develop more an

open, rule-based, anticipated, non-same dealing and financial system. The second target is to

deal with the unique desires of the least advanced developed countries. The third target

under this goal is to deal with the special desires of landlocked nations and small island

growing states. The fourth goal is to deal comprehensively with the debt problems of

developing nations via country-wide and international actions on the way to construct debt

maintainable within the prolonged term. The fifth is the objective to broaden and enforce

strategies for first rate and effective work for teenagers in cooperation with developing

nations. The after that focus on is to offer to get entry to affordable necessary drugs in

developing countries in collaboration with pharmaceutical agencies. The very last goal is to

make to be had the advantages of new technology, particularly facts and communications

technologies, to developing nations in cooperation with the personal area.

Pakistan has carried out sixteen goals and forty-one signs in against to which improvement

toward reaching the Eight Goals of the MDG’s is measured. Time series information is

available for 33 of these indicators make known that Pakistan is in a direction to obtain the

objectives on nine signs where its growth on 24 signs is off beam.

2.3.7. The Sustainable Development Goals

In September of 2015, international leaders have set seventeen new goals for the upcoming

period of human development this is transformational for each human and planet. The SDGs

50

go after and expand on the millennium development goals (MDGs) which had been agreed

by means of 193 countries in 2001 and expired 2015. The new 17 SDGs are following;

1. Forestall poverty in all its shapes anywhere

2. Prevent starvation get food safety and more advantageous nutrition and development

maintainable agriculture

3. Make certain healthful lives and continue well-being for all at all ages

4. Make sure complete and impartial superiority education and advance lifetime

gaining knowledge of chances for all

5. Get gender equality and control to all girls and women

6. Make sure accessibility and maintainable board of water and sanitation for all

7. Make sure get right of entry to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern-day

strength for all

8. Advance maintained, inclusive and sustainable financial growth entire and useful

employment, and polite work for all

9. Make flexible street and rail network, boost inclusive and maintainable

industrialization, and foster innovation

10. Decrease disparity within and amongst nations

11. Expand cities and human settlements inclusive, secure, flexible and sustainable

12. Make sure maintainable use and production fashions

13. Take critical act to resist climate change and its influences

14. Preserve and sustainably make use of the marines, seas and marine sources for

maintainable improvement

15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably

control forests, contest desertification and stop and undo land poverty, and stop

biodiversity failure

16. Strengthen non violent and comprehensive societies for maintainable development,

provide get right of entry to justice for all and construct effective, responsible and

inclusive establishments at all levels

17. Make stronger the method of achievement and refresh the worldwide partnership for

sustainable improvement70.

2.4. Models of Community Development

Community development includes joint efforts to troubles according to existing local assets

in the community. The importance of Community development can't be denied in

development. It provides at grassroots levels. There has been growing concentration in

community-based development and community-driven development that may provide

greater treasured and sustainable basis when it comes to people wishes and improvement.

"Community-based development and its similarly new alternative, Community Driven

Development are among the fastest growing techniques for channeling development help.

To provide an explanation for ideas, CBD is a shadow that offers to projects which actively

51

consist of beneficiaries of their layout and management. community driven development is a

term to start with invented through the world financial institutions that refer to tasks where

the public have direct strength greater key task choices as well as the management of asset

finances.71

2.4.1. Asset-Based Community Development

Asset-Based Community Development is a model supported on the principle of spotting and mobilizing person and community assets, instead of specializing on issues and desires. The idea is that given the tools and the opportunity to small organizations of local humans can alternate the matters that they accept as true with want changing in their community better than all of us else. Once they have sought out about and applied their community resources for the regular high-quality local people can make a decision whether or not to manage in a further assist from outside. This is what is meant by the term making change happen from inside-out.72 According to Foot and Hopkins (2010) , we have basic necessitates and troubles; our maximum deprived groups additionally have social, cultural and material. Spotting and organizing these can help them control the social problems they face. The extra familiar lack approach on the issues, desires, and deficiencies in a community along with deprivation, contamination, and health-damaging behaviors. It designs services to fill the gaps and attach the issues. As a result, a community can feel disempowered and structured; humans can develop into inactive receivers of social services instead of dynamic means of their possess and their families lives.73 Asset-based community development is a way to community development that starts with what is present in a community which includes the capacities and property of local individuals, institutions in preference to with what is missing in a community and what a community necessitates are. The point of interest and goals of the community development field have modified over the last years from bottom-up and internally pushed to top-down and externally driven the need for an alternative approach has grown to be apparent.74 Asset-based community development is targeted on a community's ability in place of on its scarcity. As an instance, rather than focusing on lacking basic facilities, this method would focus on existing facilities and their success. Focusing on its assets, the community as a whole will see its useful elements inclusive of community backyards, a mentoring program, and the various skills of its residents after which work on developing these assets even more.75 The Asset-Based Community Development specializes in the bottom-up approaches that stresses from a service perspective valuing collaboration dynamic relationships and participation, therefore, a association driven-technique.76 The ABCD objectives to make sure that individuals and groups are not customers, but they are received to becoming self-enough and manage their lives. ABCD has the potential to permit communality to pick out their strengths and focus on what they have got rather that what is lacking and on this way make contributions to recognizing new talents.77 In modern years, asset-based community development has become the main focal factor of community development developers. As a choice to the more generally experienced need-based method, ABCD shifts the point of interest of community development from “crisis

52

resolving” to “resource constructing”. The Asset-based Community Development engages figuring out and utilizing all the feasible assets in an area. Area assets encompass the capacities and abilities of people, managerial capabilities, political relations, buildings and services, and financial sources. Earlier than moving beforehand, it's vital to understand the advantages. Assets are a useful quality, individual or thing.78 Before moving ahead, it is essential to know the assets. Assets are a useful or valuable quality, person or thing; an advantage or resource. Assets as the donations, abilities and facilities of persons, organizations and institutions. The notion that persons within a community are assets is essential. Assets may be seen as several kinds, but (Rainey, Robinson, Allen, and Christy (2003), presented three kinds assets: human, physical, human and social.79 According to Vidal and Keating (2004) physical assets includes the road, building,

infrastructure and natural resources within a community. Human assets are defined as the

skills, talents, and knowledge of community members. It is important to identify that not

only are adults part of a human asset but children and youth also contribute. It may comprise

labor market skills, leadership skills, general education background, artistic development

and appreciation, health, and other skills and experience. The third asset is called social asset

which refers to the social relationship within a community.80 Social asset contains a stock of

active relations among people: the trust, mutual understanding, and shared significances and

faiths that tie the members of human nets and communities and build supportive action

possible.81 In the community development context, the importance of social relationships is

indispensable to motivating local public and is a typically critical element for the

accomplishment of programs or initiatives. Social asset contains the formal and informal

organizations and groups, networks, and ties that bind community members collectively.82

Carrying out the asset-based approach is a hard and fast of methods for mobilizing community individuals including: Gathering date of community and analyzing them; • Mapping community property; • Forming a committee; • Building relationships among neighborhood property for mutually beneficial problem solving inside the community; • Assembling a spokesperson making plans group; • Leveraging sports, sources, and investment from the outside community83. Asset-based development is probably to be less disagreement oriented than many different community organizing techniques. It highlights common interests and may provide an tremendous foundation for mobilizing people to address the critical issues dealing with their groups. In this regard, it has much in common with the strategies and techniques hired via the foundation of the commercial region. There is not anything inborn inside the method that avoids conflict with the power elite. Nor does the emphasis on common pursuits ignore struggle. It seeks to overcome racial, gender, and sophistication variations that frequently constrain community development programs or projects84.

53

Asset-based community development has the ability for national and worldwide improvement exercise, and it's considered as an instrument for improvement agents to counter dramatic modifications in the social, political and economic landscape. ABCD is instrumental in the system of democratization of mainly the much less developed countries collectively with non-public agencies like World Vision and different, because of the emergence of more potent and accountable forms of authorities at a local stage and the upward thrust of vibrant and powerful civil society organization along with NGOs.85 The strengthening and increasing of relationships between individuals and companies is equally vital as that among one-of-a-kind sectors and improvement organizations: and the controlling and protection of this network is fundamental to powerful community development.86 Some of the communities appearance to outside helps. It's argued that technical aid from outdoor organization creates dependency and this works in opposition to the idea of constructing the ability of local groups. However, ABCD creates an opportunity for human beings to no longer most effective participate in however additionally lead the community planning process.87 In Pakistan, an asset-based approach method has been introduced with the support of NGOs. Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) in Pakistan remains in its formative years. Whilst a few initiatives are currently being performed through Aga Khan Rural Support Programs, National Rural Support Programs, Sugi Foundation and Organi Polite Project tried to sustain community development programs at the local levels. The asset-based model changed into a successful method for increasing people involvement inside the community planning process. ABCD affords diverse advantages to communities across the country. Community individuals work together to bring about positive change by building on and utilizing what is present in their community rather than listen to outside sources tell them what their problems are and how to fix them. Without involving and empowering local people, community development is especially unproductive. 2.4.2. Community-Driven Development

The community-driven development model has grown to be a key plan used by both authorities and public organizations. The community-driven development gives control of decisions and assets to community corporations. These organizations frequently work in a joint challenge with demand-responsive help corporations and service providers comprising local governments, the personal sector, NGOs, and country wide agencies. CDD is a mode to present social and infrastructure services to systematize financial action and resource management, to empower local people, to enhance governance, and to increase the safety of the poorest88. Khwaja (2001) that community development programs prepared by local communities had

been greater maintainable than the ones implemented through local governments or

externals due to better maintenance of the assets and infrastructure created by the project.89

On the other hand, Mosse (1997) mentioned that CDD programs that execute external

institutional, financial, and technical help have been not maintainable. In combined

communities with tall social inequality, the overall performance of CDD initiatives in

54

concentrated on the negative has been worse than that of externally managed programs. But,

in addition, they disclosed that in democratic communities with open and obvious systems

of decision-making, focused on became better with CDD than with development approaches

using external project management.90

People get enormous advantages from community-driven development model. The key goal to create a stability state of affairs among power relations in a manner that creates organization and voice for prone people letting them have greater manipulate the development process. It's predicted to build the distribution of development funds more available to their needs, enhance the targeting of community development programs, make government quicker to respond, expand the delivery of public goods and services, and make stronger the skills of the community to undertake self-initiated development programs.91 Through Community-Driven Development model, local services can be extra on hand for local community members, particularly, for disadvantaged and marginalized groups and as a result, can enhance sustainability. As local community individuals are the extra credible supply of statistics approximately their community needs. It concentrates on the basic facilities of a community including health, training, water and is advanced sustained than whilst decisions are made by developers. A research observe on water supply was conducted in six countries (Pakistan, Indonesia, Uganda, Benin, Bolivia, and Honduras) recommends that water deliver maintainability is much taller when communities' members control the main decisions.92 Community-driven improvement referred to as a bottom-up approach to development and poverty discount believes on the area people's participation and empowerment of economically marginalized groups. Community-Driven Development tries to empower local people by means of giving the manipulate of choices and sources operation. The key aims of this model to make robust relationships with local communities and local governments, NGOs and federal governments via a mature corporation. It specializes in agent preserve and comprehensive CDD is taken into consideration as a manner to gain a huge and great improvement agenda and presenting health, education, housing, exercising, the organization of financial intervention and resource management, the empowerment of the vulnerable groups, the enhancement of governance system of the marginalized people.93 Distinct studies have shown that community-Driven Development can enhance the dwelling standard of people. For instance schooling, equality, governance, infrastructure, and natural resource management. There may be some of the piratical proofs that local community management and duty can broaden education outcomes. Local community participation in education sports can inspire children to attend school and compel them to offer all required services. Those groups that control school set up at the local level are also ready to give any form of help to make it a success. The Philippines is one of the examples that community-controlled primary schools have lower fees even as preserving enrollment and high-quality strong94. Inequality is one of the key troubles in local communities/groups where marginalized people do not get same possibilities in comparison with others, so CCD's key purpose is to address the inequality problems at local levels. CCD includes the act participation of community

55

groups who clearly are aware of their rights and may protest towards bias or disparity acts. According to Human Development Report (2002) Community-Driven Development offers key recognition on local people empowerment via the decision making and assets management. Later it can be promoted via the advanced transparency in decision making encouraged by the information campaigns that naturally go with a CDD program, the capacity building is executed at the community stage for self-began development, and social responsibility introduced about through participatory M&E. These concerns of voice and duty are critical for deepening participatory democracy. Currently, some of the community-driven development projects are working with local governments, specifically, while the concluding are at early stages of development. Imposing devolution reform and better local governance have to turn out to be a key authorization for CDD interventions.95 The projects which run via the local people generally outcomes in lower expenses and gave high-quality consequences. Research studies of community-organized irrigation structures in Asia, as an instance, have continuously determined that systems built and operated by the farmers themselves, often without lots external assistance, generate a higher level of agricultural performance than more modern structures made through authorities departments with huge external help.96Some other study which conducted in Zambia and South Africa indicates that when CBOs are in price for all elements of the project inclusive of planning, implanting and monitoring, costs per receiver are less than half than when the CBOs are not decision makers97. Many countries inside the world have followed the CCD version for natural resources management. Andra Pradesh forest project India is one example that suggests very positive effects and also accelerated the performance of services. More than four thousands CBOs have revitalized extra than one million hectares of degraded forest within the country. Degraded forests have sprung again to life, wood smuggling has approximately blocked, and cattle cropping is under control. Village labor forces are more gainfully hired and out-migration has declined. Soil conservation has stored local water resources. Community-driven development empowers needy people. The purpose of development is not actually to boost incomes or to improve poverty signs but additionally to broaden people actual freedoms. These are the choices people make between distinct precious beings and doings likes being encouraged, being educated, participating in public debate, or being free to walk approximately without disgrace98. Development approaches that make stronger local communities and construct social capital also can improve the safety net for marginalized groups and reduce their disclosure to the danger. In end, increasing local communities strengths that can decorate vulnerable and marginalized people's voice in local political methods and governance.

2.5. Approaches of Community Development

Community development is more often than not used in less-evolved or backward areas to

allocate attempts to provide for the improvement of communities. A number of methods can

be used in this regard according to the state of affairs to convey perfect and suited

improvement in communities. The maximum famous approaches are followed:

56

2.5.1 External Agent Approach

Within the first method, the community development program initiators employ an outside

agent to release a particular method in a community. The program may be related to a new

thought, a health program, a housing program, an endeavor which the external agent

considers the advantages of the community. He enters a community as a professional in a

few fields e.g., training, health, and many others, and his undertaking is to discover

community desires for his services and analyses them and put together an assignment to

solve the issues.

The agent attempts to steer the community members by means of more than a few " income

methods." He convinces the people of the community via individual and organization

conferences to use available services. He attempts to know the felt need of humans. He

offers literature to teach participants and suggests documentaries, films committees with

illiterate members and tries to benefit their cooperation and self-belief in enforcing a

project99.The fundamental reason of this method is to introduce and put in force a particular

task or program to deal the particular difficulty. This method is also referred to as

'management approach' from the authorities.100

2.5.2 Multiple Approach

In this second approach, a group of experts/ specialists tries to present some of the facilities

like health, education, housing, and recreation to deal with the unique problems which

appear or can also seem very soon. In this approach, some of the associated people are

selected from the community and they're asked to work with specialists to put together a

proper plan to deal the felt desires of the community. These selected people are the

representative of the community and they take any choices in the favor of community.101

The principle motivation of this approach is to turn a century into a decade. However, the

decisions must be taken in keeping with the community's customs, norms, values and so like

the equal and such type of programs should not be implemented which disturbs the local

traditions. The practice of alternate should be an evolutionary. The approach is also

acknowledged representative approach.

2.5.3 Inner-Resources Approach

In this approach, the targeted community members are influenced to recognize their own

wishes, recognize their existing assets and to work together to deal theirs necessitates in

keeping with the available resources. Through this approach, community development

programs can be prepared after collective efforts, so they conduct numbers of conferences,

discussions, to reach a settlement.102

In such an approach, change comes as a community wants the need for development and

because it evolves the will and capacity to convey improvement it feels suited. Decisions

can be installed internally rather than externally. People's capacity is much crucial as

compared to the development of a particular program, so members of the community should

57

be encouraged to increase their potential, skills, and knowledge which may be used inside

the community development programs.103

The principle aim of this approach to involve each member of a community in community

development programs to get greater successful effects. This method is also referred to as

participatory approach.

2.6 Local leadership and Community Development

According to Homan (2008), leadership is a process through which a member of the

community affects different community members to the realization of particular community

goals. Local leaders are those who have the authority to influence community members

concerning any choices at a community stage, so local leaders role cannot be denied in

community development programs are vital to the achievement of community development

programs.104 It is very hard for the government to recognize the concept of local leadership

in community development program in Pakistan. From the authorities level and inside the

context of improvement, local leadership is great to facilitate the establishment of

community development as a legal activity to improve the lives of humans in Pakistan.

As noted previously, community organizing as a part of the community development

process so it can't be accomplished without local leaders' involvement. Constructive support

and idea of community members to believe in themselves, enhancing of cognizance of

personal strength by means of the community, the beginning of interest and willingness to

make a contribution actively to the improvement in their groups and assist in taking

possession and manipulating of their development are some of the maximum demanding and

at the same time the most essential facilitative tasks required of community development

practitioners.105

Local leadership is a completely essential for community development planning and

implementation and may achieve via gaining knowledge and education. These local leaders

are wholly special as compared with other varieties of leaders due to the fact they've abilities

and skills about deliberate change. They can inspire the local groups to make proper changes

in the organization's vision , mission, and goals. Local leaders can ruin the old conduct and

produce new thinking in communities. A query is raised, what makes a good leadership in

community level, so a short description of true leaders is presented via Goleman (2005)106.

2.6.1 Social Skills

Goleman identified three fundamental elements for social skills. Capability to control the

relationship with different, empathy and social competencies and friendliness. Socially

professional humans are likely to have a capacity for constructing rapport. They work

according to the supposition that nothing important gets completed on my own. Such

humans have a network in a region when the time for action comes. Socially skilled people

are skillful at coping with groups; they are expert convinces an illustration of self-

consciousness, self-regulation, and empathy collective. Social talent is considered a key

leadership capability in maximum institutions.

58

2.6.2 Empathy

For local leaders, it does not imply coming into people's emotion as one's own and seeking

to please each person. It denotes thoughtfully knowledge people's feelings and emotions

along with the causes to make smart decisions. Being a crew chief, it's essential to know the

viewpoints of every member of the community because, it can be simple to execute

community development programs easily. who are empathic can understand the importance

of local values and norms.

2.6.3 Self Awareness

Self-awareness is one of the required abilities for a local leader. It approaches having a deep

knowledge of people's needs, weaknesses, strengths and so on. The leaders who have self-

awareness can deal local problems and can be capable of implementing applicable

community development programs in the community. People with desirable self-cognizance

are able to speak accurately and overtly just about their emotions and its impact on their

work.

2.6.4 Motivation

Motivation is considered any other essential talent for local leaders due to the fact

motivation can build self-belief to community individuals to tackle their issues with extra

offers. People with excessive motivation remain positive even if the percentages are stacked

against them.

2.6.5 Self Regulation

Self-regulation is vital for local leaders because they're seen as those who are in control in their emotions and dreams; they're rational and talented to make an environment of belief and equality. In such an atmosphere, politics and infighting are piercingly decreased and the output turns into high. People who have managed their emotions are able to evolve with the adjustments. Self-regulation advances frankness that isn't most effective a private desirable fee however additionally an organizational strength. In additional, talents make the effort to broaden, maximum of all, commitment, it's very vital for local leaders to have typically and especially for community development in Pakistan context.

2.7 Community Participation in Community Development Programs

The term participation in community base interventions is creating a chunk confusion for

many expert workers. Participation as partnership wherein humans, voluntarily, or because

of some arguments, agree with work together with an externally decided development

project frequently with the contributing their labor and resources in alternate for some

expected benefits participation is a process via which stakeholders influence and supply over

control development procedure and choices and resources which impact them. Therefore,

from the above definitions, we can say it with this cognizance that participation could be

essential in community development programs. In this regard, participation gives strength

and courage to targeted groups to take wide choices concerning their troubles. Participation

59

no longer is imposed by external forces, so their willingness could be essential in

community improvement projects or programs.

There are four basic and clear defined varieties of participations: public action, public

involvement, electoral participation, and compulsory participation.107 To distinguish these

styles of participation, we may be capable of recognizing the community development

process and its link with other community development actors. From this courting, the

public motion is considered the most associated with the community development manner,

due to the fact, on this type of participation, the interventions are initiated, planned and

controlled via local community participants with the goal to bring an appropriate

improvement. On this type, the community members attempt to persuade the authorities and

others to implement programs consistent with their needs and goals. Public involvement and

compulsory participation can't be started via local people. On this kind of participation,

programs are initiated, deliberate and applied by governments and others.

However, the term participation defined in two other methods for development. Participation

can be taken as the imply in addition to the give up via itself. The variations among suggest

and end can provide unique purposes in community development programs. Within the first

sort of participation, even though this type of participation, the initiatives may be carried out

by means of outside agencies. The authorities or donors are those who commence

development community programs and use community sources to provide facilities to the

people. In the second kind of participation, though this participation the tasks may be

applied through local groups and that they take greater duty for their improvement. The

main goal of this kind to attempt to resolve their problems with communities member

efforts.108 Nelson and Wright (1995), illustrated this as Participation as an end where the

community or group establish a process to govern its personal improvement. A number of

scholars discussing on it and giving their argument whether participation is a method or an

end or each109.

From the past four decades, the term community participation have were given an important

place in the development manner wherein academics have advocated governments and

NGOs to engage local people in the process of community development because their

participation in community development programs can build their self-belief and take

ownership in development. Community participation is a voluntary technique through which

local humans take part in the development process and provide their services to bring

improvement. community participation has a totally valuable role in community

development process in any community. Some of the well-known organizations have

emphasized the significance of community participation in community improvement

programs. If the authorities want to deal with the people issues then the authorities need to

contain local communities to recognize their problems and include wonderful solutions.

A number of academics attempted to assess the level of community participation in

community development programs. They have suggested a few standards via which they

come to be capable of examine community members participation in community

development process. Freire (1972), proposed a few criteria evaluate community

60

participation in community development programs. The primary criteria are

representativeness, they said that communities participation needs to painting the

disadvantaged populace. The second criteria are independence, the motive of this criterion

that groups need to take part within the entire method with their personal willingness

without imposes from outsiders. In advance involvement, recommends that community

members must be involved in community development initiatives from starting ranges i.e.

planning and design process. Have an impact on, people must have a power on the leaders

during the planning and implementation. Finally, transparency may be very imperative; the

communities must have recorded all through planning and implementation human beings.

This will help them to discover what is going on.110

The Human Development Report (UNDP, 1993) explained the essential of public

participating in their local development programs, citing that people’s participation is

becoming into the fundamental matter in the face of present-day challenges for the

development process. This means the idea directs in performance, effectiveness, and fairness

when community members are accepted to participate in project planning, implementation,

monitoring, and evaluation. The very last cease of this improvement is that beneficiaries end

up empowered and impartial within the pursue growing themselves and the whole

community.111

Oakley and Marsden (1985), stated that participation has an excellent position in the

development method because it is related to human improvement and increases people's feel

to recognize their problems which disturb their lives, help the disadvantaged people to

recognize and learn how to plan and enforce tasks or programs. It also has any other vital

position as it smashes human being's isolation and organizes the base for them to have no

longer best a greater substantial stress on development however also an extra autonomy and

manage their lives.112

Typically, the participation of local groups in community development procedure is diverse

important in developing nations like Pakistan where people's participation isn't considered

vital. Participatory interventions ought to include a sharing of power: which focuses on

public involvement wherein decisions be taken together between local groups and

community development program initiators. community development where most groups

don't display any interest in development and that's why we can't see any ownership amongst

them. On the other side, NGOs have advocated local communities to participate in

community development programs in their areas. In this century, people's involvement in

community development process is referred to as an effective sign for exchange.

61

Part II. The Historical Background & current Trends of

Community Development Programs in Pakistan

2.8. Community Development: A Global Perspective The term community development has been practiced to explain activities to improve social

development at the grass root stage since the early nineteenth century. The contemporary

preferred use of the term might advise that the approach is having a new starting. But rather

than indicating a rediscovery of the concept in recent years, it would seem that an antique

term is getting used to denote new practices. Tracing a history of community development is

an smooth assignment because the term has been in use for a significant quantity of time and

yet employed to denote different strategies in very various backgrounds. For example, it

turned into used to demonstrate the approaches of the British colonial powers in East Africa

during the Nineteen Forties which aimed; to mobilize the labor of rural and urban groups in

support of national authorities goals to make social and physical infrastructures, and

enhance self-reliance.113

Community development as a profession has deep roots; it's linked with social workers,

sociologists and anthropologies for more than two hundred years. But, the specific occasions

which include democratic political revolutions of France and Britain and world wars played

very important role. It was first used officially at the British Colonial office's Cambridge

conference at the development of African suggestion. Community development became

proposed to help the British colonies in African to prepare for independence by enhancing

local governments and developing their economics.114

During the Nineteen Fifties and Nineteen Sixties, social change and collective movement

once more garnered great interest because of the need to correct depressing circumstances

inside disadvantaged-afflicted rural regions and regions of urban decline. The civil rights

and antipoverty actions caused the recognition of community development as a practice and

rising career.115

Recently independent nations carried out these techniques in their attempts to increase the

poorer areas after the wave of decolonization within the 1950s and 1960s: community

development as a government-sponsored method is particularly well known in the instance

of independent India. However, the recognition of community development with

governments in growing nations become at the decline through the Seventies. It turned into

considered to have had restrained fulfillment and attention shifted to the look for immediate

technical solutions to the troubles of rural poverty.116 The overdue 1970s onwards, as a

response to the nation-led approach to community development that publications started

rising whose attention turned into on encouraging peasant farmers and the needy to be the

initiators of their personal development – in this way the 'closing might be put first.117

62

There has also been a similar alter towards community development at the part of states and

joint organizations which have helped to shake off its needy person. It has now once more

emerge as essential in tries to relieve poverty within the growing world. Much of this has to

do with converting worldwide politics and rescheduling of the development program. With

the end of the cold battle, the increase of ‘neo-liberal’ methods to state happiness situation

and the decline in the skills and assets of the nation in many states, mixed self-initiative has

been declared because the technique to address the requirements of deprived communities.

The world bank and in addition organizations have at present come to witness community

development as a properly-prepared way of mobilizing labor and controlling assets as the

country is rolled returned. However, they emerge to want to take on this guide of community

corporations themselves in preference to leaving engagement with the grassroots to the

NGO sector or newly emerging self-governance bodies. This can perhaps be seen as a

reaction to the perceived failure of NGOs to solve troubles of poverty in the growing

international. In the course of the 1990s, these agencies have been visible because the fine

mediators among terrible people and assets of investment and were lauded as maximum able

to have interaction with communities to apprehend them and cope with their needs.

However, the perceived lack of ability of the world to give sufficient proof of its impact that

would ‘prove’ its comparative benefit, has led bilateral and multilateral corporations to

reconsider their mindset towards engagement with poor communities. This about-turn in

wondering is now evidenced via the World Bank’s focus on Community Driven

Development.118

The concept of community development proposes that the term has been used as a general

term, to explain, in universal, attempts to build up human and social well-being on the

grassroots level. In the current situation, some of the worldwide and countrywide

organizations have used community development approach. The community development

program, inside the international, targeted on a whole improvement of the humans. It has

long past through numerous phases. In the past, it becomes confined in rural regions. Now it

uses the urban region as well. The key purpose of community development programs is

sustainable development.

2.9. Historical Background of Community Development Programs in

Pakistan

The development process proposes that the up-and-coming nations shift through a series of stages of evolution towards modernization on the basis of economic, political and social stabilization. In recent times in the international, every country is trying to execute a number of community development programs as a way to improve the life standard of people. Community development in Pakistan has a protracted history; a few components of community development can even be traced again to the colonial duration, i.e. earlier than partition. Widespread are early efforts of the Christian Missions that installed rural reconstruction centers that influenced trained multi-purpose village people. It additionally made health, education, and social welfare institutions inside the targeted regions as part of their missionary work. Mahatma Gandhi promoted and evolved new rural institutions to

63

offer services to the villagers for local development. He recommended self-sufficiency, the unique use of local resources, and self-assist for village development without outside help. One another past revel in resulted from the thought of the Deputy Commissioner of Punjab, Mr. F.L. Brayne who examined his concept of community development within the Gurgaon district at some point of 1920-28. A District Board under the chairmanship of the Deputy Commissioner turned into the imposing corporation which coordinated and integrated the activities of all line departments for community development at the district level. Village guides had been recruited to serve as multi-cause extension employees for all line departments to approach village development problems in a holistic way. Every manual became in charge of a cluster of villages and his work was supervised by a tehsil level officer and the District Director. A faculty of the Rural financial system supplied training facilities to village publications and teachers on rural development activities in every cluster of villages. A faculty of the home economic system supplied schooling facilities to village ladies. Local participatory agencies were established consisting of the village co-operative societies, higher residing societies, livestock breeding societies, women corporations, health facilities, and many others. All programs had been implemented with the active involvement of the local leaders.119

By the stop of the second World War and the formation of Pakistan, thereafter,

development theorist and practitioners had already a rooting on community

development which emerged from such stories. Within the early days, basically, four

thoughts outlined the course of concept on community development rules in

Pakistan:

The idea of rural reconstruction, i.e. the holistic technique of entire rural community

development; this perception went collectively with the more development concept

of developing rural areas, which in the early 50th was not ordinary due to the fact at

that time the term development became extra generally linked with the industrial

part;

The concept of administration initiated/guided incorporated community development

that could convey together all line departments at the local stage to method the

numerous improvement problems simultaneously;

The idea of connecting the groups and the civil society at extraordinary in rural

development attempts in the form of localized participatory groups; and,

The concept of self-initiative and community collaboration, i.e. the idea of independence at the village level.120

'That Sudhar' and 'Panchayat' have been the two models that were implemented earlier than independence. The literature tells that these efforts could not be institutionalized with a few critical strive and had been just used as the gear of control of the community development by the colonial rulers. However, after independence in 1947, some determined attempts have been made on the subject of community development. An overview of these development programs is given. Community development as a technique formally turned into delivered in 1951 while first UN guide came in March 1952, analyzed the issues and needs recommended an expert technique. Since 1951 till nowadays, numerous community

64

development programs had been implemented by using authorities and non-governmental organizations. The main targets of diverse community development programs were to convey socio-economic modify in the country. On the second of April 1953, sixty-five social workers have been trained inside the first in-carrier education route, supported by the Government of Pakistan and United nations Technical administration (UNTAA) took the above oath of commitment at an outstanding ceremony at Khalikdina hall in Karachi presided over via the then Minister for Health, Labour and works, Dr. A.M Malik. This become a turning factor in the history of community development in Pakistan because it gave a new direction to community development and modified it from a charity oriented voluntary activity to a modern scientific profession.121 The concept behind community development programs become no longer best to satisfy the fundamental needs of the human beings and additionally to offer a great approach to their social training but also to integrate them into cohesive communities. According to World Bank (1996), these programs emphasized on simple education, health, i.e. hygiene and sanitation, organized collective efforts, development of cottage industries, community development via self-assist, social welfare, and comfort measures.122 Since independence in 1947, the government of Pakistan and Non-Governmental organizations have launched some community development programs on occasion to enhance people's living style. Among these efforts are village Agricultural and Industry Development (V-AID), Rural Workers Program, Integrated Rural Development Program, People's Works Program, People's Program, basic democracies etc. These programs numerous of their philosophy, scope, dimensions, method, procedures as well as of their successes and disasters.

2.10. Major Community Development Programs by Government of

Pakistan and NGOs

This part attempts to make a brief literature review of the Community Development

Programs which have been implemented by Government of Pakistan and Non-

Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to improve the living standard of communities. The

planning Commission of Pakistan in their first Five-Year Plan has explained the community

Development Program ' as the approach or method through which Five-Year Plan seeks to

start a process of transformation of the social and economic life of the communities'. Since

1955, Government of Pakistan launched a range of community development programs such

as Village Agricultural and Industry Development (V-AID), Rural Workers Program,

Integrated Rural Development Program, People's Works Program, People's Program and

Khushal Pakistan program.

2.10.1. Village Agriculture Industry Development (V-AID), 1952-61

The Village Agriculture Industry Development (V-AID) was the first formal community development program in Pakistan with the financial support resource of the United State and

65

designed to resolve the human's problems in particular rural areas through mobilization of the government resources with the participation of the local people. This program changed into predicted to develop coordinating the total assets or the human beings and the authorities for the concerted endeavor to fulfill the wishes of village people.123 The primary principle of the program was to map strengthen and expand the self-determination initiatives to people towards modernization of groups. Furthermore, the number one goal of Village-aid program was to accumulate rural capital via advanced farming practices, cottage industries, and animal husbandry as well as gives the effective connection among line departments. However, the program unsuccessful due to overloaded tasks of addition personnel and lack of linkage among linked departments.124 The V-AID idea centered on local duties and community self-help and the general agenda were trusted village level organizations. A village council of key influencers changed into organized that took over village level obligations. Young people had been established, co-operatives provided credit, advertising facilities to the farmers, and social centers have been developed to offer social services and competencies to women. The important goal of the V-AID program become to assist rural people both personally and collectively in plotting and renting self-assist programs prepared to reduce local human being's common troubles and to reach agreed-upon dreams. Villagers were designed to present them the self-belief and capacity to act through organized effort with a minimum of outdoor assist.125 The program covered almost one/fifth of the rural communities of the State. The entire area of the State was divided into eighty development region. Rural industries have been supported through the abilities of rural artisans and helping them to organize into teamwork. The health component gave safe water supply, dispensaries, vaccination, spay and so forth. The physical infrastructure became developed through constructing and repairing of roads, bridges, small irrigation dams and community building which include colleges and so forth.126 Village -AID was a profits generation program and commenced to apply for surplus hard work in rural communities to raise agriculture production in addition to village-based industrial programs. The program also encompassed investment for health centers, schools and water and sanitation services. At the beginning, the program became excellent, however, the development slowed down later. It didn't reap the overall objectives of the program. It did not provide an adequate number of trained workers for the program of improvement of women and adult literacy. This program of inter-corporation coordination unfavorably affected the success of the program. Some established departments did no longer help for the betterment. The advisory committees did no longer function properly to solve the variations. The program did not construct effect on people's lives. Although adoption of advanced, farm practices turned into faster inside the development regions, achievements in agriculture were generally quick of expectation. After 1959 election, a new scheme was introduced which is referred to as "Basic Democracies", due to transform in development approach the V-AID programs have been ignored in 1961.

66

2.10.2. Rural Works Program, 1962-70

In 1962, a pilot plan of rural development named Rural Works program via Basic

Democracies system was introduced by Government of Pakistan to allow local groups to

establish their own union councils at gross root level for decision-making and execute of

development project and made attempts to make certain maximum participation of the

masses in community development programs. Through Basic Democracies, elected

representatives have been assigned the assignment of improvement of their local

communities. The V-AID was changed by Rural Works program. The Rural Works program

had a narrower scope than the scope of V-aid. It focused greater building or enhancing

villages infrastructure through labor-intensive projects.127

Rural work program was organized to contain local communities with maximum involvement in planning and improvement procedure so one can make feasible the local community to enhance their socio-economic conditions. RWP became aimed to create recognition and self-guarantee a few of the hundreds at grass root level to remedy their own subjects without watching for external assist and strengthened buying the power of the hundreds. It also created employment opportunities for small investment. The objectives RWP emphasis at the establishment of infrastructure like irrigation channels, bridges, roads in rural locations.128 The council assemblies were instituted at union, tehsil and district level under the Basic Democracies. The Director of the project inside the fundamental Democracies and local government department was in charge of the program at the provincial level. A committee became accountable for policy steerage and supervision to the program. At a district level, this system was headed by Deputy Commissioner and had widespread discretionary powers. The Tehsil council processed the schemes, coordinated and supervised this system. The union councils used to assign the assignment final touch to the task committees on the village level. The program did no longer make sufficient attempt or contribution, but obviously opened up vast rural areas to the market and related them to the mainstream of the country-wide development activities. It additionally evolved social, economic and cultural interaction between rural and concrete areas. It created social, political and cultural awaking among the masses.129 The Rural Works Program did not accomplish the expectancies and did not facilitate get higher farm productivity inside the country. Nevertheless, it produced some job opportunities for the rural people and made a few fantastic impact on profits distribution in the rural regions. The program regarded to have ended in simplest a little tremendous impact at the goal institution but by way of way of its supportive function, it certainly made some contribution to the village improvement. RWP become failed because of the inadequate renovation of program and shortage of involvement of the agricultural community in preparation of plans and implementation process. The duration of Ninety-sixty nine and nine-seventy two, it suffered from the political turmoil. After President Ayub Khan's regime, the primary Democracies system turned into abolished in 1969. The budget allocation for RWP was significantly reduced with the alternate of political management in the country

67

and later the program became changed by means of people's Works program and included Rural development program.130 2.10.3. People's Works Program (1972-77)

The People's Works Program changed into Rural Works program for improvement of the

local communities infrastructure on self-help foundation utilizing local area labor and

materials. People's Works Program was absolutely unique in comparison with Rural Works

program in several aspects. It covered each rural and urban areas, introducing infrastructure

schemes with the broader involvement of local citizens. The important purpose of People's

works program was to develop the worth of the life of the general public through improving

the rural economy and residing conditions throughout the country (villages, cities, and

cities), and to enhance local management that could enforce improvement interventions on

the grass-root stage. The project regions targeted on link roads, schools, health facilities,

small commercial domestic for women, cottage enterprise, training especially adult

schooling and so on. For the duration of implementation, the program confronted quite a

number problems which includes administrations, coordination, and strategy.131 This

program was a try and ensure maximum involvement of local groups inside the making

plans and execution of development plans. But this attempt did not achieve positive results.

Almost nineteen percentage of the initiatives had no local participation and execution was

carried out for the duration of employees and the real operation of budget did not observe

the priorities launched inside the original allocation

The project confronted a lot of issues in first two years. Ordinary regulations were referred

about the selection of projects with the aid of the influential's people without regard to the

felt desires of the community, poor excellent of the workshop of finished assignment,

corruption of finances via adult education, commercial home, and tree plantation. Local

associations have been not given any legal rights till 1979 to implement the project

activities. In the end, the performance of the project only matched its imagined targets,

however, it did create a few political awaking and made a few improvement in rural people's

lifestyles.

2.10.4. Integrated Rural Development Program (1972-80)

Integrated Rural Development Program was initiated in 1972 basing upon the outcomes of a tentative project for integrated rural development called Shadab Pilot Project which became proposed to combine activities of diverse departments through bringing them at one major end (known as Markaz) amidst a group of 40 to 50 villages. It was planned to expand the socio-economic status of small and average farmers. Its beginning was related inside the Markaz (community) idea. The community became a practical unit of local improvement and was assigned multispectral capabilities. Coordination of the line departments and neighborhood corporations become attempted to offer focused assist in various parts, along with training, health, housing, agriculture services and inputs to the farmer. The markaz organized the small and average farmers with multi-purpose cooperatives at the village level and their federation at the markaz stage. They furnished an institutional base for local

68

movement and a link between the people and government. The program had shown general performance.132 The project was planned to gain self-support in food and to improve the socio-economic

situations of the small and average farmers living at the gross-root level, to cut the gap

among city and rural areas and to get better the usual of life of people. The principle

approach of this initiative has provided an institutional structure and efficient transport tool

through coordination of interventions of diverse constructing development and pooling their

resources collectively at a village for the use of agricultural, economic and different

programs for rural development.

This program additionally ambitions at assisting the interested rural human beings to make

small cottage and agro- based industry and to support create space and advertising facilities.

The basic instrument for implementation this program was the MARKEZ. The Markez is

each geographical and organizational idea. It was a primary village that was focused on

providing essential services and a motivation center for fifty-sixty villages or cultivated

areas of 20,000 to 30,000 heaters. It is a unit of rural development to plan and put in force

different development initiates in collaboration with neighborhood community and other

field departments. The integrative function of Markaz is planned to coordinate the

knowledge of various branch for providing essential public services and supports of inputs

critical for the development activities of the locality and thereby to forge a concerted attack

on the rural improvement issues.133

Chaudhry (2002), defined that the line units was very poor in phrases of giving the services of competent officers and enough facilities. The tremendous changes found in agricultural methods together with the use of inputs and increase of outputs could not be attributed to IRDP, new seeds, fertilizers and credit score were spreading through numerous public businesses, organizations, and private institutions. The basic cause of the project was linking the institutions among various units. In case, a few units, in particular, the irrigation and the land revenue departments did no longer circulate right down to the Markaz level. The posted factories of a few interrelated units have been often of very low degree and lacked important authority and incompetence required for the development duties. It faced extreme issues because of the bureaucratic rigorous, vested interests and slender departmentalization of line branch. One more weakness of this scheme was bad satisfactory and inadequate training of the administration and technical personnel. After recruitment have been made without regards to basic qualifications and necessities. The workforce was recruited on the idea of favoritism who had a lack of qualifications, talents, and experience. This slows down the program progress. Markaz was selected on foundation of political pressures or bureaucratic interest.134 The scheme did gain a few achievement, however, usually the projects have been funded by way of the government sources. During 1978-83, the physical achievements included final of 1,970 kilometers of farm-to-market roads coverage of safe drinking water facilities for

69

about 17 % of the rural populace.135 This program was ended up in 1978 and was merged into the Local Government Department. 2.10.5. People's Program I &II (1989-90 & 1993-97)

The People's Program was initiated by Government of Pakistan in April 1989. The motive of

the program was to enhance and develop the social and infrastructure, mobilize the town

level sources, encourage the public for productive efforts and funding in human capital and

to offer welfare services to the poor populace which includes women, youth, aged and

disabled and to offer equal jobs possibilities for them. The program was carried out via the

federal authorities. Through this project, the participants of country wide and provincial

assemblies were given the duties for task development activities of their respective

constituencies.

The main goal of the activities was on the improvement of infrastructure in education,

health, communication, water and sanitation segments. As a way to attain the above targets,

economic are resources to the quantity of Rs. 3.10 billion were earmarked for rural roads

and included development tasks. Further, Rs. 250, 30 billion were allocated for rural

improvement below other sectors. In general, a sum of Rs. 160.30 billion was allotted for the

development of rural regions out of the full public area outlay of Rs. 750.10 billion.

Furthermore, an quantity of Rs. a hundred and fifty billion was spared for People's Program

during the Plan period. Each stages of the program witnessed political manipulation via the

Pakistan People Party and Muslim League. No massive improvement work was done rather

it was a story of extreme nepotism and political manipulation because the each opponents

attempted their quality to tarnish the development efforts initiated by way of their

fighters.136

2.10.6. Tameer-e-Watan Program I &II (1991-93 &1996-98)

Tameer-e-Watan project was commenced in 1991; the intention of the program was to

present better primary facilities to target populace consisting of training, health, safe water,

the supply of electrification and natural gas through elected representatives. Likewise, at the

lower level, the provincial government carried out the program via elected MPAs. One more

main goal of this project was to bolster community-based leaderships capabilities to put in

force improvement initiatives at gross root stage in their constituencies. Noticeably this

program implemented properly however it has come under harsh criticism due to too much

political interference and exploitation.

2.10.7. Social Action Program I &II (1993-96 & 1997-2002)

The authorities of Pakistan initiated a multi-sectors program named Social action program in

ninety-three-ninety six. The important aim of this program was to handle the fundamental

necessities that were not covered by using ultimate development projects. Especially,

fundamental health care, primary education, populace welfare and water at most

disadvantaged areas. It become mere as a home try from own assets. Later, the donors

confirmed robust interest in financing the SAP. Therefore, SAP-One was considered and

70

released in 1993-94 with an outlay of Rs.119.4 billion for three years with the assistance

from World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Governments of the Netherlands and the

UK.137

This program was implemented in two different periods. The first period was three years,

but later it became prolonged into 1996-97 because of costs lags and delays in making plans

the second one project. The World Bank, Asian Development Bank, the Dutch Government,

and DFID who joined after eighteen months, furnished aid. The second one segment become

for the 5 years from 1997-2002. The European Union has joined the donor group and the

scope of SAP has been extended to consist of all fundamental education, health up to first

level hospitals (approx. 50% of public health expenditure), and greater activities inside the

city regions.

The Social Action Plan has made excellent development in addressing the human

development troubles through (i) quicker policy reforms to increase social region plan for

eradication of implementation shortages, (ii) getting economic goals, (iii) raising political

attention, (iv) related to local stakeholders for efficiency and cost effectiveness, and (v)

enhancing social services delivery. below phase-I, this project has attained in improving the

supply of several targeted services. The primary school participation price has been raised

from sixty nine percent to seventy-three percentage, the adult literacy rate from 35

percentage to 45 percentage, immunization of youngsters from 5.6 million to 6.9 million,

infant mortality rate reduced from one zero one to ninety, life expectancy advanced from 57

to 63 years. There has also been sizable development in some other simple rural amenities.

The population coverage under rural water supply has been accelerated from 47 percentage

to 53 percentage. Rural sanitation coverage has been increased from thirteen percent to

twenty percent of the populace. The populace increase has additionally declined at some

stage in this phase from three percentage to two percent and likewise, total fertility rate

declined from six percentage to five percentage. The discharge of presidency in April 1993,

those plans did not be continued and even though large allocations, the physical and

qualitative consequences had been disappointing.138

After the advantageous results of SAP phase I, the authorities has initiated the second one

phase of the project of five years (1997-2002). The financial plan of the second one section

was allotted 490.7 billion. The key recognition of the second phase become at the 5 focused

regions (i) primary health care (ii) nutrition (iii) primary education (iv) water supply and

sanitation and (v) family planning. The second section of SAP was basically influenced via

the politicians, bureaucratic structures that made themselves inevitable in the project and

thus the entire program was placed into a personal win and loss recreation. The program

contributed a piece and became anticipated to add but this program was ended 12 months

after the army took over in October 1999 because of administrative and institutional

weaknesses inside the implementation of this program.139

But, like different community development programs of the past, it isn't without issues. It

became located that the program faced some of the issues such as the absence of community

interest, lack of community participation in making plans and decision manner, poor

71

supervision, political interference within the hiring and transfer of staffs, no longer sufficient

educated and properly-certified staffs and the dearth of relevance to local needs. The above

troubles can be solved if we encourage the grass root participation in community

development programs.

2.11. Major Community Development Programs by Non-Governmental

Organizations (NGOs)

Non-Government Organization (NGO) a private organization that carries out activities to

reduce misery, inspire the interest of the deprived, defends the environment, delivers

fundamental social facilities. They are the important architects of community development

projects in the countries. NGOs are also voluntary organizations that play an important

position in community development and poverty reduction programs. NGOs perform multi-

services by means of elevating finances, preserving in diverse relief and development

interventions, at the same time as some of them perform advocacy and research programs

within the society.140

Some of countrywide and international NGOs have launched a number of community

development programs in Pakistan. Among these community development programs the

most vital programs have become very well-known which were applied by the following

NGOs: Orangi Pilot Project, Aga Khan Rural Support Program, National Rural Support

Programs and Hands Pakistan. The details of the following models are under:

2.11.1.Orangi Pilot Project (OPP)

The Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) is a non-public and non-political organization which was set

up in 1980 to guide local groups to enhance their quality of existence in Karachi. The OPP

was established because of an understanding between Agha Hasan Abedi, the chairman of

the Bank of commerce and credit International (BCCI) Foundation, a Pakistani charity, and

Dr. Aktar Hameed Khan, a prominent Pakistani Social Scientist. They intended to expand

models of community participation and local source mobilization that would conquer the

programs authorities programs face in upgrading poor settlements and poverty comfort. OPP

handiest promotes community corporation and self-management. By means of providing

social and technical direction to inspire the mobilization of local management and financial

assets, and the positioned into the practice of supportive act.

2.11.1.1. The Genesis of the OPP

ORANGI is the biggest slum population or unplanned settlement in Karachi. First humans

started residing inside the Orangi in 1965 and, after 1972, it developed rapidly. At the most

recent estimate in November 1999, there have been approximately 100,000 houses situated

there with an anticipated populace of nearly 120,000. The residents are haggard from a wide

range of settler clusters from India, Bangladesh, the Punjab, the northern regions of

Pakistan, and local people. Most locate jobs as workers, professional employees, artisans,

shopkeepers and etc.141

72

The organization has given a few services including roads, water supplies and power,

education, hospitals and banks, however, these were complemented by an extensive range of

personal services. This was the place when the BCCI first invited Dr. Akter, Hammed Khan,

to work in Orangi. In 1979, Agha Hasan Abedi desired the BCCI basis to engage itself in

social welfare work in Orangi. The reason was to assist refugees from Bangladesh who had

settled in the township. He approached Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan to adopt this work. Dr.

Khan informed Agha Hasan Abedi that he was against the traditional social welfare version

of development and also against operating for a specific ethnic community. However, he

stated that he might be willing to adopt the development of a studies venture aimed at

tackling the issues of Orangi and its citizens and extension through promoting community

organizations. Agha Hasan Abedi agreed his this cause and in February 1980 the Organi

Pilot project became launched.142

The Orangi Pilot was began by Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan in ninety eighties. They began

speaking to most people (shopkeepers, transporters, and informal commercial region). They

attempted to recognize the issues of the people of Organi and to become aware of the

community. A number of organizations were recognized and discussions with them were

undertaken. once a picture of Orangi was set up and some of the activists were identified, a

double-story residence inside the Orangi was taken on rent and set up as the OPP

workplace.143

A series of conversations with Organi community carried out and through these

conversations, it has become cleared to Dr. Khan that these Organi based organizations were

not inquisitive about regarding themselves in development. They had been in the main

lobbied with political events and the forms for support and for micro-level improvements on

the local level via unplanned from their supporters and inside the process human beings

have become depending on them. Dr. Khan also came to the belief that these organizations

functioned and made cash through this help. In exchange, their office bearers presented

votes and help to the political parties, the local bureaucracy, and the police station.144

However, on the opposite side, Dr. Khan also discovered that people were very worrying to

increase their dwelling situations. They attempted to establish schools, hospitals, remedy

their sanitation problems, set up trade and start and were commonly agitated about their

health and environmental issues. Their answers were usually substandard and fragmented

because they did not have get right of entry to technical help, managerial direction, credit

and records concerning government support programs. Regularly their efforts were a waste

of their economic sources.145

But, on this process of discussion and investigation, which took six months, he was capable

of perceive the four key problems that people of Orangi faced and the answers of which

would improve the poverty situations in which they lived. Those four troubles have been, in

order of precedence, sanitation, health, education and stepped forward incomes. In 1988

until present, the project turned into upgraded into five impartial institutions: the OPP_

research and education Institute which contracts with hygiene, housing, studying, teaching,

documents and advocacy; the Orangi Charitable Trust that capabilities a micro-credit

73

project; Karachi Health and Social Development which runs a health scheme in Orangi;

Rural Development Foundation which consists of agriculture-associated studies and

extension; and the OPP society which channelizes foundation to these organizations.

2.11.1.2. Objectives of the OPP

In the course of research, OPP executes sustainable causes to local improvement issues. It

advances Organi based organizations to carry out sewerage projects in preference to

doing so itself. In this vein, to hold the mobilization of local administrative and

monetary sources and the exercise of cooperative action. The subsequent goals have

been evolved;

• Perceive activists;

• Give schooling periods in community organization and technical info;

• Offer further guidance and supervision; and

• Assist to simplify designs in order that they're lower priced and may be technically applied domestically

2.11.1.3. Approach and Strategy

The approach is to carry and improve community development programs and increase

partnerships with the government and Organi based corporations for development primarily

based on local resource. The technique is movement research and extension. This is

inspecting the troubles of the vicinity, people’s proposals, the constrained get within the

proposals, then through a method of motion studies and extension education evolving viable

answers promoting participatory movement. In brief growing low-fee package deal of

suggestion, guiding and facilitating community organizations for self-assist and business

enterprise with the government.

2.11.1.4. OPP Programs Results

Through a number of research studies and addition, techniques evolved useful models to

manage with the four critical and fundamental troubles of Orange town; sanitation, health,

education, and employment. Orange Pilot Project was divided into numerous components,

a number of which can be defined under;

Low-cost Sanitation Program: The inexpensive sanitation program allows low-profits

families to control and hold hygienic latrines in their houses, underground sewerage traces

within the tracks and secondary sewers. It is the obligation of government to present

principal sewers drains and remedy plants OPP-RTI offers social and technical assistance to

both community and authorities facilitating partnerships. The model that has developed from

the program is the module sharing an concept of improvement with humans and authorities

as collaborators. It has developed from a lane to the metropolis.

The program has prolonged to all of Orangi city (in which 104,700 houses, have invested

Rs. 121 million in secondary, lane sewers and hygienic latrines, with govt of Sindh.

74

investing Rs. 739 million on most important disposals) and to 460 settlements in Karachi

and forty-four towns, also in ninety-three villages overlaying a population of extra than two

million. Collectively with twenty associate NGOs and a number of authorities departments,

the growth of work continues There is now town giant utility.146

Young people program continues to train extra community designers, technicians, and

inspectors. It gave the foundation for the increase of labor. Maps and documentation of

infrastructure of five hundred of the full two thousand and five hundred goths and sixteen

out of eighteen towns of Karachi had been finished, together with the mapping of most of

the drainage channels inside the metropolis. A youth technical network has shaped bringing

together youths of greater than twenty collaborator groups to understand, learn and make

more potent each other.147

Low cost housing program: In 1982, active members of the Organi communities who had

labored with it at the sanitation program requested support from the OPP in constructing

their homes. At the request of local people OPP began a housing scheme to provide a better

situation of housing in Orangi. The Low value Housing scheme allows upgrading in

constructing parts and construction techniques, through action research, provision of credit

and guidance to the building part manufacturing work areas, teaching of youths and the

mobilization of house possessors. Every year greater than 2,000 homes in Orangi benefit.

Significant improvement is the teaching of youths to grow to be community planners in

addition to motivating and strengthening their groups based totally in Orangi and different

towns, for giving housing assist services to the community and technical education to

different youths. Two companion businesses have advanced, one based in Orangi, with its

work expanding beyond Orangi and every other based on the close by Gadap metropolis.148

Education Program: Since 1983, the education program upgraded the physical

circumstance and advanced the educational requirements of private colleges in Orangi and

five extra marginal cities of Karachi, through start-up supply, credit, instructor’s schooling

and the mobilization of saving companies. Five hundred and fifty schools educating seventy-

nine thousand children have been supported. More three hundred schools have supported

with credit score with the aid of the OPP-OCT. For making extra sturdy the schools and

linking up the training interest, lectures and boards are prepared. The occasions, alongside

including to their talents, have given a risk to schools and teachers to come together. For

strengthening the self -initiatives, nearly twenty-five groups of school owners have been

mobilized to return together as saving organizations. Agencies hold with their financial

savings, one organization has started supporting individuals with credit from their savings.

Three new groups of schools within the goths have initiated their financial savings

agencies.149

By the end of 1991, 399 loans of Rs12.5 million (US$0.208 million) were provided for this

purpose. In addition, for improving academic standards the schools were put in touch with

organizations providing teachers training and with organizations that could help them.

According to Salma Mir, coordinator of the OPP-RTI education program, grant of Rs12,000

75

is given to a young person for establishing the school in his house or in someone else's

house or on a plot provided by a community person or for upgrading an existing school.

OPP-OCT provided 514 interest-free loans amounting to Rs1,773,710 (US$29,562) to 104

schools. Nearly twelve teacher training courses have been organized in which 315 teachers

belonging to 124 schools have participated. The efforts have positively improved the

education set up and also motivated children (boys & girls) to attend schools.150

Health program: The health and hygiene program initiated in Orange included better

sanitation and own family planning. A survey performed which indicated that the situation

of standard health highly developed and people have been adopting family planning to the

great degree. A simple survey indicated that five hundred personal clinics and thirty-five

MCH centers had been set up in Organi. The motivational program of OPP being conducted

skilled TBAs and motivators have added cognizance and the moms are actually inclined to

pay for the contraceptives they're the usage of for birth control.151

2.11.1.5. Impacts of the OPP

The Orangi Pilot Project has made awesome effects at various tiers. The impact of the OPP

programs in Orangi has been stated in many courses. Because of the sanitation programs, the

availability of purified and extended space in front of houses had a tremendous social and

recreational effect as well. New and relatively more secure play areas for youngsters

emerged. women had been a whole lot capable of going within the vicinity more freely and

are visited via friends and household, main some to remark that it had improved marriage

hopes for young girls.152

Before the sanitation work changed the environment, they had been strangers to each other

who had been often in warfare on troubles related to the throwing of hard waste and excreta

from bucket latrines into the lanes. Now, they may be able to talk to each different and are

seeking for answers. Additionally, they found out that the CBOs and NGOs that have been

created by means of lanes activities are different from the previous ones. They are a part of

these CBOs and NGOs since the leadership has been out of collection work. It also

accelerated their understanding of development issues.

Infant mortality in those sectors of Organi which needed a sanitation structure in 1983 has

fallen from 125 per 1,000 live births in 1982 to 30 consistent with 1,000 in 2000. Most

observe and official data agree that the principle factors in this alteration are the

development underground sewers. The condition of health was better, they did no longer

miss work and low wages. There has been a consensus amongst our day-wage people, that

they generally ignored to four days in line with month due to ill fitness. Longer periods of

unwell health have been due to the occurrence of malaria and typhoid which not unusual,

and due to which youngsters additionally overlooked schools for days on stop. The

occurrence of malaria typhoid has fallen notably. The maximum important effect of OPP-

RTI program in Orangi has been the development of CBOs, NGOs, activists and

knowledgeable young people who have to grow to be involved in the development of their

76

settlements and have advanced capabilities of collective negotiations with government on

the premise of sharing improvement with the nation instead of just lobbying for it. They also

have active residents companies that can observe and help the work of UCs. A strong

preference has emerged to adjust Orangi into a planned area in order that the greater

prosperous and educated individuals aren't convinced to go away.

The OPP studies on Orangi and informal settlement in Pakistan, and the endorsement of its

models has brought about a adjust of critiques about katchi abadis. It has made them decent.

The population of casual settlements is no longer seen as bad, illiterate, powerless and a

hassle on society. The motives for the establishment of katchi abadis and the manner

concerned in them, have additionally been understood. This know-how has guided to many

current approaches to housing, together with the incremental housing projects of the town

governments of Hyderabad and Karachi in alliance with Sahiban, a Pakistani NGO. Many

humanitarians and Pakistani NGOs have additionally modified their model from charity to

maintaining participatory development. Resources institutions and NGOs have also been

capable of recognizing reliable community organizations with whom they are able to work.

There's a downside to this as well, for, as a result, Orangi has grown to be the beneficiary

quite a few hobby, which other Karachi informal settlement have not.

Government and donor agencies have also adopted the OPP-RTI models. The World Bank's

strategic Sanitation Approach (SSA) is completely borrowed from the OPP-RTI's sanitation

program. The UNICEF's work with the OPP-RTI in Sukkur and the World Bank- SDC's d,

were work in Hyderabad, were both the promotion of the OPP-RTI model. The DFID

funded FAUP and the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation program of the Sindh Pilot

Project aew also based on the OPP-RTI model . Academic organizations have also been

affected by the OPP-RTI work. many have related their programs with work in Orangi. The

first of such organizations was the DAP at Dawood College . It has been observed that most

of the people working on physical development related community work in Pakistan are the

graduates of this institution.

2.11.2. The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP)

The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) is a private, non-denominational

development support agency established by the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) in 1982 to

support local communities to improve their quality of life at Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral.

AKRSP’s development approach gives dominance to the local people and their abilities.

AKRSP believes that local communities have the abilities and potentials to make and

manage their local development policies, once they are organized and provided access to

basic and indispensable abilities and resources.

2.11.2.1 The Genesis of the AKRSP

In the early 1980s, the living conditions of people in northern Pakistan were generally very

worse as compared to the rest of Pakistan. Which were among the lowest in underdeveloped

countries. The source of the economy was based only on production from land in the form of

a limited number of field crops and vegetables, pastures for small and large ruminants, forest

77

trees for fuel wood and housing, and fruit trees. The key issue of most people was food

security with the limited use of cash for exchange. To improve the deprived conditions of

the targeted areas, a proposal to set up the AKRSP was approved by a team of experts

which visited the Northern Areas in July. The AKF established AKRSP in 1982 as a private,

non-profit support organization, under the companies Act. The key interest was expressed

by the Aga Khan (spiritual leader) of the Ismaili community, to promote the well-being of

rural people in northern Pakistan

AKRSP expert team was assigned to help the poor and needy people in increasing their

efficient assets to improve the residing standard. The sponsors of AKRSP were clean about

two essential points: the first it had made an extended-time period pledge to know his vision

of a self-independent and prosperous rural community in northern Pakistan and that AKRSP

performed a totally essential role as a catalyst. AKRSP used local procedures and served as

a model for other social region groups running in comparable environments some other

place.

2.11.2.2. Objectives of the AKRSP

At this time, AKRSP is operating in six districts of northern Pakistan, five districts in

Northern areas, i.e, Gilgit, Baltistan, Ganche, Astore and Ghizer and Chitral district of KBK,

and covers every union council in these districts. In line with organizational model and

strategies this system was based on four basic goals;

• Improve the earnings and employment opportunities of needy people of the areas. A doubling of per capita incomes over a duration of ten years is the minimum intention of

AKRSP.

• Formation of locally based totally village organizations, so we can characteristic as semi-permanent units for the good of all community families.

• Expand sustainable long-time period strategies for effective management of local assets

in a susceptible environment.

• Exhibit procedures and packages that may be used somewhere else.

AKRSP targeted on organization, capital, and competencies. They may be the primary

elements of its strategy to assist focused communities (a) form social organizations around a

sustainable efficient interest wherein individuals would take part on an extended-time period

basis, (b) generate saving to build equity capital to be used as collateral to achieve loans for

person and collective investments, and (c) broaden competencies to increase productive

ability at local level.

In order to obtain the objectives, AKRSP implemented the six functions :

• To manipulate local people to fulfill common needs and to get benefit services

in a cost-effective way;

• To educate local human beings in a range of managerial and realistic capabilities;

• To support the introduction new activities and technologies to boost earning;

78

• To assist within the identity and practice of development initiatives and inside

the mobilization of resources for these initiatives from the public and private

sectors;

• To work to increase an approach for high-quality lengthy-time period use of

available natural sources at a high level of productivity; and

• To adopt technical and social-economic studies, in which essential, to aid the

previous features and to degree development in the direction of them.153

2.11.2.3. Approach and Strategy

As AKRSP documents enlighten, the progressive dreams of the AKRSP have been to make

contributions doubling the per capita income of local communities and to increase and check

a practical rural development model for replication in Pakistan and different countries.

(GoP,1985). Under the leadership of Dr. Akhtar Hamid Khan, the AKRSP method is based

on the principle of self-controlled improvement through the three pillars of social, financial

and human capital development, with physical capital comprised within the approach in the

mid-Nineteen Nineties. The AKRSP specializes in techniques of collectivization and

collaboration if you want to address a number of the issues that have restrained a shift from

small-scale subsistence farming in the direction of business farming inside the vicinity.154

The organization’s first Annual record noted that people cooperate only when cooperation is

profitable. In addition, lengthy-time period collusion requires persevering benefits to the

individuals. Alongside this line of wondering, the AKRSP evolved the approach of social

mobilization via which village and intra-village level institutions are established and

supported via the program. This organizational framework is then applied for the facilitation

of projects inclusive of community infrastructure, sanitation, organization improvement,

micro-credit, micro-insurance, skills education, leadership education and others.155 As such,

this program develops social capital, by constructing village and intra-village establishments

for collaborative work; monetary capital, through micro-credit applications and the

availability of funding; and human capital, by way of promoting leadership and

entrepreneurial education, healthcare, sanitation, and training. The material capital factor is

largely constituted by means of the renovation of irrigation channels, which also includes

the construction of bridges and roads, prepared and funded through the village stage

organization.156

Village Organizations (VOs), a self-reliant development corporation at the village level

which can move into a partnership for development with governmental and private

corporations. The VO qualifies for AKRSP help whilst as a minimum, seventy five percent

of village families are prepared and a preliminary undertaking is agreed upon which will

deliver tangible economic benefits. Each household should agree to start regular

contributions to its own savings account, that is administered via the VO. Village

organization members choose a VO supervisor and Bookkeeper, removable via a two-

thirds vote of member families.157

79

Since Village Organizations are ruled by men, women's’ Organizations (WOs) characteristic

in much the same way, having a key micro-credit function, supplying a forum for dialogue

and choice-making and providing a platform for sporting out diverse projects. At the intra-

village, Local Support Organizations (LSO) constitute clusters of villages (10-25 people).

The LSO has been an extra recent improvement, but, upon which efforts had been focused in

latest years so that it will offer a platform from which human beings can maintain to arrange

themselves after the AKRSP scales down and pulls out.158

2.11.2.4. AKRSP Programs Results

The program structure of the AKRSP is divided into numerous sections i.e., social

corporation, human resources development, women’s development, natural resource

management, physical infrastructure improvement, enterprise promotion, and credit and

saving in services. For past thirty-four years, the AKRSP has facilitated hundreds of people

of different community organizations all over the Northern regions and Chitral in a

development struggle that has to emerge as a model for rural development programs

throughout the country and across the globe.

According to World Bank evolution report (2007), thousand irrigation, street, and different

construction projects have been finished. Hundreds were trained in effective competencies,

villagers have come together to manipulate their personal affairs, thousands of small credits

have been made and repaid, and agricultural machinery has prolonged notably. Earning have

risen, welfare progressed, lives made a little simpler, and a begin made on supporting ladies

to realize their capacity159. As a result, word has unfolded, and the exceptionally successful

techniques of the AKRSP are getting used and adapted in comparable social situations at

some point of Pakistan and to any other place. Rural groups with the help of Agha Khan

Rural support Program have carried out 3,293 productive physical Infrastructure

(Hasan,2009a)160 as shown in Table below,

Type of projects Gilgit Chital Balistan Program areas

Cumulative No Cumulative No Cumulative No Cumulative No

Irrigation

Projects 529 499 556 1,584

Energy projects

17 262 23 302

Land

Development

Projects

70 122 150 342

Water Supply /

Sanitation

Projects

117 37 73 227

Other Projects 229 324 285 838

Grand Total 962 1244 1087 2,293

80

Much has changed in the past thirty-four years with appreciate to the family division of

exertions and standing of women in northern Pakistan, through not similarly visible in all

regions. Improved instructional opportunities for women, migration of fellows and their

participation in salary employment, improved access to fundamental health care, reduced

dependence on farming, expansion of roads, water , and power, modifications in

demographic composition i.e. more youth and educated girls, and self-belief constructed by

way of experiences via participation in Women organizations.

The AKRSP microfinance program drastically greater ability at all ranges through

schooling. To deal with the emerging over dues problems and to put together for the

transition to the new financial institution, the AKRSP has reinforced its Microfinance

segment. As a result, the operating prices of the Microfinance program expanded from Rs.

two million in 1995 to Rs. Twenty-one million in 2000. The program has been instrumental

in developing local capacity in economic control. More than three thousand, seven-hundred

people have been trained in bookkeeping and accounts, along with many community agency

managers.161

AKRSP focused on enhancing and constructing the abilities of area human beings at village

level so at early, it became found out by KARP to boost humans competencies and capacity

at two ways, managerial and technical, to control or arrange their work in the long run.

AKRSP has trained more than six thousands individuals, almost forty thousand boys/male

and eighteen thousand girls/women, maximum of the women after 1995, as Village

Organization/Women Organization managers (nearly four thousand), accountants (two

hundred), village and valley professional (twenty thousand), and over five thousand girls

have received vocational abilities.

The data have proven that widespread improvement in forestry, agriculture and pasture

improvement is tremendous and via its groups and AKRSP jointly have played a completely

key role. Hundreds of hectares of land had been introduced into cultivation with the

investment in irrigation systems throughout northern Pakistan. Those lands have been used

to develop grains, fodder, greens, and plant fruit and forest trees, and the extra water has

multiplied cropping intensities. The adaptive studies approach and community-based totally

extension system, with village experts playing an important function, have delivered new

and higher styles of grains along with wheat and maize, leafy vegetables and seed potato,

and fruits, which include apricots, pears, apples, and cherries

AKRSP initiated three enterprises with its personal money: North-South Seed company

(1997) for the production and advertising and marketing of vegetable seeds in collaboration

with settlement farmers; Shubinak Chitral (1998) to increase light woolen fabrics for the

local and dawn country markets; and the Dry Fruit assignment (2000) for dried apricots for

which more than one thousand farmers have been educated in new technologies. A prime

objective of those agencies was to open new livelihood opportunities for low-profits rural

families.

81

AKRSP additionally contributed his services in primary health and education sectors in

northern Pakistan with the guide of AKES and AKES, the government departments, and

private corporations. It has furnished them with a model wherein communities manipulate

services for health and education. AKRSP has additionally assisted the village-based

organizations together with VOs/WOs. More than five hundred community schools were

established in five districts of Northern regions and also trained hundreds of community

health experts and traditional birth Attendants through the AKRSP-supported VOs/WOs

overall in northern Pakistan.162

2.11.2.5. Impacts of the AKRSP

The AKRSP program has made an effect at several ranges. This system has delivered

approximately advantageous adjustments inside the living standard of the focused regions.

Via AKRSP program training and health, situations had been stepped forward to a huge

amount and gender awareness was promoted. The household profits, saving and intake

patterns enhanced very much. It also made brilliant contributions to empowering women and

encouraged them for education. As Ms. Nasima Bano (2013) stated that AKRSP has now

been to be a facilitator rather than a service provider. The first decades of AKRSP had been

absolutely centered on mobilizing groups with the forming Women Organizations/village

organizations and saving. As a result of this paradigm exchange, AKRSP is now performing

as a facilitator. AKRSP’s past efforts have led to a variety of distinguished influences in

social and economic regions. The principle influences include numerous increase in

incomes, rehabilitation of more than four thousands small infrastructure initiatives, the

planting of tens of hundreds of thousands of trees and the development of masses of acres of

marginal lands, growing a cadre of greater than fifty thousand community activists,

mobilization of almost $ five million village savings, and the established of more than four

thousand community organizations.163

AKRSP supported community corporations, that have established models of the local

authority which can be participatory, independent, clean and answerable to their community

members, at the moment are uniting at the union council level to set up Local Support

Organization (LSOs). At present, there sixty-seven LSOs across Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral

which are forging direct corporations with government departments, local development

collaborators, donors and the private area actors to enhance the scope and outreach of

services for their member communities

2.11.3. National Rural Support Program

National Rural Support Program (NRSP) is a non-earnings corporation which was

established on November 1991 under the section 42 of companies Ordinance 1984. The

conceptual foundation and purposes came from the experiences of the Aga Khan Rural

Support Program. The primary project was carried out in some villages across the capital

city of Islamabad with a monetary assist of Orange Project. NRSP's order is to relieve

poverty by means of connecting people's ability and start development programs in Pakistan.

82

2.11.3.1. The Genesis of the NRSP

In 1992, the Prime Minister of Pakistan invited Shoaib Sultan Khan to put into practice the

AKRSP experience at the national level to consist of regions in all provinces of Pakistan and

AJK. NRSP might provide the institutional base for implementing Social action Plan ( SAP)

and comparable different tasks of the government of Pakistan. The federal government gave

five hundred million rupees to NRSP because the first of two equal installments to provoke

the method of the social mobilization. This became a critical improvement, in that

government furnished initial investment from its personal sources for an NGO to assist

community development programs at rural level.

In the first twelve months, work was started in eight districts: Khushab, Chakwal,

Rawalpindi and Attock (Punjab), Badin and Mirpurkhas (Sindh), Turbat (Balochistan) and

Rawalakot (AJK). Those districts have been selected for their backwardness. Presently, it's

operating in sixty-two Districts in all the four Provinces which include Azad Jammu and

Kashmir. NRSP is currently working with more than 2.7 million destitute households

managed into a network of one lac and fifty thousand community organizations at the local

level. With persisted additional growth, it is rising as Pakistan's leading engine for poverty

allocation and community development

The principle theory of NRSP’s idea is that there is a exquisite enthusiasm amongst the

people to help themselves. But, human beings cannot connect this willingness on their

personal. There is a need to mobilize it. To get this, a support mechanism is needed that can

make certain the phrases of social help to the citizens. Social help starts a method in which

the communities find out to arrange into socially realistic businesses, develop their abilities,

enhance their collective and individual resource base and optimally use their accessible

resources. Experience has taught NRSP that within the technique of social guidance, the

provision of an sincere local level activism is very essential.

The concept at the back of the program of social assistance is to find out what humans

sincerely desire to do themselves and to estimate whether something they want to do is

likely even though keeping in view the resource limitations. NRSP assists the community in

arranging the preferred resources which can be credit, technical help, or specialized skill

schooling for overcoming the one's constraints.

2.11.3.2. Objectives of the NRSP

The most critical goal of NRSP is to support a nationwide network of grassroots level

agencies to facilitate rural groups to design, implement and manage developmental activities

and applications for the reason of making sure effective jobs, reduction of poverty and

enhancement within the worth of lifestyles.

NRSP is designed in one of these manner that it specializes as a help organization, which

affords social assistance to the communities. The guiding beliefs of NRSP’s idea are to

organize rural communities broaden their capital base at the local stage via financial savings

and credit schemes, guide human development tries and link the communities with the

83

authorities provider delivery departments, donors, NGOs and the private region. While

interacting with so many stakeholders, NRSP carefully outlines its position as that of a

facilitator. This directs the groups and other buddies to maintain up their connection

unbiased of NRSP. The merely dependable indicator to evaluate a community’s willingness

to get a particular aim is the strength of its earlier endeavors to achieve that desire and the

patience and continuously toward the work.

2.11.3.3. Approach and Strategy

The method of NRSP has been incredibly opportunistic in that it has tried to accommodate

the needs of several stakeholders and on the identical time preserve its focus on helping the

rural poor through participatory groups. The humans need social guidance to govern their

potential. Such steerage is basically wanted for the following purposes:

• To get organized for accumulating of their sources, cutting down overheads, attaining

economy of the extent, and so on.

• To perceive actual leaders and activists from among themselves or the community. It is most effective those cadres and not foreigners that can deliver the willingness and harness

the humans' feasible.

• To discover and prioritize what the human beings are inclined to start in phrases of

selections and necessitates and not insists which have to receive with the aid of outdoors

agencies (the assertion in social mobilization is that blueprint technique isn't always

effective).

• To evaluate the possibility of the identified portfolio opportunities and needs in phrases of human being's potential, willingness, the requirement of resources and availability of

assets from inside and outside.

• To prepare, covered and assist the flow of required sources to the community; and to

linkages among them and other development organizations.

2.11.3.4. NRSP Programs Results

NRSP programs had been designed to provide complete aid to rural groups involving each

social area and production activities, focusing on services to reinforce the participatory

organization, harness local humans' potential, expand the productiveness of resources,

reduce gender imbalances and increase the well-being of humans equitably. The holistic

technique of NRSP to help local groups via the community agencies in decreasing poverty

has centrally focused on the following principal components:

Micro and Enterprise Development Program (MEDP): It has been supplying microcredit

loans since ninety-two. The program supplied services to men and women in rural areas,

enjoyable the credit and insurance wishes of farmers via crop and livestock associated loans.

Through this program NRSP disbursed eleven billion rupees and 868,573 loans via

Community organizations since the begin of the agricultural credit program to the end of

2006. An crucial factor is that eighty five percent of Community organization members

84

took these loans. In the entire period, fifty percentage of the loans were for men and fifty

percentage of loans were given to girls; their proportion rose notably after 2001 from ten and

thirteen percentage to sixteen and twenty-three percentage within the loan amount and range

of loans, respectively. Rural loans have been given for key purposes: cattle, purchase of crop

inputs, investment in the small commercial enterprise, and small infrastructure. The primary

milestone for rural credit program was the credit line of six hundred million, given by HBL

in mid-1997. Inside the following years, this credit line was increased to two billion rupees.

Meant for small loans to Community organization contributors to purchase crop inputs and

livestock, and a separate credit line of Rs two hundred million.164

Urban Poverty Alleviation Program: This program was commenced in 1996 to give small

loans to women in city regions to check the Grameen Bank (Bangladesh) model in Pakistan.

The important reason of this initiative was to aid low-income, deprived girls, residing within

the inner elements and slum areas of towns, to generate new earnings for the family which

they could use at their discretion. This program first began in a slum area of Islamabad in

mid-1996. By way of 1999, UPAP had extended this program to eight other places inside the

city areas of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.165

Since its inception, UPAP has distributed Rs1.42n. in 128,581 loans to nearly seven

thousands women. Inside the first three years, it had disbursed in 1,387 loans t 1,000

debtors. In next four years, UPAP with the financial support of NRSP and a credit line from

the first women bank disbursed RS191.38m. in 18,479 loans to women. A massive part of

the growth in credit occurred in 2002/03 because the credit program becomes prolonged in

brief succession to the cities of Faisalabad and Karachi. Inside the five years to the cease of

2006, the program distributed Rs1.36bn. in 123,585 loans with a hundred percent recovery

rate. The average length stayed at around Rs11,000.166

Human Resource Development: Generally described as increasing people’s understanding,

awareness and skills, plays a vital position within the development of individuals and

families. Some of the rural people have lack competencies, which strictly limits their

possibilities for incomes. On a vast degree, HRD can enhance socio-financial outcomes for

households and entire villages. This is mainly beneficial for men and women who do not

have excessive ranges of formal education.

At tremendous level changes occurred in each region inside the last two decades in the

areas, as a result of HRD programs. That is the case in issues as diverse as health and

education (more than forty thousand people trained), microfinance, hygiene, reproductive

health, agriculture and farm livestock and physical Infrastructure (above fifteen thousand

people educated). Awareness increasing guides have targeted on many portions of human

rights, new protecting law, including for girls and kids and for the people with disabilities,

and human rights and aggression. NRSP also holds awareness raising activities, for instance,

reproductive health and immunization schemes. Skilled workforce also trains males and

females up to date strategies for improving farming observes and raising farm animals, as

well as linking farm households with authorities Extension people. Almost thirty thousand

people have utilized this opportunity since NRSP’s inception. Nearly two thousand and five

85

hundred residents have taken Enterprise Development training and more than one million

have joined in also a Vocational or Occupational training course. Job skill-centered courses

taken via NRSP comprise the supply of schooling kits and assist through marketplace

connections with capability employers, suppliers or vendors.167

Human resource branch also gave crucial efforts for the Community Organizations, village

organizations, and LSO formed with NRSP guidance. Over two hundred LSOs and village

organizations activists have participated workshops organized by NRSP. Over one million

members of COs, VOs and LSOs have attended training courses inside the community

management program. More than three thousand School Council members have trained in

aspects of community-based school management. With the support of the PPAF- livelihood

enhancement project, members of two thousand village organizations were trained in

managerial talents and one thousand people have undertaken education on procurement

approaches. Community members have also were given education in economic

management, procurement, and human resources management as a fraction of the USAID-

funded assessment and making a robust program. At some point of disaster responses,

community members were in need of cognizance on health, hygiene, and sanitation in

addition to social security. NRSP workshops for calamity assist have helped greater than

seventy thousand people in these situations.168

Community Physical Infrastructure (CPI) Projects: The aim was to focused on four

segments which includes drinking water schemes, irrigation, communications and sewer and

drainage projects. The technique adopted from AKRSP. In the starting, NRSP encouraged

community organization members to finance their small-level projects through loans and

direct contributions of coins, raw material, and labor. However in 1996 NRSP started to

support the Community Organizations to get aids from national and global donors and

governments departments for constructing the infrastructure had to growth income, e.g.

irrigation channels, roads, culverts, and bridges and enhance the quality of lifestyles, e.g.

water supply and sanitation. Since1993 NRSP supported the Community Organizations have

completed six thousand schemes costing Rs.2.10bn. It is envisioned that these schemes have

benefited almost half a million people .Almost forty percentage of the completed schemes

are far distance drinking water (hand pumps and piped water) and sanitation. The schemes

have a right away effect on people's health and reduce the burden of work for girls and

kids.169

Basic Health Care and Education: The organization has trained about two thousands

traditional birth attendants and health experts, selected by women organizations, with the

help of public organizations. Through this project community organizations and women

have been connected with public sector organizations, e.g. provincial and district health

departments, donors and NGOs for records and fundamental health-care services, family

planning and immunization. More than fifty thousand patients were treated in over three

hundred camps.170

With a view to expanding the instructional sector and enhance equality of education in rural

areas, particularly for boys and girl of low-earnings households, NRSP has believed on

86

community involvement inside the construction and control of schools. A two-branched

method was followed and has been used since the inception of the organization. One path

was to help communities set up and function non-formal community schools. The other was

to establish linkages of groups with government corporations to set up formal primary

schools. Below the primary education program of SAP in Pakistan, thirty-five schools had

been commenced in Turbat and the national education foundation (NEF) helped establish

fifteen schools in Rawalpindi.171

Management of Natural Resource: Almost twenty-five thousand people, thirty-six

percent of them women, have been educated as village specialists for a range of activities

inside the management of natural resources: poultry and livestock management, nursery and

orchard, crop manufacturing and safety, vegetable production, fishery management and

renewable electricity production. There may be anecdotal proof, some of it within reason

well recorded, that specialists are energetic, earning new earnings and providing

productiveness-enhancement services. There is massive quantitative evidence on the

distribution of large quantities of a number of agriculture inputs, fowl flocks, cattle and

forest and fruit trees to community organization members172.

Protection of bonded and child labor: Since 2002, in partnership with International Labor

Organization (ILO), NRSP has implemented two essential projects associated with the

safety of bonded and child labor. From 2002 to the end of 2006, NRSP assisted seven-

hundred freed bonded-labor ,frequently hari families in Sindh and inside the second

undertaking from 2005, NRSP has been helping about two thousand boys and girls, aged

five to fourteen years, to forestall operating inside the glass bangle industry in Hyderabad,

Sindh and prevent six hundred of their siblings from following into the same

employment.173

2.11.3.5. Impacts of the NRSP

In forty districts, NRSP is working in 1,362 union councils in Pakistan. In these union

councils, it helped rural communities formed more than forty-eight thousand community

organizations These members constitute about six million rural households. Community

organizations have saved eight hundred million rupees and borrowed over eleven billion in

868,573 small loans. They have got completed more than thirty thousand community

physical infrastructure schemes, for drinking water, sewerage and sanitation, irrigation

water, link roads, culverts and bridges, communications, and so forth., at a cost of almost Rs

three billion. Though NRSP programs, community individuals improved their capabilities

within the productivity of assets, manufacturing stages, alternatives for jobs, new

organizations, and profits stage. Just about thirty-three thousand people were educated for a

variety of capabilities and vocations, which includes management and bookkeeping for the

community organizations, management of natural resources, management of information

businesses and accounting, capabilities for handicrafts, commercial and engineering

vocations and primary health care and education.

87

2.11.4. Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS)

Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS) was established by prominent child

specialist, Prof.A. G. Billoo in 1979 in Sindh and registered under the act of societies

registration act XXI of 1860. Today the organization as one of the main development and

civil society organization in Pakistan. The organization has also established an office in

London, the United Kingdom in 2014.In 2015 hands worldwide is also registered in Nepal

under social welfare council act to give relief and rehabilitation services for earthquake

survivors in Nepal.

2.11.4.1. The Genesis of the HANDS

The organization started his official journey of activities from a public sector clinic in

Karachi as health and nutrition mission in 1979 lead through the head of the branch of

pediatrics, Prof. A. G. Billoo. Prof. Billoo was seriously worried approximately the terrible

patients coming from Sindh rural regions in depressing conditions. His strong

recommendation and untiring tries for giving fundamental health care services to the

disadvantaged sufferers bore fruit. The first health Care center was established in a village

at a distance of thirty eight kilometers away from city. The team of Mr. Biloo followed his

vision to accumulate healthy knowledgeable flourishing Pakistan. Dr. Biloo’s idea begun to

take form by 1993 and slowly the health and nutrients program was converted into the

existing organization called Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS) and

appeared with a new imaginative and prescient as healthy educated Flourishing and

Balanced Society.

Then after thirty six years the organization starts to expand as one of the well-reputed Non-

profit organization in the world, particularly in Pakistan, and symbolized as an exceptional

model of community development. This whole model consists of important programs related

to Gender and Development, Human and Institutional Development, Monitoring Evaluation

and Research, Information Communication Resource and Advocacy, Health Promotion,

Social Mobilization, Education and Literacy, Livelihood Enhancement, Infrastructure

Development, Energy Water and Shelter, Disaster Management and Social Marketing.

The organization has a huge network of thirty six offices throughout Pakistan. And have

access to more than twenty million population of almost twenty thousand villages in forty

seven districts of Pakistan. More than fifty percent districts are in Sindh, eleven in Punjab,

seven in Balochistan and three in KPK. These workplaces are supported by way of more

than five thousand medium and small size groups' network in Pakistan.174

2.11.4.2. The Objectives of HANDS

The subsequent goals had been developed by organization policy makers;

To enhance the living status of needy specifically women and youth with the

sustainable participatory and incorporated development

88

To reinforce local organizations/human assets in specific sectors of life at all

degree

To enhance the health condition of underprivileged with special focus on girls

and youth health

To increase literacy with especially focus on girls primary education

To boom income generation opportunities in rural community

To provoke the method of improvement in different associated sectors.

2.11.4.3. Approach and Strategy

Boost organizational capability to function an institution.

Develop human & organization resource through non-public and professional

growth.

Develop sustainable talent enhancement education programs for exceptional sectors.

2.11.4.4. HANDS Programs Results

Social Mobilization: With prime core of interest on operating with the deprived.

Mobilization is a participatory procedure to increase consciousness, mobilize and engage

community based organizations, local leadership and local groups for mutual action towards

a general vision. The basic working philosophy of the organization mobilization program

has been to advanced community based organization (CBO) as its collaborator in

community development programs. Consequently all packages and initiatives are

accomplished with a partnership of CBO, local organizations, and local NGOs' networks to

ensure the sustainability of the program.

Through this factor, the organization has formed (5321) five thousand, three hundred and

twenty one community based organizations including two thousand, eight hundred and

nineteen (2819) are men CBOs, two thousand, five hundred and twenty two (2522) are

women CBOs in Sindh with nearly fifty million CBO members. A number of different

community groups were established included twelve thousand, three hundred and twenty

five (12325) committees at local stage .Nearly four hundred and eighty(480) interactive

theaters were performed such as theaters on early marriages and child right.175

Health Promotion: HANDS organization has established health model for the regions

wherein there were no lady health workers. Health model works on the same model as LHW

model in which the female health worker has a center at her home and constructs domestic

visits as well for service delivery. Every medical expert is assigned an envisioned populace

of eight hundred and is called as "MARVI" employee is known a model. Average a

thousand workers have been skilled in nine districts.

Though this element some of the services have been supplied in one of a kind sectors of

health. Some of them are following;

Ten private secondary health care centers have been established for the emergency.

89

In general, more than two thousand high-threat cases associated with maternal and

neonatal health had been identified and controlled.

FM radio message was evolved and relayed to introduce NARI voucher within the

target regions.

Organization until date has given help to some of the health facilities in different

areas throughout Pakistan

The Hands organization has established eighty-two birthing stations for a profession

of reproductive health services.

The organization has also established two community Midwifery schools along with one in

Karachi Rural( Jamkandu hospital and one in Matiari district Hala). About four hundred

community midwives workers enrolled, all efficaciously completed their training.176

Education & Literacy:

In education segment, the organization has formed fifty-one Parwarish Markaz in different

areas inside the country in which one thousand three hundred and sixty-seven (1367) kids

comprising nine hundred and four(904) girls and four hundred and sixty-three (463) boys

have been enrolled. Kids (two-four years) was furnished getting to know possibilities

concerning education for formal pre-primary schooling and additionally six hundred and

eighty-one (681) early kids improvement lessons were established in two hundred and

twenty-seven(227) government schools of Sindh.

On the whole, five hundred and two hundred seven (527) adult literacy centers have been

formed and five hundred and two hundred seven (527) school teachers were trained. Total

twenty-one thousand and fifty-nine(21,059) learning knowledge of had been enrolled in

ALCs. The reason of this program was to increase literacy ratio in Pakistan in particular of

women in rural regions. The health action services model has been implemented in two

hundred and twenty (220) schools. A total of twenty eight, seven hundred and seventy-five

(28,775) students has been benefited in past years. Eighty-six male and female trainer have

additionally trained. The aim of the program was to create awareness amongst kids

approximately hygiene177.

Livelihood Enhancement: This unit was initiated in 1998 focusing on the improvement of

groups through profits generation choices, skills improvement and overall development

within the livelihood of poor. This unit was divided into key segments i.e. on-farm and off-

farm. Through this unit, nineteen thousand, eight hundred and twenty-eight (19,828) small

landlords were educated to enhance their crop production and profits of farmers.

There have been five thousand and forty-four (5044) beneficiaries of poultry where they

were supplied with birds and feed for profits generation and seven hundred and fourteen

(714) community participants benefited through the Kitchen gardening program. The

organization also offer microfinance services to the communities within the shape of

businesses so till now forty-three thousand, nine hundred and thirty (43,930) community

members have been benefited through the microfinance program. Hands has set up nearly

90

eight Hunermand Markaz all through Pakistan to promote local handicraft especially in rural

regions and a knit garment unit was also formed at Memon Goth for knit garment production

by local community members, almost sixty eight thousand, one hundred and ninety-four

(68,194) clothes have been furnished via this middle.178

Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure development energy and shelter program is

dedicated to offering excellent infrastructure to the project regions as a consequence through

this program average two hundred and thirty-three (233) drinking water facilities have been

built which include water storages and ground surface drinking supply lines and two filters

of plants had been also built. Three thousand hand pumps have additionally been installed

and one hundred and fifty-four street pavement have laid dawn. In general three thousand,

five hundred and eighty-two (3582) emergency latrines and eleven thousand, two hundred

and twelve(11,212) permanent latrines were constructed as part of sanitation in special

project areas to improve the sanitary circumstance. Secondly, although this aspect one

thousand and eighty-four (1084) washing facilities additionally constructed so far in schools

for the kids.

Irrigation scheme is likewise targeted via organizations so far this purpose it completed two

thousand, two hundred and two (2,202) irrigation schemes which include tube wells and

water channels. Overall fourteen thousand, three hundred and fifty (14,350) portable

ceramic water filter additionally provided to the households in project villages. The

organization also completed one thousand, two hundred and fourteen(1,214) link roads, two

hundred and eighty-eight (288) brides, twenty-five baby-friendly areas, five hundred seed

bins in various districts of Pakistan.179

2.11.3.5. Impacts of the HANDS

HANDS has implemented a number of funded initiatives in different sections. Constructive

impacts of HANDS program have seen, almost sixty-two percent of target populace washed

their hands before than cooking meals. Some of the livelihood enhancement programs had

been finished in the undertaking area. Gender-based total comprehension confirmed that

seventy three percent male had been liable for a bulk of cash earning and share of a girl

became only twenty three percent. The number of well-nourished women increased

improved from sixty eight percent to ninety percent after HANDS interventions in project

regions. Secondly, the range of malnourished girls before HANDS intervention was thirty

two percent. After HANDS interventions the range reduced to ten percent. The pregnant

and lactating girls have been additionally screened for malnutrition via the MUAC size.

Total twenty six thousand, three hundred and sixty (26360) girls have been screened

comprising thirteen thousand, six hundred and twenty-seven (13627) pregnant women and

twelve thousand, seven hundred and thirty-three (12733) lactating women. The

malnourished girls have been nineteen percent , that is also to a point superior than the

proportion of women (seventeen percent) found out by the NNS 2011 for Sindh

91

2.12. Current Framework of Community Development Programs

in Pakistan

Each nation (developed or under-developed) tries to execute numerous community

development programs for countrywide improvement. The primary principle of the diverse

programs to deliver prepared efforts to improve the situations of community existence and

the capacity for community integration and self-path. Currently, the government of Pakistan

and Non-governmental organizations have initiated community development programs

(rural & urban). Amongst that Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) the most crucial is

below:

2.12.1. Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)

Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) was launched in 2008 by Government of Pakistan

with the goal of consumption smoothening and lowering the poor consequences of slow

economic expansion, the food disaster, and inflation at the disadvantaged, primarily women,

through the availability of coins transfers of one thousand rupees per month to sufficient

households. It is long-term objectives incorporate supporting the accomplishment of

Millennium development goals (MDGs), to get rid of excessive and chronic poverty, to

empower women and to get education. The month-to-month installment became boosted to

twelve hundred rupees per month, 2013 by the present government and has now been fixed

at one thousand and five hundred rupees per month .

Since its inauguration in 2008, BISP has developed quickly; it is at the present the largest

single social safety net program in Pakistan. The figure of receivers has enlarged from 1.7

million families in 2008-2009 to approximately 4.7 million as of 31st Dec 2014 and Benazir

Income Support Program (BISP) annual expenditures have risen from Rs. 16 billion in

2008-2009 to Rs 65 billion in 2013-2014. This finical year, expenses to beneficiaries is

anticipated to reach Rs. 90 billion180.

This period of improvement and consolidation in Benazir Income Support Program

(BISP) is described by two main alterations. Within the early time of BISP,

beneficiaries have been recognized by members of provincial and national

assembly's while in 2010-11 the principle transition came about and poor households

were recognized through a poverty scorecard survey based on family demographics,

assets, and other experimental features. The national Poverty Scorecard Survey, the

primary of its kind in South Asia, permits Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)

to understand adequate families via the software of a Proxy approach check (PMT)

that resolves welfare fame of the household on a degree among zero-one hundred.

The survey was started out in October 2010 and has been finished across Pakistan

except in two companies of FATA. The survey has the following functions:

Advent of a huge and dependable countrywide registry of the socio-economic

popularity of virtually twenty million households across Pakistan

Seven million households are identified residing below reduce-off rating of sixteen.

92

Benazir smart Card and mobile cell phone Banking on check starting in nine districts. After checking the pilots, Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) has rolled out Benazir Debit Card in a rustic. At current, roughly ninety-four percent of the recipient household are receiving payments through technology enabled modern price mechanisms.181 2.12.2. Objectives of BISP

It is the primary ever comprehensive, universal, and obvious community development program initiated by using the government of Pakistan. It is one of the key mechanisms of government to reach the goals, set via the United Nations. The concept of Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) is derived from the normally authorized developmental theories of social safety, widely finished in growing as well as advanced countries. The program created by an Act of Parliament, BISP works under the administrative support of prime Minister. Goals of program are as follows: • Enhance the economic potential of needy people and their structured family participants. • Make and execute extensive guidelines and targeted packages for the rise of deprived and helpless humans. • Reduce poverty and promote equitable distribution of wealth particularly for the low-income corporations. 2.12.3. Program Design

Two exclusive designs had been brought with the support of policymakers for Benazir

Income Support Program (BISP). Under segment I, the national Database Registration

Authority (NADRA) database was to be depended on to pick out beneficiaries based totally

on biometric and other statistics. There have been inborn troubles with this design, which

policymakers mentioned early on, and this selection was discontinued for the duration of the

design section. For one, it differentiated by means of plan against those who did no longer

have a country wide identity card, and this unfairness was particularly cruel in the direction

of the deprived stakeholders recommend that the disadvantaged are the most under-

represented inside the NADRA database and, within this institution, the female poor in most

cases so. Had the NADRA report been used to apprehend receivers, it would have led to

vulnerable of the female poor.182

Under segment II, eight thousand forms have been disbursed to all members of the federal legislatures, to be distributed among their constituencies to whomever they considered qualified for this system below the set criterion. The information given on eight thousand households by each parliamentarian were verified with the support of NADRA. For families to be qualified, their monthly earnings needed to be much less than six thousand rupees, and the woman applicant needed to have a CNIC.183

NADRA further applied a number of ineligibility filters deliberate to dam sure

families from the program. Households are disqualified for this system if any

member of the family:

93

Is inside the employment of government/semi-government/authority

Is getting a pension exceeding six thousand rupees;

Is getting any submit-retirement benefits from any government department;

Own agricultural land of extra than three acres or a residential residence of more

than eight square yards;

Is receiving profits assist from every other government program which includes the

food guide Scheme, etc. 184

After beneficiary information had been drawn up, the facts had been shifted to the Pakistan

Post Office, which might then utilize its local workplaces to send money orders at the door-

step to the female beneficiary identified on each Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)

shape. Section no II of the BISP design had numerous of effective elements. For instance,

NADRA did a two-step authentication process. Furthermore, the usage of computerized

national identity cards assured both an obvious manner for tracking beneficiaries and a

common reference point for coordinate beneficiaries under one of a kind social protection

net programs.

Phase II had a listing of issues referring to the recognition of beneficiaries. First, the system

changed into not open to excited by participation. As a substitute, only the one's factors who

had acquired forms from legislators have been in a position to indicate appeals for

eligibility. Second, an obvious and objective criterion is needed for determining out

eligibility. NADRA’s common situation for eligibility desires that family profits are less

than six thousand per month, however, due to the fact that it is very complicated to found

income levels in developing countries consisting of Pakistan, it is probable that decision

makers might need to desire to make randomly approximates of the same. Third, this

program requires verification tools that may minimize inclusion and exclusion mistakes on

the idea of well-described policies.185

The second phase layout raised major issues approximately targeting performance as well as

leakages. Identifying that each those criticisms ought to threat the authorities' well-

intentioned efforts, it was decided that a remodel of this system be initiated. For this

purpose, the government sought technical help from the world Bank, which is working on

the basis of its successful community development experience in Latin the united states,

suggested the use of a poverty scorecard as a change targeting mechanism. The world bank

has brought an instrument named " poverty Scorecard" primarily based on Proxy Means

Testing (PMT), which has been followed for carrying out a nationwide poverty survey to

recognize the poor families. PMT formulation his implemented after uploading the targeting

paperwork in the device in which every question is designed a positive weight age. The

questionnaire includes a number of elements which capture the information about capacity

beneficiaries, family register, residing situations, the status of residence, an age of

individuals and ownership of any agricultural land or cattle. Inside those families, BISP

selects households which are described consistent with the subsequent standards:

Husband, wife and unmarried children

94

Husband and wife without any children

A divorced lady with or without her single children, dwelling alone or with her

mother and father.

A widow without or with her single children, living by myself or together with her

mother and father.186

2.12.4. BISP Components

The program has four directly connected and matching parts comprising Waseela-e-Rozgar

Waseela-e- Haq, Waseela-e-Sehet and Waseela-e-Taleem.

Waseela-e-Rozgar: This program is giving work probabilities for disqualified and

venerable, is the main to make sure generational poverty. In spite of hard work, their

attempts commonly deliver only for a simple survival. Lack of training or ability education

suggests a devastating barrier within the manner in their wealth and wish to earn a venerable

earning. Acknowledging these details, BISP has started a Vocational schooling program

supposed at giving beneficiaries with essential understanding and capabilities to do exercises

a profession permitting him/ her to make a livelihood and consequent addition in the labor

market.

Waseela-e -Haq: The main cause of the Waseela-e-Haq is to offer the microloans in an

effort to remove the poverty via empowering women. It permits the women to make

themselves as economically self-sufficient and also make contributions in countrywide

building activities. This is a focused proposal to offer loan amounting as much as thirty

thousand to the at randomly chosen beneficiary households at present receiving the cash

transfers under BISP to be legalized through the program eligibility standards.187

Waseela-e-Taleem: The cause of Waseela-e-Taleem to the development of the instructional

right of access and turnout of children, as found in international. Nearly seventy-one percent

children of it beneficiaries by no means attended a school. This program would facilitate

these families to send their kids to school by way of linking BISP cash transfer with human

capital improvement. It also includes the social mobilization and organizing girls at

grassroots levels and convincing the women to get enrolled in the program and admit

children to schools.

Waseela-e-Sehet: Waseela-e-Sehet was initiated in 2010 as part of inauguration

approach/social assistance program to protect the most susceptible segments of society from

financial results of viable health upsets. BISP Act, emphasizes the supply of health

insurance and coincidence insurance for the poor. In keeping with this program, the women

are getting one thousand per month and they can enhance their reproductive health.188

2.12. 5. Impacts of BISP

The program has a very positive impact on women lives- reducing poverty and empowering

the beneficiaries. As stated earlier, the BISP is the largest community development program

operating in Pakistan and was started to protect the poorest of the poor from rising inflation.

The question of the sufficiency of the transferred amount to recipient households is an

95

essential issue in evaluating its effectiveness. Unnecessary to say, cash assistance of one

thousand per household per month is not a life-changing amount, but it is a practical enough

sum to assist a poor household cover some of its basic needs. It would, therefore, be

interesting to know the impacts of the program.189

According to Ministry of Finance (2012), almost ninety-five percent of households said that

they had spent the BISP transfer to fulfill everyday family fees, observed by way of three

percentage who had spent the sum on education, one percent on medical expenses, and one

percentage on dowries. Within the second set of priorities, more than half the families spent

the cash on medical charges, accompanied by using schooling (30 percentage), and each day

family costs (17 percentage). Within the third set of priorities, thirty-three percentage of

families stayed pending the BISP cash on miscellaneous costs, accompanied via thirty

percentage on medical charges, and twenty percentage on daily family prices. The first

priorities said via families propose that daily household costs and medical prices are their

main worries. Excluding a few cash utilization on education, it might now not be wrong to

infer that the BISP cash transfer isn't always mostly used to construct assets for the

household, be they soft assets inclusive of training and ability development, or physical

property which include the acquisition of livestock or agricultural inputs.190

96

2.13. End Notices

1 Kumar, Ranjit. (2009). Research Methodology A STEP BY STEP GUIDE FOR

BEGINNERS. New Delhi, India: SAGA Publication.

2 Borg, W.R & Gall J.P. (1989). Education Research. New York, USA: Longman Pub.

3 GR, Adams and JD, Schvanevldt .(1985). Understanding research method. New

York, USA: Longman Pub.

4 W. Lawrence Neuman. (2003). Social Research Methods. Boston, USA: Allyn and

Bacon.

5 Guhan, S. (2001). India's development experience. New Delhi, India: Oxford

University Press.

6 Rogers, B .(1980). The Demystification of women: Discrimination in Developing

society. London, UK: Tavistock.

7 Davids, I. (2005). Development theories: past to present. Pretoria, South Africa: Van

schaik Publishers.

8 Kothari, U.& Minogue, M. (ed.). (2002). Development theory and practice: critical

perspectives. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave.

9 Hungtington, S. (1976). “The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and

Politics”, in Cyril E. Black (ed) Comparative Modernization: A Reader. New York,

USA: Free Press.

10

Graaff, J. (2001). What is sociology? London, UK: Oxford University Press.

11

Sachs, W .(1999). The development dictionary: A guide to Knowledge as power.

London, UK: Zed Books.

97

12

Coetzee, J. K.(1989). Development is for people. Johannesburg, South Africa:

Southern Book Publishers.

13

Burkey, S.(1993). People first: a guide to self-reliant, participatory rural

development. London, UK: Zed Books.

14

Ferrinho, H. (1980). Towards the theory of community development. London, UK:

Juta & comp. Ltd.

15

Roodt, M .(2001). Participation, civil society and development: development

theory, policy and practice. (eds). South Africa: Oxford University Press.

16

Onimode, B.(1992). The African responses: Adjustment or transformation. United

Kingdom: The institute for African Alternative.

17

Martinussen, J. (1997). Society, state and market: A guide to competing theories of

development. London & New Jersey, UK: Zed Books.

18

Burkey, S.(1993a). People first: a guide to self-reliant, participatory rural

development. London, UK: Zed Books.

19

Penderis, S.(1996). Informal settlement in the Helder Berg basin: people, place and

community participation. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Stellenbosch (MA

thesis).

20

ILO. (1976). Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem,

Geneva: ILO.

21

Preston, P. W. (1997). Development Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

22

Martinussen, J.(1997). Society, state and market: A guide to competing theories of

development. London & New Jersey, UK: Zed Books.

23

United Nations.(1974). The Cocoyoc Declaration. New York, USA: United

Nations.

98

24

Chambers, R. (2005). Ideas for development. London, UK: Earthscan.

25

Binswanger, H; and Deininger, K. (1997). “Explaining Agricultural and Agrarian Policies in Developing Countries”. Journal of Economic Literature 35: 1958-2005.

26

Roodt, M .(2001a). Participation, civil society and development: development

theory, policy and practice. (eds). South Africa: Oxford University Press.

27

Davids, I.(2005). Development theories: past and present. Pretoria, South Africa:

Van Schaik

28

De Beer, F. & Swanepoel, H. (1998). Community development and beyond: Issues,

structures and procedures. Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik.

29

De Beer, F & Swanepoel, H.(2011). Community development: breaking the cycle

of poverty. Lansdowne, South Africa : Juta.

30

Korten, D.C. (1990). Getting to the 21st century: Voluntary action and the global

agenda. West Hartford, Hartford: Kumarian Press.

31

Ife, J .(1995). Community Development. Australia: Addison Wesley Longman

LTD.

32

Fitamo, M.(2003). Community based organizations (CBO) and development in

Ethiopia. South Africa( Thesis). MA, South Africa: University of Cape Town.

33

UNDP.(2003). Making Global Trade Work for People. New York, USA: Earthscan

Publications Limited

34

Sen, A., 1999, Development as Freedom. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

35

Mahbub ul Haq.(1995). Reflections on Human Development. New York, USA:

Oxford University Press

99

36

World Bank.(1990). World Development Report: Knowledge for Development.

New York, USA: Oxford University Press.

37

So, A. Y. (1990). Social Change and Development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Publications.

38

United Nations.(2002). Human Development report. New York, USA: United

Nations.

39

United Nations.(1948).Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York, USA:

United Nations.

40

United Nations.(2006). Human Development report. New York, USA: United

Nations.

41

UNOHCHR.(2006). Human Rights and Development. New York, USA: United

Nations.

42

Urban Forum. (2000). Taking it forward – report on the Social Exclusion Unit’s National Strategy for Neighborhood Renewal. London, UK: UF.

43

United Nations. (2000). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2000. New

York, USA: United Nations.

44

Hickey, S. and Mohan, G.(2004). Towards Participation as Transformation?

Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London, UK: Zed

Books.

45

Rahman, A.(1993). People's self-development: perspectives on participatory action

research-a journey through experience. London, UK: Zed Books.

46

De Beer, F. & Swanepoel, H. (2000). Introduction to development studies. Oxford,

UK: Oxford University Press.

100

47

Chambers, R.(1992). Rural Appraisal Rapid and Participatory. Brighton, UK:

Institute of Development studies.

48

Roodt, M .(2001b). Participation, civil society and development: development

theory, policy and practice. (eds). South Africa: Oxford University Press.

49

Dhamotharan,M.(1998).Participatory Rural Appraisal, www.ccc-

de.com/filies/participation-rural appraisal.pdf {Retrieved 22 July 2016}.

50

Rahnema, M. (1992). Participation in W. Sachs (Ed), The Development Dictionary.

London, UK: Zed Books.

51

Harper, T & Stein, S. (2000). The paradox of planning in a Multicultural liberal

society: A pragmatic Reconciliation. West port, CT: Praeger.

52

Mayo, M and Craig, G.(1995). Community Participation and Empowerment.

London, UK: Zed Books.

53

Paul,B.(1988).Institutional participation in Development. London, UK:

Intermediate Technology Publication Ltd.

54

Robinson, A. (2003). Management Models for Small Towns Water Supply: Lessons

learned from case studies in the Philippines. Washington, DC, USA: The World

Bank.

55

Thamas,P.(1994). Participatory Development communication: for change and

development. London, UK: Saga publication.

56

White. S. A. (1994). Introduction the concept of participation: Transforming Rhetoric to Reality. London, UK: Saga publication

57

Rowlands, J.(1995). Empowerment examined’ Development in Practice. London,

UK : Macmillan.

58

World Bank. (2001). World Development Report 2000/2001:Attacking Poverty.

New York, USA : Oxford University Press.

101

59

Klasen, S. (2006). UNDP’s Gender-related Measures: Some Conceptual Problems and Possible Solutions, Journal of Human Development, 7 (2), 243–274.

60

Narayan, D. (1995). The contribution of people's participation: Evidences from 121

Rural water supply projects environmentally sustainable development occasional

paper series No.1. Washington, DC. The World Bank Publication.

61

UNDP.(2004). Human Development Report: Deepency Democracy in Fragment

world. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.

62

Karl, M. (1995). Women and Empowerment: participation and decision making.

London, UK: Zed Books.

63

Eade, D. (1997). capacity building. United Kingdom, UK: Oxfam Publication

Limited.

64

Bhattacharya, S.(2003). Social work: an integrated approach. India: Deep & Deep

Publications.

65

UNDP. (1998). Human Development Report. New York, USA: Oxford University

Press.

66

UNO.(1987). UN World Commission on Environment and Development. New York, USA: United Nations publication.

67

Martinussen, J. (1999). Society, State & Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development. London , UK: Zed Books.

68

Ife, J .(1995). Community Development. Australia: Addison Wesley Longman LTD.

69 United Nations.(2002). The Millennium Development Goals. New York USA:

United Nations Publication.

70

UNICEF.(2015). Sustain Development Goals. Retrieved from

www.unicef/postpost/2015.

102

71

Ghazala, M. and Rao, V.(2003) “Community-Based and Driven Development: A Critical Review”. Washington D.C, USA: World Bank Publication.

72

Green, G.P. and Goetting, A.(2010). community assets: building the capacity for

development. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Temple University Press.

73

Foot J, Hopkins T.(2010). A glass half full: how an asset approach can improve

community health and wellbeing. London, UK: Improvement and Development

Agency.

74

Sherraden, M. (1991). Assets and the poor: A new American welfare. New York, USA: ME. Sharpe.

75

Sherraden, M. (1991a). Assets and the poor: A new American welfare. New York, USA: ME. Sharpe.

76

Eloff, I. and Eborsonhn, L.(2001). The Implication of asset-based approach to early intervention. Perspective in Education, 19(3), 147-158.

77 Hardin, Russell. (1982). Collective Action. Baltimore. Md: Johns Hopkins

University press.

78

Biddle, William W. and Loureide J. Biddle. (1965). The Community Development

Process: The Rediscovery of Local Initiative. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and

Winston, Inc.

79

Rainey, D.V., Robinson, K.L., Allen, I. and Christy, R.D. (2003) “Essential Forms of Capital for Sustainable Community Development,” American Journal of

Agricultural Economics, 85(3): 708–715.

80

Vidal, A.C. and Keating, W.D. (2004) “Community Development: Current Issues and Emerging Challenges,” Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(2): 125–137.

81

Cohen, J.M. (1987). Integrated Rural Development: The Ethiopian Experience and

the Debate. Uppsala, Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African studies.

82

Kretzmann, J.P. and McKnight, J.L. (1993). Building Communities from the Inside

Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets. Chicago, IL: ACTA Publications.

103

83

Mathie, A, and Cunningham, G. (2008). From clients to citizens: communities

changing the course of their development.UK: Practical Action Pub.

84

Ferguson, J. (1996): The Anti-Politics Machine. Development, Depolarization and

Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

85

Ferguson, J. (1996a): The Anti-Politics Machine. Development, Depolarization and

Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

86

Gilchrist, A. (2004). The well-connected community a networking approach to

community development.UK: Policy Press.

87

Kenny, S. (1994) Developing Communities for the Future: Community

Development in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Thomas Nelson Australia.

88

World Bank.(2000). Community Driven Development.: A vision of Poverty

Reduction through Empowerment. Washington, DC, USA: Oxford University Press.

89

Khwaja, Asim (2001). Can Good Projects Succeed in Bad Communities? Collective

Action in the Himalayas. Harvard University: Department of Economics, Cambridge.

90

Mosse, David.(1997). “Colonial and Contemporary Ideologies of Community Management: The Case of Tank Irrigation Development in South India.” Modern

Asian Studies 33(2): 303–38.

91

Dayton-Johnson, Jeff. (2000). “Determinants of Collective Action on the Local Commons: A Model with Evidence from Mexico.” Journal of Development

Economics 62(1): 181–208.

92

Sara, Jennifer, and Travis Katz.(1997). “Making Rural Water Sustainable: Report

on the Impact of Project Rules.” United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, Washington, D.C, USA. UNPD

Publication.

104

93

Dayton-Johnson, Jeff. (2000a). “Determinants of Collective Action on the Local

Commons: A Model with Evidence from Mexico.” Journal of Development

Economics 62(1): 181–208.

94

Jimenez, Emmanuel, and Vicente Paqueo. (1996). “Do Local Contributions Affect the Efficiency of Public Primary Schools?” Economics of Education Review 15(4):

377–86.

95

UNDP.(2002). Human Development Report. New York, USA: United Nations

Publication.

96

Lam, W. F. (1998). Governing Irrigation Systems in Nepal: Institutions,

Infrastructure and Collective Action. Oakland, Cal.: ICS Press.

97

Adato, Michelle, Timothy Besley, Lawrence Haddad, and John Hoddinott.(1999).

“Participation and Poverty Reduction: Issues, Theory and New Evidence from South

Africa". Washington, D.C, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute.

98

Venkatamaran, Arjunamurthy and Julia Falconer.(1999). “Rejuvenating India’s Decimated Forests Through Joint Action: Lessons from Andhra

Pradesh.”.Washington, D.C, USA: World Bank Publication.

99

Sen, Armartya. (1999). Development as Freedom. New York, USA: Alfred A.

Knopf.

100

Anwar, Alam.(2008).Community Development and Social Welfare. Peshawar,

Pakistan: New Awan Printers.

101

Bell, W.(1987)." Contemporary social welfare". New York, USA: Oxford

University Press.

102

Dr. Prabhakar, Singh. (1982). Community Development Program in India. New

Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications.

105

103

Ibnul-Hasan. (1989). Integrated Rural Development. New Delhi, India: Sterling

Publishers.

104

Homan, M. S. (2008). Promoting Community Change. Making It Happen in the

Real World. New York, USA: Thomson Brook.

105

Gimbi, T. A. P. (2002).community development, participation and empowerment:

conditions for rural development in South Africa. The Social work practitioner-

Researcher, 14(3):114-135.

106

Goleman, D. (2005). what Makes a leaders? Harvard Business Review on the mind

of the Leader. Boston, USA: Harvard Business School publishing Corporation.

107

Oakley, P. (1995). People's Participation in Development Projects. London, UK:

INTRAC.

108

Glass, J.J. (1979). Citizen participation in planning: The relationship between objectives and techniques. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45, 180-189.

109Nelson, N and Wright, S (Ed.). (1995). Power and Participatory Development.

London, USA : Theory and Practice. Intermediate Technology Publications.

110

Freire, P. (1972). Cultural Action for Freedom. London ,USA: Penguin.

111

United Nations Development Programs.(1993). Human Development Report. New

York, USA: Oxford University Press.

112

Oakley, P. & Marsden,D. (1985). Approaches to participation in rural

development. Geneva: ILO.

113

Pratt, B. and Boyden, J. (1985).The Field Directors’ Handbook: An Oxfam Manual for

Development workers. Oxford, UK: OUP.

114

Ife, J. (1999). Community development: Creating community alternatives - vision,

analysis and practice. Melbourne, Australia: Longman.

106

115

Phillips, Rhonda,& Robert. H. Pittman.(2008). An introduction to Community

Development . New York, USA : Taylor & Francis e-Library.

116

Lukkarinen, M.(2005). Community development, local economic development and

the social economy. Community Development Journal 40 (4), 419–24.

117

Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First. London, UK:

Longman.

118

De Berry, J.(1999).Exploring the Concept of Community: Implications for NGO

Management. LSE, UK: Centre for Voluntary Organization.

119

Gaik, V.R. (1981).Community Development in Indian. New Delhi, India: Allied

Publishers Private Limited.

120

Jameel,Siddiqi.(1980). A Review of Rural Development Programs. Islamabad,

Pakistan: Government of Pakistan.

121

Shireen, Rehmatullah.(2002). Social Welfare in Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan:

Oxford University Press.

122

World Bank (1996). The world bank source book on participation, world bank,

Washington, D.

123

Charles R. Horton. (1958). The Village Aid Program in Pakistan. Karachi,

Pakistan: United States Information Services Pakistan.

124

Abbas, M. T. E. Lodhi, K. Mehmood. and S. Muhammad.(2009). An agricultural

extension programs in Punjab. Pak. J. Life and Soc. Sci., 7(1): 1-10.

125

Charles R. Horton. (1958a). The Village Aid Program in Pakistan. Karachi,

Pakistan: United States Information Services Pakistan.

107

126

World Bank.(1994).Pakistan: A Strategy for Sustainable Agricultural Growth.

Washington, D. C., Pakistan: World Bank.

127

Malik M. Sadia. (1988). Rural Development in Pakistan. Islamabad : Rural

Development Foundation-Friedrich.

128

Ahmed Ali Mengal, Zaheeruddin Mirani and Habibullah. (2014). Historical

Overview of agricultural extension services in Pakistan. The Macro thence Review,

3(8):1-10.

129

Rafiq S. Zari (1987). “Community Development principle and techniques". Peshawar, Pakistan: Saif Printing Press

130

Aziz, S. (2009). Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's

History. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

131

Pakistan, Government of (1971) Evaluation of the Third Five-Year Plan, 1965–70.

Islamabad: Planning Commission.

132

Qureshi, Sarfraz. (2001). An Overview of Government’s Poverty Alleviation Policies and Programs. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Development

Economics, Pakistan.

133

M, Waseem .(1982).Local power structure and the relevance of rural development

strategies: A case study of Pakistan. Community Development .17: 225-233.

134

Pakistan, Government of (1978). Report of working Group for the fifth plan.

Islamabad, Pakistan: Planning Commission.

135

Pakistan, Government of (1983) . Government of Pakistan, sixth plan. Islamabad,

Pakistan: Planning Commission.

136

Qureshi, Sarfraz.(2001a). An Overview of Government’s Poverty Alleviation Policies and Programs. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Development

Economics, Pakistan.

108

137

Chaudhry, K.M. (2002).Community infrastructure services program (CISP): HRD

manual. Muzafarabad, Pakistan: Department of Local Government and Rural

Development, Govt. of AJK.

138

Pakistan, Government of (2003) Evaluation of the eighth Five-Year Plan,

1998.2003 Islamabad: Planning Commission.

139

Aziz, S. (2009a). Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's History. Karachi, Pakistan Oxford University Press.

140 Rahmato D.(1991). The Concept of Community Development. Community

Development as a Process. Columbia, Missouri, USA: University of Missouri.

141

Hameed, Aktar.(1992). Orange Pilot Project. Karachi, Pakistan : OPP-RTI.

142

Hasan, Arif (1999).Akhtar Hameed Khan and the Orangi Pilot Project. Karachi,

Pakistan: City Press.

143

Hasan, Arif.(2010). Participatory Development: The story of the Orange Pilot

Project-Research and Training Institute and the Urban Resource Center. Karachi,

Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

144

Theniath, Siddiui, and Rashid Amjid. (1997). The Orangi Pilot Project: A Low

Cost Sanitation Model, UNDP-World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program.

Islamabad, Pakistan: UNDP.

145

Orange Pilot Project. (1996). Reflection and Reminiscences. Karachi , Pakistan:

Oxford University Press.

146

Rahman, Parven.(2002). Institutions and Programs- a case study. Karachi,

Pakistan: Sama Publishing.

147

Orange Pilot Project. (2013). Quarterly Reports, various issues. Karachi, Pakistan:

OPP.

109

148

Hasan, Arif.(2010a). Participatory Development: The story of the Orange Pilot

Project-Research and Training Institute and the Urban Resource Center. Karachi,

Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

149

Rahman, Parven.(2002a). Institutions and Programs- a case study. Karachi,

Pakistan: Sama Publishing.

150

Orange Pilot Project. (2013a).Quarterly Reports, various issues. Karachi, Pakistan:

OPP.

151

Saif, L. (2010). Authoritarianism and Underdevelopment in Pakistan: The Role of

the Punjab. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

152

Zaidi, S Akbar.(1999). The New Development Paradigm: Papers on Institutions,

NGOs, Gender and Local Government. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

153

Sultan, Shoaib. (2009). The Aga Khan Rural Support Program: A Journey through

Grassroots Development. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

154

The Aga Khan Rural Support Program in Pakistan.(1999).A World Bank

Operations Evaluation Study. Washington, D.C., USA: World Bank.

155

THE AGA KHAN RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM .(1984). First Annual Review,

1983:Incorporating the Fourth Progress Report. Gilgit, Pakistan, AKRSP.

156

Sultan, Shoaib. (2009a). The Aga Khan Rural Support Program: A Journey through

Grassroots Development. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

157

Sultan, Shoaib. (2009a). The Aga Khan Rural Support Program: A Journey through

Grassroots Development. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

158

Khan,S. and Mahmood Hasan. (1992). Rural change in the Third World: Pakistan

and the Aga Khan Rural Support Program. New York, USA: Greenwood Press, Print.

110

159

WORLD BANK.(2007).Promoting Rural Growth and Poverty Reduction.

Washington D.C., USA World Bank.

160

Hasan, Mahmood.(2009a).Participatory Rural Development in Pakistan:

Experiences of Rural Support Programs. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

161

WORLD BANK .(2003). The Aga Khan Rural Support Program: A Seventh

Evaluation Washington D.C., USA: World Bank Operations Evaluation Department,

World Bank.

162

Zaidi, S Akbar.(1999a). The New Development Paradigm: Papers on Institutions,

NGOs, Gender and Local Government. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

163

Bano,Nasima. (2013). The Role of AKRSP in Development of Rural Communities

of Gilgit Baltistan. PhD Thesis. Islamabad, Pakistan: International Islamic University.

164

Hasan, Mahmood.(2009).Participatory Rural Development in Pakistan: Experiences of Rural Support Programs. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

165

Gazdar, Haris.(1999). 'Poverty in Pakistan: A Review , in fifty years of Pakistan's

Economy, edited by Shahrukh Rafi Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

166

Alan M. Shahid.(1996).Community Organizations and Urban Development.

Karachi, Pakistan: NGOs Resources Center.

167

NRSP. (2014). 20th Annual Progress Report. Islamabad, Pakistan: NRSP.

168

NRSP. (2014a). 20th Annual Progress Report. Islamabad, Pakistan: NRSP.

169

Bano,Nasima. (2013a). The Role of AKRSP in Development of Rural

Communities of Gilgit Baltistan. PhD Thesis. Islamabad, Pakistan: International

Islamic University.

170

Khan, Shahrukh Rafi.(1999). Government, Communities and Non-Govermental

Organizations in Social Sector Delivery. Aldershot, U.K: Ashgate.

111

171

NRSP. (2014b). 20th Annual Progress Report. Islamabad, Pakistan: NRSP.

172

Hasan, Mahmood.(2009a).Participatory Rural Development in Pakistan: Experiences of Rural Support Programs. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

173 NRSP. (2015). 21st Annual Progress Report. Islamabad, Pakistan: NRSP.

174

HANDS. (2015). Annual Progress Report. Karachi, Pakistan: HANDS.

175

HANDS. (2015a). Annual Progress Report. Karachi, Pakistan: HANDS.

176

HANDS. (2016). Annual Progress Report. Karachi, Pakistan: HANDS.

177

HANDS. (2016a). Annual Progress Report. Karachi, Pakistan: HANDS.

178

ALi, Mumtaz, & Baloch, Gul.(2015). Community Monitoring in Reproductive

Health Project: Case study of Health Sector NGO in Pakistan. VFAST Transaction on

Education and Social Science,7(1),1-8.

179

HANDS. (2017). Annual Progress Report. Karachi, Pakistan: HANDS.

180

Benazir Income Support Program.(2016). At Glance. Retrieved from http://www.bisp.gov.pk/.

181 Benazir Income Support Program.(2016a). At Glance. Retrieved from

http://www.bisp.gov.pk/.

182

Khan, Shanza & Sara Qutub.(2010). The Benazir Income Support Program and the Zakat Program: A Political Economy Analysis of Gender. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.

183 Khan, Shanza & Sara Qutub.(2010a). The Benazir Income Support Program and

the Zakat Program: A Political Economy Analysis of Gender. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.

112

184

Durr-e-Nayab and Shujaat Farooq.(2012).Effectiveness of Cash Transfer Programs for Household Welfare in Pakistan: The Case of the Benazir Income Support Program. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.

185

World Bank .(2009) .Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the

Islamic Republic of Pakistan for a Social Safety Net Technical Assistance Project.’ Report No. 47288-PK. Islamabad: World Bank.

186

World Bank .(2009a) .Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the

Islamic Republic of Pakistan for a Social Safety Net Technical Assistance Project.’ Report No. 47288-PK. Islamabad: World Bank.

187

Magsi, Ara Hussan.(2014).Benazir Income Support Program and its impact on

Women Empowerment in Balochistan. Balochistan Review,1,133-142.

188

Benazir Income Support Program.(2016b).Waseela-e-Sehat. Retrieved from http://www.bisp.gov.pk/.

189

Nabi, Ijaz. (2013). Two Social Projection Program in Pakistan. The Lahore Journal

of Economic,18,283-304.

190

Ministry of Finance .(2012) .Economic Survey 2011-2012. Islamabad, Pakistan:

Government of Pakistan.

113

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

3.1. Introduction

This chapter objectives to demonstrate and explains the methodology of research on which

this dissertation is based and the techniques used inside the implementation of the research

design, which led the entire research study. The methods and techniques used for finding

answers to essential questions through the application of the scientific method are known as

methodology. The methods used in the research of any phenomena are such which validate

the study to be scientific, reliable and unique.1 A systematic method is a system of explicit

regulations and methods on which research is based totally and against which claims for

understanding is evaluated'. Research method is one of the crucial of the scientific studies.2

It is a statement of the technique with the support of which a justification has been reached.

The strategies used within the study are those which validate the study to be scientific

straightforward and accurate.3

In every field of study, a particular technique can be used for the researchers to work on

particular tracks to get their consequences. To achieve the consequences, it is important to

have information and also have the expertise about the way to get facts, that is to be used to

get a conclusion of a specific study. A study is constantly performed, right from the

beginning to its give up. As Simpson stated that research methodology is that premeditated

plan produced to get statistics about precise areas of study. Consequently, the scientific

approach is one of the essential duty of studies. It creates the hypotheses based totally on

statement, assumption, checking out of the implication and confirmation or rejection. It is

also a systematic and organized process including on number of in order steps. Some of the

steps are listed below:

3.2. Selection of the Research Problem

Selection of a study problem is the first and most essential step of the research process. It is

the identity of a target before beginning a journey. The research problem gives as the base of

a research observe: if it is organized well, you can expect a good study to follow.4 The first

two chapters of this dissertation discussed a number of preceding references to several

researchers and authors, that are absolutely focused on community development programs. It

became the first logical point that he need to enlarge his research interest in community

development, that is taking very vital place in the course of the world for countrywide

improvement. From past three decades, many developed and underdeveloped nations used

community development approach to carrying deliberate modifications on human beings

lives

114

As argued in the first chapter, the community development program is the set of

programs/initiatives and guidelines planned to increase the standard of living of the public.

In Pakistan, the first community development program was brought in 1951 with the

establishment of the pilot project in Karachi, with the support of the Federal government.

Since 1951 until today numerous community development programs had been carried out by

authorities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to bring socio-economic change in

the country. It was in this background that the researcher determined to choose the topic of

his study for a doctoral degree to analyze community development programs that have been

carried out in Pakistan. In order, to know the impacts of these programs. Secondly, the

researcher decided to know how these initiatives have taken by national,

provincial/governments and non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) have met the needs of

the community and have to change the living standard of people through community

development programs.

3.3.Universe or Population

A research population is usually a huge group of individuals that are the key attention of a

systematic inquiry. It is for the profit of the populace that researchers are performed.5 A

selection of universe is very crucial in a research. It gives more accuracy and care. In the

statistical feel, the term' universe' indicates the collection of humans or objects under study.

The universe is a theoretical and hypothetical series of all components as described for given

studies.6 The total organization from which the pattern is chosen as the population supply or

universe. A populace is a collection of interest to which he or she would really like to

generalize the effects of the study.7

In the methodological term, a populace is the combination of all instances that confirm to

some designated set of specification people and residing in any location.8 Since the problem

of the present study is Community Development Programs for Socio-Economic

Development in Pakistan, the study was conducted in three provinces (Sindh, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan) and Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan. Each province was selected

as the unit of study. From Sindh and Balochistan province two UCs and from Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit Baltistan one UC were selected as the universe from where

structured questionnaires were executed for the purpose of data collection. These areas had

been chosen where major community development programs have been implemented.

3.4.The Sample

Typically, the researcher concludes that it is not possible to observe the whole populace for

any research study. Either it could be too high priced or too big to study. At this situation, a

researcher may additionally finish that it is viable possible to learn almost as much by

studying only a portion of people or object within the populace. A pattern is a representative

while it is a particular proportional representation of the populace under study. For the

reliable conclusion to be drawn from the studies, samples for studies need to be

representative of the goal community. A sample is a subset of people selected for study

from amongst human beings or objects inside a described populace.9

115

Sampling is the technique of choosing a unit from a population of interest for honest

generalization of our results.10

In many cases it is not possible to cover whole population. In

such situation sampling gives better option and produces comparable and equally valid

results because it covers the research population in a short period. In order to get sufficient

information of the community development programs in Pakistan, a purposive technique of

non-probability sampling method was applied. The availability of time, finances and problem

related expertise determined the maximum number of respondents. Purposive sampling

means to get sufficient knowledge of topic to select sample of experts and subjects are

chosen in this sampling method according to the type of the topic. Therefore, skills and

capabilities of the researcher to find appropriate individuals to contribute to the achievement

of research objectives play important role on the outcome of studies using this sampling

technique. The researcher only goes to those people who in his/her opinion are likely to have

the required information

The size of a simple relies upon on the nature of the study.11

It is generally the benefit of the

researcher to make a decision the size of the his sample. In a survey of the sample must be

of a size which is agreeable to understandable statistical conclusion.12

For this study the

sample size of two hundred twenty-five (225) was determined for functional statistical

manipulations. It was also decided to divide equally among fifty NGOs, i.e. fifty addresses

each.

3.5. The interview Schedule

Several methods can be used to collect primary data. The option of a research method

depends upon on the various aspects of the nature of the research or subject, the

geographical distribution of the study population, researcher discipline, availability of time,

expertise and resources at his clearance for his research study. For this present study, it was

decided to use survey method for primary data collection.

Using the survey method the researcher had two alternatives i.e. questionnaire and interview

schedule. A questionnaire is a written list of questions, the solutions to which are recorded

via respondents. Inside the questionnaire, respondents read the questions, interpret what is

expected and then write down the solutions but the timetable is usually filled out by the

researcher, who can interpret question whilst necessary.13

In an interviewing schedule a

researcher has the choice to obtain in-depth facts via probing and it is also less probable that

a query could be misunderstood because the interviewer can repeat a question or put it in a

shape this is understood through the respondent and it can be used with almost every kind of

populace including children, handicapped, illiterate and etc. On the opposite side, pre-

dependent questions sometimes are probably to impede independence of the respondent's

free reaction and may appear like placing words inside the reply mouth.

Simply, the questionnaire is typically used with the one's respondents who're literate, which

is not always a smooth assignment in rural areas of Pakistan because illiteracy could be very

common. In this condition, face to face interviews enabled the researcher to probe, to

provide an explanation for, to follow up crucial factors that have been raised by the people

116

and to get the detailed. This is why interview schedule was the first choice for a researcher

for a collect date. However, the researcher had a few other reasons in mind. These included

(1) using the interview will make sure the clear understanding of the question and will raise

the rate of data quality (2) due to the lack of clean addresses of areas, it is difficult if not

possible to use other technique like mail questionnaire and sooner or later (3) through using

this approach the researcher guarantees the high rate of responses to the questionnaire and

high rate of returning ones.

The time that the interview took with the respondent was between thirty to forty-five

minutes although some interviews took more than one hour. In interviewing schedule

developed for the present study survey under discussion had, sixty one closed ended

questions and thirty-two open-ended questions, besides sixteen question aimed at obtaining

personal data about the respondent such as age, material status and etc. Thus the

interviewing schedule for this study had one hundred and nine (109) questions in all.

3.6. Pre-Testing

It is very important to check/test survey schedule/ questionnaire before the use of it to gather

data. Pre-testing can assist to discover questions that do not make sense to contributors, or

issues with the schedule/ questionnaire that might cause biased answers. Pre-testing,

technique pursuits to identify mistakes and to suggest ways improve or minimize the

occurrence of these errors. Pre-testing is the only manner to evaluate in advance whether or

not a questionnaire poses problems for interviewers or respondents and, therefore, basic

textbooks and qualified specialists announce pre-testing critical.14

After constructing the interview schedule it was tested and revised before it was

administered. In November 2015 during a field trip to the selected districts, the interview

schedules were tested with a random sample of about 15 respondents in two areas not

included in this study design. A total is interviews were successfully completed. Analysis of

these pre-test findings resulted in the elimination of certain questions and refinement of

other. So subsequent to the pilot test questions were redrafted and the interview schedule

was remodeled into its final form. Accordingly, the researcher revised the interview

schedule. Points that were irrelevant to the study were eliminated other questions were

added and regrouped in order to achieve a consistent flow of information.

3.7.The Procedure of Data Collection

For the purpose of data collection researcher taken into consideration using that tool that

may be useful and appropriate for operation of the research. The tool selected for this

present study was interview schedule. Interview schedule, it is very vital for deriving

accurate records. The direct face-to-face questioning is the maximum normal technique

carried out for survey method.15

Since beneficiaries of NGOs are the people whom the activists aimed to offer services to the

public in particular underprovided through community development programs, therefore, the

study sought the perceptions of the beneficiaries and their roles in community development

117

programs. Interview schedule has been constructed and administrated among them. The

purpose of this was to discover how lots they participated in community development

programs, how lots interaction they had with the organizations, what changes occurred in

their lives through these projects and what changes occurred in their lives through these

projects and what barriers and challenges they faced in the completion of the projects. The

interview schedule was developed around some key components as:

• Personal profile

• Educational profile

• Economic profile

• Family profile

• Personal health profile

• Development

• Community development programs

By January 2016, the reconstructed and revised interview schedule was ready for a research

study. On Feb 2016, the field visit was started by the researcher and ended in August 2016.

The Interview schedule began with an introductory statement informing the people about the

identity of the researcher, purpose of the research study, the importance of the study in order

to encourage them to answer all the question and finally give surety the confidentiality of the

answers and the respondents. To avoid any confusion, the researcher carried and left an

authority letter from his supervision. Interviews with respondents were usually conducted in

a friendly environment at their houses and offices to enable more involvement of the

respondents and minimize the other people interference. The interviews were mostly

conducted in the morning or the evenings when the people were free from their daily

activities. A total of 225 respondents were included in this research study and fortunately all

responses were achieved. All interviews were conducted by the researcher himself. A

comprehensive interview schedule, the detail of which are given in Appendix-5, was

designed and developed well before hand.

3.8.The Processing of Data and their Analysis

In a research study, once the information collection manner is finished, the subsequent step

normally starts the analysis of those data. The selection of the analytical techniques depends

on various factors comprising the kind of research questions/hypotheses that have been

formulated and traits of collected statistics.16

Analysis and interpretation of data are one of the important ranges of any research layout.

After the data had been collected the researcher gave full interest to his analysis and

interpretation. For this reason, initially, simple tables are made representing every question

and percentages have been a draw. In order to check the validity of hypotheses, numerous

statistical assumptions are made by means of which the significance of the variables is

118

determined. But, by a statistical method, you possibly can come closer to confirm that

something is not always authentic approximately a universe or in the alternative that

something is real. On the basis of these checks, the hypotheses are finally accepted or

rejected. The selection of suitable technique relies upon on the quality of data.17

In the

present study, chi-square was used to verify the relation between variables.

Chi-square:

The chi-square test is the very best and maximum useful statistical approach. It is also a

precious test for studying the existence of relations between the independent and depend on

variables of a hypothesis. Chi-square is the check of importance for nominal values that

compares found with expected frequencies the use of a null hypothesis of no relationship.18

Formula for chi-square

X²=∑(fo-fe)

fe

where:

fo= actual frequency

fe= expected frequency

X²= calculate value of chi-square

∑= total sum

The chi-square test is the very best and maximum useful statistical approach. It is also a

precious test for studying the existence of relations between the independent and depend on

variables of a hypothesis. Chi-square is the check of importance for nominal values that

compares found with expected frequencies the use of a null hypothesis of no relationship

Degree of freedom

In order to calculate the value of chi-square from a contingency table, the number of degree

of freedom must also be known before the table is used. following is the formula for

calculating the degree of freedom:

Df=( c-1) (R-1)

where

C= Total number of columns of contingency table

R= Total number of rows of contingency table

119

Level of significance

The importance degree indicates the risk of rejecting HO while it should be accepted which

might be prepared to take. The value maximum normally utilized by researchers is 0.05

because of that there is a 5 percent chance of rejecting a real HO. The research of this study

has extensively utilized the value of chi-square for 0.05 level of significance.

Interpreting Research Results

Eventually the analysis of facts, the following step is to set up and interpret the

consequences of the gathered facts. Since the motive of engaging in a research study is to

answer questions in a logical way, the interpretation of the outcomes need to be focus first

on the questions that had been asked or inferred within the problem declaration.

In this research study in order to interpret the outcomes, the statistics are first reported in a

clean and comprehensible way. Next, the conclusion concerning the numerous studies

hypotheses is drawn. Finally, the implication of the research findings and advice based on

those findings are discussed.

120

3.9. Endnotes

1 Frankfork, Chava. (1992). Researcher Methods In The Social Science.London,UK:

St. Martin's Press.

2 Nachimas. C F and Nachimas, D. ( 1996). Research Methods in social Science.

London, UK: Arnold.

3 Gordon Marshell. (1998). Dictionary of Society. London, UK: Oxford University

Press.

4 Ranjit,Kumar.(2009). Research Methodology A STEP BY STEP GUIDE FOR

BEGINNERS. New Delhi, India: SAGA Publication.

5 Ghosh, B. N. (1982). Scientific Methods and Social Research. New Delhi, India:

Sterling Publisher PVT. Ltd.

6 Babbie, E.R. (1992). The practice of social research. California, USA: Wadswoth

Inc.

7 Nachimas. C F and Nachimas, D. (1996a). Research Methods in social Science.

London, UK: Arnold.

8 Hillway, T. (1964). Introduction to Research. Boston, USA: Houghton Miffin.

9 Bruce ,L Berg. (1989). Qualitative research methods. Boston, USA: Allyn and

Bacon.

10 Russell ,Bernard, H. (1998). Research methods in cultural anthropology. Newbury

Park, USA: SAGA.

11 Abraham, Kaplan. (1964). The conduct of inquiry: Methodology for behavioral

science. New York, USA: Harper & Hadlock.

12 Block, Thomas. (2002). Understanding Social Science Research. New Delhi, India:

Saga publication.

121

13 Ranjit, Kumar.(2009a). Research Methodology A STEP BY STEP GUIDE FOR

BEGINNERS. New Delhi, India: SAGA Publication.

14 Ghosh, B. N. (1982a). Scientific Methods and Social Research. New Delhi, India:

Sterling Publisher PVT. Ltd.

15 Sharma, B.A.V. et.al. (1983). Research methods in social Sciences. New Delhi,

India: Sterling Publisher PVT. Ltd.

16 Sowell, E. J, & Casey R. J. (1982). Analysis Educational Research. New York,

USA: Belmout. CA: Wadsworth.

17 Sarntakos, Sortirois. (1994). Social Research. London, UK: Mc Millar Press Ltd.

18 Torgerson, W. (1959). Theory and Methods of scaling. New York, USA: John

Wiley & Sons.

122

Chapter Four

Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The methodology explained in the previous chapter provided the baseline for data-

collecting. In this chapter the researcher has presented and interpreted the data which have

been collected from the respondents in the filed through interview schedule.

In the present study data has been analyzed and interpreted through sample tables

representing socio-economic characteristics of respondents and other information obtaining

through the interview schedule. The factors on which information is calculated included;

province, gender, age, Age ,marital status ,mother tongue, Cultural background ,religious

etc.

These data are analyzed.

123

Table # 1

Province of Respondents

Provinces Frequency Percentage

Sindh

45 20%

KPK

45 20%

Balochistan

45 20%

Gilgat Balistan

45 20%

Islamabad

45 20%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows an overall percentage distribution of respondents according to

areas 20 % belong to Sindh, 20% belong to KPK, 20% belong to Balochistan, 20%

belong to Gilgat Balistan and 20% belong to Islamabad.

Figure-1

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

124

Table # 2

Gender of Respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male

125 55.55%

Female

100 44.45%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows the gender of the respondents. It indicates that the highest

number of respondents are male with a percentage of 55.55%.

While the rest respondents 44.45% are female

Figure-2

0

50

100

150

200

250

Male Female Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

125

Table # 3

Age of Respondents

Ages Frequency Percentage

20-30 years 52 23.15%

31-40 years 73 32.44%

41-50 years 64 28.44%

50+ years 34 15.11%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows the ages of the respondents. It indicates that highest number

of the respondents are within 31 to 40 years of the age group which formed 32.44%.

The second highest number of the respondents is fallen within the age group 41 to 50

years, which formed 28.55%.

23.15% of respondents are coming under the age group of 20 to30 years, while the

least number of respondents are of the age group 50 plus years, which the 15.11% of

the total population.

Figure-3

0

50

100

150

200

250

20-30 years31-40 years41-50 years 50+ yearsTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

126

Table # 4

Marital Status of Respondents

Marital Status Frequency Percentage

Un-married 68 30.22%

Married 154 68.44%

Window/Widower Nil 0%

Divorced Nil 0%

Separated 3 1.33%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows the marital status of the respondents. It indicates that highest

number of the respondents is married which formed 68.44%.

The second highest number of the respondents is un-married, which formed 30.22%.

Whereas only 1.33% of respondents are separated.

Figure-4

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

127

Table # 5

Mother Tongue of Respondents

Mother Tongue Frequency Percentage

Urdu 35 15.55%

Punjabi 25 11.11%

Sindhi 45 20%

Pashto 37 16.44%

Balochi 55 24.44%

Siraiki 05 2.22%

Other 23 10.22%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows the mother tongue of the respondents. It indicates that highest

number of the respondents is Balochi specking, which is 24.44% of the total

population.

Sindh is the second highest mother tongue of the respondents, which is 20 % of the

total number of respondents.

The mother tongue of the third highest group of respondents is Pashto, which

comprises of 16.44%.

15.55% of respondents are Urdu speaking, 11.11% of respondents are Punjabi

speaking, 10.23% of respondents are other, while the least number of respondents are

Siraiki, which the 2.22% of the total population.

128

Figure -5

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

129

Table # 6

Cultural Background of Respondents

Cultural Background Frequency Percentage

Rural

130 57.77%

Urban

95 42.23%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents who are 57.77%

live in rural areas.

Whereas 42.23% respondents are living in urban areas.

Figure-6

0

50

100

150

200

250

Rural Urban Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

130

Table # 7

Religious of Respondents

Religious Frequency Percentage

Muslim

225 100%

Christian

Nil 000

Hindus

Nil 000

Other( specify)

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that all the respondents 100% are Muslim.

Figure-7

0

50

100

150

200

250

Muslim Christian Hindus Other( specify) Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

131

Table # 8

Type of Family Respondents

Type of Family Frequency Percentage

Nuclear

40 17.77%

Joint

185 82.23%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents who are 82.23%

live in joint system.

Whereas 17.77% respondents are living in nuclear family system.

Figure-8

0

50

100

150

200

250

Nuclear Joint Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

132

Table # 9

Head of Family Respondents

Head of Family Frequency Percentage

Self

105 46.66%

Father

39 17.34%

Mother

2 0.88%

Husband

79 35.12%

Brother

Nil 00

Uncle

Nil 00

Wife

Nil 00

Other (Specify)

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows the head of family of the respondents. It indicates that highest

number of the respondents is self head of their families, which is 46.66% of the total

population.

Husband is the second highest head of family of the respondents, which is 35.12 %

of the total number of respondents.

The head of family of the third highest group of respondents is father, which

comprises of 17.34%.

While the least number of respondents head by mother, which the 0.88%% of the

total population.

133

Figure-9

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

134

Table # 10

Educational Qualification of Respondents

Educational Qualification Frequency Percentage

Illiterate

05 2.22%

Primary

12 5.33%

Middle

15 6.66%

Intermediate

49 21.77%

Gradate

100 44.45%

Master

34 15.11%

M.Phil/PhD

Nil 00

Religious

10 4.45%

Other (Specify)

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows educational level of the respondents. It indicates that the

highest of respondents is gradate with a percentage of 44.45%.

The second highest number of respondents has intermediate which is 21.77 %.

Third highest number of respondents had master which has formed a percentage

15.11%.

Whereas the 6.66% of the respondents had educated up to middle level.

The number of respondents who had primary education which has formed 5.33%.

4.45% of respondents had religious education, while the least number of respondents

were illiterate, which the 2.22% of the total population.

135

Figure-10

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

136

Table # 11

Number of Children go to School of Respondents

Number of Children go to

School

Frequency Percentage

None 05 2.22%

1-2 160 71.11%

3-4 32 14.22%

5+ 28 12.45%

Other (Specify) Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of the respondents are within 1 to 2

children go to school which formed 71.11%.

The second highest number of the respondents is fallen within the group 3 to 4

children, which formed 14.22%.

12.45% of respondents are coming under the group of 5 plus children, while the least

number of respondents are of the none, which the 2.22% of the total population.

Figure-11

0

50

100

150

200

250

None 2-Jan 4-Mar 5+ Other (Specify)Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

137

Table # 12

Available Educational Facilities in Community

Available Educational

Facilities in

Community

Frequency Percentage

Government Schools

225 100%

Private Schools

205 91.11%

College

154 68.44%

University

77 34.22%

Vocational center

68 30.22%

Religious Institutions

225 100%

Note: Number of respondents are 225, therefore percentage is calculated on 225.

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates the various available educational facilities to the

respondents in their communities. The findings revealed in the table shows that

100% have government schools and religious institutions.

The above table indicates that 91.11% of respondents have private school facility in

their communities.

The above table indicate that 68.44% of respondents have college facility in their

communities.

Only 34% of respondents have university access at their communities.

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents are deprived of vocational

center facility at their communities. Which is formed 30.22%.

138

Figure-12

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

139

Table # 13

Condition of Educational Facilities

Condition of Educational

Facilities

Frequency Percentage

Satisfied

67 29.77%

Not satisfied

128 56.88%

Don't know

30 13.33

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage 56.77% are not satisfied with the condition of educational facilities at

their communities.

The second highest number of respondents is satisfied with educational facilities at

their communities and formed a percentage of 29.77% .

Whereas 13.33% of respondents don't know about their educational facilities at

communities.

Figure-13

0

50

100

150

200

250

Satisfied Not satisfied Don't know Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

140

Table # 14

Is there any Family Who does not send their Children to School

Children don't go school

Frequency Percentage

Yes

67 29.77%

No

158 70.23%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents which formed a

percentage of 70.23% who send their children to school.

Whereas 29.77 % of respondents who doesn't send their children to school.

Figure-14

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

141

Table # 15

If, Yes then what is the Reason

Reason

Frequency Percentage

Financial issue

42 62.68%

No school

Nil 00

Schools are far

Nil 00

Children are not interested

20 29.85%

Education is not important

05 7.46%

Other

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

67 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Note: No of respondents are 225 but only 67 respondents were not sending their children at

schools (Table 15), so here No. of respondent are 67.

The above table indicates that the majority of respondents 62.68% said that they

have financial issues that's why they don't send their children at schools.

The second highest respondents said that children were not interested to go at

schools. They have formed 29.85%.

Whereas only 7.46 % of respondents said that education is not important for them

that's why they didn't send their children at schools.

142

Figure-15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Frequency

Percentage

143

Table # 16

Do Boys and Girls are Provided Equal Opportunity to Education

Equal Opportunity for

Girls to Education

Frequency Percentage

Yes

11 4.88%

No

214 95.12%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 95.12% which is the highest

number of them showed that girls are not provided equal opportunity as compared

with boys.

The second highest number and rest of respondents 4.88% showed that boys and

girls are getting equal opportunity to education.

Figure-16

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

144

Table # 17

Are Girls allowed to Get Formal Education at their own Selection

Are Girls allowed to get

Formal Education at their

own Selection

Frequency Percentage

Yes

146 64.88%

No

79 35.12%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 64.88% ,which is the highest

number of them showed that girls are allowed to get formal education at their own

selection.

The second highest number and rest of respondents 35.12% showed that girls are not

allowed to get formal education at their own selection.

Figure-17

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

145

Table # 18

If No, then who is Opposing the Education of Girls in Community

Opposing

Frequency Percentage

Parents

16 20.25%

Brother/uncle

11 13.92%

Community

20 25.31%

Culture

32 40.50%%

Other

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

79 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Note: No of respondents are 225 but only 79 respondents were opposing the girls education

(Table 18), so here No. of respondent are 79.

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 40.50% ,which is the highest

number of them showed that culture is the main barrier for girls education at their

communities.

The second highest number of respondents 25.31% showed that community attitude

is also a barrier for girls at their communities.

The third highest number of respondents 20.25% showed that parents are the main

opposing reason.

Whereas least number of respondents said that brother and uncle oppose girls

education at their communities. They are formed only 13.92%.

146

Figure-18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Frequency

Percentage

147

Table # 19

Occupation of Respondents

Occupation of

Respondents

Frequency Percentage

Govt. Job

42 18.66%

Self-employed

33 14.66%

Private

84 37.33%

Labor

12 5.33%

Farmer

16 7.12%

Jobless

38 16.88%

Other (Specify)

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents is private. They

have formed a percentage of 37.33%.

The second highest number of respondents is the Government- Job by their

occupation, which has formed a percentage of 18.66%.

14.66% of the respondents are self-employed.

The table shows that 16.88% of respondents are jobless.

The table shows that 7.12% of respondents are farmer, where as only 5.33% of

respondents are labor by their occupation.

148

Figure-19

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

149

Table # 20

Total Employees from Family

Total Employees from

Family

Frequency Percentage

1-2

167 74.22%

3-4

49 21.77%

5+

9 4%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents had 1-2 employees

from their families. They had formed a percentage of 74.22%.

The second highest number of respondents had 2-4 who were 21.77%.

The least number of respondents who had formed a percentage of 4% had 5 plus

employees from their families.

Figure-20

0

50

100

150

200

250

2-Jan 4-Mar 5+ Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

150

Table # 21

Personal Monthly Income

Personal Monthly Income

Frequency Percentage

No Income 38 16.88%

Less than 5000 29 12.88%

5001-6000 20 8.88%

8000+ 138 61.33%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents are earning more

than 8000 for month. They are 61.33%.

The second highest number of respondents are earning no-income, which is formed

16.88%.

The third highest number of respondents are earning less than 5000, which is formed

a percentage of 12.88%.

Whereas least number of respondents are earning between 5001-6000. They are

formed only 8.88%.

Figure-21

0

50

100

150

200

250

No Income Less than 5000 5001-6000 8000+Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

151

Table # 22

Do your Community has any Skill Development Center

Skill Development Center Frequency Percentage

Yes

67 29.77%

No

158 70.22%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents which formed a

percentage of 70.22% . They don’t have skill development centers at their areas.

Whereas 29.77 % of respondents who have skill development centers at their

communities.

Figure-22

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

152

Table # 23

House Status

House Status Frequency Percentage

Owned

196 87.12%

Rented

29 12.88%

Other

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents live in their owned

houses. They have formed 87.12%.

Whereas the least number of respondents who are only 12.88% live in rented

houses.

Figure-23

0

50

100

150

200

250

Owned Rented Other Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

153

Table # 24

Type of Houses

Type of Houses Frequency Percentage

Puucca

177 78.66%

Kucha

48 21.34%

Other

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents live in Puucca

houses. They have formed 78.66%.

Whereas the least number of respondents who are only 21.34% live in Kucha

houses.

Figure-24

0

50

100

150

200

250

Puucca Kucha Other Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

154

Table # 25

Rooms in Houses

No of Rooms

Frequency Percentage

One

44 19.55%

Two

117 52%

Three

46 20.45%

Above three

18 8%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents who were 52% had

two room in their houses.

The second highest respondents who formed a percentage of 20.45% had three

rooms in their houses.

Whereas 19.55% respondents had one room in their houses and only 8% respondents

have above three rooms in their houses.

Figure-25

0

50

100

150

200

250

One Two Three Above threeTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

155

Table # 26

Source of Water

Source of Water

Frequency Percentage

Water Tap

16 7.11%

Water Supply

103 45.77%

Fetch Water

15 6.66%

Piped connection

60 26.66%

Tanker

10 4.45%

Bowing

21 9.33%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents who were 45.77%

had water supply source for water.

The second highest respondents who formed a percentage of 26.66 % had piped

connection.

The third highest number of respondents is formed a percentage of 9.33% who had

bowing water source.

Whereas 7.11% respondents had water tap facility for water source, 6.66%

respondents fetch water from a distinct and only 4.45% respondents use tanker for

water source.

156

Figure-26

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

157

Table # 27

Facilities Available in House

Facilities in House

Frequency Percentage

Gas

170 75.55%

Electricity

219 97.33%

Telephone

61 27.11%

Internet

200 88.88%

TV

225 100%

Radio

154 68.44%

Bike

180 80%

Car

89 39.55%

Air-condition

70 31.11%

Mobile

225 100%

Refrigerator

190 84.44%

Drainage System

120 66.66%

Note: Number of respondents are 225, therefore percentage is calculated as 225.

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates the various facilities available to the respondents in their

homes. The findings revealed in the table shows that 100% respondents have TV and

mobile facilities in their homes.

The above table indicates that majority of respondents electricity in their houses,

which formed 97.33%.

Above table indicates that 88.88% of respondents have internet facility at their

homes.

158

Findings showed in the above table indicates that 84.44% of respondents have

refrigerator facility in their homes.

Facts showed in the above table indicates that 80% of respondents have their own

bike.

The above table indicates that 75.33% of respondents have gas facility in their

homes.

The above table indicates that 68.44% of respondents have radio sets in their homes.

The above table shows that a number of respondents have drainage system which is

formed 66.66% of the total population.

The above table indicates that 39.55% of respondents have car facility in their

homes.

Whereas 31.11% respondents had air-conditions facility, and only 27.11%

respondents use telephone facility in their homes.

Figure-27

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

159

Table # 28

Do you have Separate Kitchen

Separate Kitchen Frequency Percentage

Yes

207 92%

No

18 8%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the majority of respondents have their separated

kitchen in houses. They have formed 92%.

Whereas the least number of respondents who are only 8%don’t have their separated

kitchen in houses.

Figure-28

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

160

Table # 29

Do you have Separate Bathroom

Separate Bathroom Frequency Percentage

Yes

219 97.33%

No

06 2.67%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the majority of respondents have their separated

bathroom in houses. They have formed 97.33%.

Whereas the least number of respondents who are only 2.67% don’t have their

separated bathroom in houses.

Figure-29

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

161

Table # 30

What do you think about your Available House Facilities

Available House Facilities Frequency Percentage

Need improvement

158 70.22%

Satisfied

53 23.55%

Some extent

14 6.22%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents 70% claimed that

the present house facilities need improvement.

The respondents who formed a percentage of 23.55% said that they were satisfied

with the available house facilities.

Whereas only 6.22% respondents said that they were satisfied to some extent.

Figure-30

0

50

100

150

200

250

Need improvement Satisfied Some extentTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

162

Table # 31

Health Condition of Respondents

Health Condition of

Respondents

Frequency Percentage

Very Healthy 74 32.88%

Good 57 25.33%

Average 65 28.88%

Poor 29 12.88%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents 32.88 %claimed

that they are very healthy.

The respondents who formed a percentage of 28.88% said that they have average

health condition.

Third highest number of respondents had good health condition, which has formed a

percentage of 25.33%.

Whereas only 12.88% respondents said that they have poor health condition.

Figure-31

0

50

100

150

200

250

Very Healthy Good Average PoorTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

163

Table # 32

Available Health Facilities in Community

Available Health

Facilities in

Community

Frequency Percentage

Govt. Dispensaries

225 100%

Private Clinic

189 84%

None

Nil 00

Any Other

Nil 00

Note: Number of respondents are 225, therefore percentage is calculated on 225.

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates the various available health facilities to the respondents in

their communities. The findings revealed in the table shows that 100% have

government dispensaries.

The above table indicates that 84% of respondents have private clinic facility in their

communities.

Figure-32

0

50

100

150

200

250

Govt. Dispensaries Private Clinic None Any Other

Frequency

Percentage

164

Table # 33

Condition of Health Facilities in your Community

Condition of Health

Facilities

Frequency Percentage

Good

66 29.33%

Satisfied

37 16.45%

Poor

122 54.22%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage 54.22% who claimed poor condition of health facilities at their

communities.

The second highest number of respondents is good with health facilities at their

communities and formed a percentage of 29.33% .

Whereas 16.45% of respondents only satisfied with health facilities at communities.

Figure-33

0

50

100

150

200

250

Good Satisfied Poor Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

165

Table # 34

Suffering from any kind of Illness

Illness

Frequency Percentage

Yes

55 24.45%

No

170 75.55%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents who formed a

percentage of 75.55% said that there was no member suffering from any major

illness in family.

Whereas 24.45% respondents said that their family members was suffering from

some major illness.

Figure-34

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

166

Table # 35

If Yes, then to whom you mostly Visit

Visit Frequency Percentage Government hospital 27 49.09%

Private hospital 23 41.81%

Hakim 05 9.09%

Homeopath Nil 00

Other Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents 55 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Note: No of respondents are 225 but only 55 respondents were suffering some illness

(Table 35), so here No. of respondent are 55

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents 49.09% claimed

that they mostly visit government hospital.

The second highest number respondents who formed a percentage of 41.81 % said

that they visit private hospital.

Whereas 9.09% respondents said that they visit Hakim for treatment.

Figure-35

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Government hospitalPrivate hospital Hakim Homeopath OtherTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

167

Table # 36

In your Community usually where Delivery take Place

Delivery take Place

Frequency Percentage

Home

38 16.88%

Hospital

187 83.12%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents who have formed a

percentage of 83.12% who claimed most delivery take place at hospital in their

communities.

The second highest number of respondents who are 16.88% claimed delivery cases

take at hospital in their communities.

Figure-36

0

50

100

150

200

250

Home Hospital Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

168

Table # 37

Who Attends the Birth in your Community

Birth Frequency Percentage Lady doctor/LHV 165 73.33%

Trained Dai 47 20.88%

Un-trained Dai 13 5.77%

Any other Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents who have formed a

percentage of 73.33% prefer to consult lady doctor/LHV which is being common

now-a-days.

The second highest number of respondents who are 20.88% claimed to prefer a

trained Dai for birth.

The third highest number of respondents who formed a percentage of 5.77% said that

communities prefer un-trained Dai for birth.

Figure-37

0

50

100

150

200

250

Lady doctor/LHV Trained Dai Un-trained Dai Any otherTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

169

Table # 38

How do you Dispose the Garbage

Dispose the Garbage

Frequency Percentage

Outside the community

156 69.33%

Burn

10 4.45%

Sweeper

59 26.22%

Any other

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents who have formed a

percentage of 69.33% dispose their garbage outside the community.

The second highest number of respondents said that they dispose their garbage

through sweeper and formed a percentage of 26.33% .

Whereas 4.45% of respondents only burn their garbage at communities.

Figure-38

0

50

100

150

200

250

Outside the communityBurn Sweeper Any otherTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

170

Table # 39

Are you Satisfied with your Community Condition

Satisfaction

Frequency Percentage

Yes

37 16.45%

No

188 83.55%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that majority of respondents, formed a percentage of

83.55% not satisfied with their communities condition.

Whereas 16.45% respondents expressed satisfaction.

Figure-39

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

171

Table # 40

Any Initiative by Community regarding Health Improvement

Initiative by Community

Frequency Percentage

Yes

59 27.33%

No

166 73.77%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents who formed a

percentage of 73.77% said that they have not initiated any health improvement

program at community level.

Whereas only 27.33% respondents said that they have initiated health improvement

programs at community level.

Figure-40

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

172

Table # 41

What Does Community Mean

Concept of community

Frequency Percentage

A group of people who live

together for many years.

10 4.45%

A group of people who work

together to develop their

communities and also share

common things with each others.

121 53.77%

A community is commonly

considered a social unit, who

share something in common,

such as norms, values, identity,

and often a sense of place that is

situated in a given geographical

area.

94 41.77%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates the concept of community among respondents. The results

show that highest number of respondents said that community means a group of

people who work together to develop their communities and also share common

things with each other's. Their percentage is 53.77%.

Second highest number of respondents said that a community is commonly

considered a social unit, who share something in common, such as norms, values,

identity, and often a sense of place that is situated in a given geographical area. They

have formed a percentage of 41.77.

Whereas only 4.45% respondents said that community means a group of people who

live together for many years.

173

Figure-41

0

50

100

150

200

250

A group of

people who

live together

for many

years.

A group of

people who

work

together to

develop their

communities

and also

share

common

things with

each others.

Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

174

Table # 42

Importance of Community

Importance of Community

Frequency Percentage

Needs satisfaction and solve

problems

87 38.66%

Establish peace and harmony

among the society

79 35.12%

Division of work and

cooperation

59 26.22%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Needs satisfaction and solve problems: The above table indicates that the highest

number of respondents claimed that community fulfill the needs and solve the

problems of people. They have formed a percentage of 38.66%.

Establish peace and harmony among the society: The second highest number of

respondents claimed that community establish peace and harmony among the

society. They have formed a percentage of 35.12%.

Division of work and cooperation:26.22% of respondents said that community

divide the work and create cooperation among people.

175

Figure-42

0

50

100

150

200

250

Needs

satisfaction

and solve

problems

Establish

peace and

harmony

among the

society

Division of

work and

cooperation

Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

176

Table # 43

What Problems you are Facing in your Community

Problems of Community

Frequency Percentage

Lack of Unity

60 26.66%

Absence of basic facilities

70 31.12%

Lack of community leader

79 35.11%

Arising of conflict

16 7.11%

Other

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Lack of community leader: The above table indicates that the highest number of

respondents claimed that the main problem is lack of community leaders in their

communities. They have formed a percentage of 35.11%.

Absence of basic facilities: The second highest number of respondents claimed that

they don’t have basic facilities in their communities community. They have formed

a percentage of 31.12%.

Lack of Unity: 26.66% of respondents said that lack of unity is a key problem of

their communities.

Arising of conflict: Whereas only 7.11% respondents said that arising of conflict is

their community problem.

177

Figure-43

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

178

Table # 44

How you see Community role in Development Process

Community Role in

Development Process

Frequency Percentage

Participatory

101 44.88%

Non-participatory

124 55.12%

Don't know

Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents who have formed a

percentage of 55.12% who claimed the role of community in development process is

not participatory in their communities.

The second highest number of respondents who are 44.88% claimed the role of

community in development process is participatory in their communities.

Figure-44

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

179

Table # 45

Key Indicator of Community Well-being

Key Indicator of

Community Well-being

Frequency Percentage

Socio-economic development

97

43.12%

Peace and justice for all

75

33.33%

Solve problem collectively

53

23.55%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates the key indicator of community well-being. The highest

number of respondents showed that socio-economic development the key indicator

of community well-being. They have formed 43.12 %.

The second highest number of respondents said that peace and justice for all is key

indicator of community well-being. They have formed 33.33%.

Whereas 23.55%respondents said that the key indicator of community well-being is

collective effort of solving the problem of their communities.

Figure-45

0

50

100

150

200

250

Socio-economic developmentPeace and justice for allSolve problem collectivelyTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

180

Table # 46

What is your Understanding about Community Development

Understanding about

Community Development

Frequency Percentage

Participatory approach

65 28.88%

Self-initiative approach

81 36%

External initiative approach

79 35.12%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates the concept of community development by community

members. The highest number of respondents said that community development is a

self-initiative approach . They have formed 36 %.

The second highest number of respondents said that community development is an

external initiative approach . They have formed 35.12%.

Whereas 28.88%respondents said that community development is a participatory

approach.

Figure-46

0

50

100

150

200

250

Participatory approachSelf-initiative approachExternal initiative approachTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

181

Table # 47

Is there any Community Development Program in your Community

Community Development

Program

Frequency Percentage

Yes

186

82.66%

No

39

17.34%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents which formed a

percentage of 82.66% said that there is community development program at their

communities.

Whereas 17.34 % of respondents who said that there is no community development

programs at their communities.

Figure-47

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

182

Table # 48

How does the Programs start in your Community

How does the Programs

start in your Community

Frequency Percentage

Political interest

63

28%

Without any planning

156

63.33%

Need Based

6

2.67%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 63.33% which is highest

number of them think that most community development programs start without any

proper planning at their communities.

The second highest number of respondents said that community development

programs start though political interest at their communities. They have formed a

percentage of 28%.

Whereas 2.67 % of respondents who said that community development programs

start on need base at their communities.

183

Figure-48

0

50

100

150

200

250

Political interest Without any planning Need BasedTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

184

Table # 49

How many Community Development Programs Implemented Past 10

Years

Implemented Community

Development Programs

Frequency Percentage

1-2 153 68%

3-4 35 15.55%

5+ 37 16.45%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows that the highest number of respondents 68% claimed that 1-2

community development programs have implemented last 10 years at their

communities.

The second highest number of the respondents claimed that 3-4 projects have

implemented at their communities, which formed 16.45%.

15.55% of respondents claimed that more than five projects have implemented last

10 at their communities.

Figure-49

0

50

100

150

200

250

2-Jan 4-Mar 5+Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

185

Table # 50

Do you think these Programs Address the Community Issues

Address the Community

Issues

Frequency Percentage

Yes

133

59.12%

No

92

40.88%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents said that

community development programs can address the community issues. They have

formed a percentage of 59.12%.

Whereas 40.88% of respondents said that community development programs can't

address the community issues.

Figure-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

186

Table # 51

If No, then what are the Reasons

Reasons

Frequency Percentage

Not according to community

needs

38

41.30%

Top-down policy

31

33.69%

Interfere of influencers

23

25%

Total No. of Respondents

92 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Note: No of respondents are 225 but only 92 respondents were saying such programs can't

address their issues (Table 51), so here No. of respondent are 92.

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents said that

community development programs don't address community issues because the

programs are not plan according to community needs. They have formed a

percentage of 41.30%.

The second highest number of respondents 33.69% said that these programs don’t address community issues because they planned on top level.

Whereas 25% of respondents said that they programs don't address community

issues because political and key influencers interfere is a very common practice.

187

Figure-51

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Not according to community needsTop-down policy Interfere of influencersTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

188

Table # 52

Does the Community have the Capacity to Initiate Community

Development Program

Capacity to Initiate

Community Development

Program

Frequency Percentage

Yes 77 34.23%

No 148 65.77%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 65.77% which is highest

number of them think that community members don't have the capacity to initiate

community development programs.

The second highest number and rest of respondents showed that they community

member have capacity to initiate community development program. They have

formed a percentage of 34.23%.

Figure-52

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

189

Table # 53

If N0, what are Key Reasons

Reason not Capacity to

Start Programs

Frequency Percentage

Lack of experts

23

15.54%

Lack of collective effort

60

40.54%

Lack of leader

37

25%

Lack of awareness

28

18.91%

Total No. of Respondents

148 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Note: No of respondents are 225 but only 148 respondents were saying that local

communities don't have capacities to start self-initiative programs (Table 53), so here No. of

respondent are 148.

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 40.54% which is highest

number of them think that community members have lack of collective efforts to

initiate community development programs at their communities.

The second highest number of respondents showed that community has lack of

leaders to initiate community development program. They have formed a percentage

of 25%.

The third highest number of respondents showed that community has lack of

awareness to initiate community development program. They have formed a

percentage of 18.91%

Whereas 15.54% of respondents said that community doesn’t have experts to initiate

community development programs at their communities.

190

Figure-53

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Lack of expertsLack of collective effortLack of leaderLack of awarenessTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

191

Table # 54

Who Makes the Decision in Community

Decision Maker

Frequency Percentage

Tribe Chief/Influencers

154

68.44%

Collective decision

19

8.44%

Govt. or NGOs

52

23.11%

Other

Nil

00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 68.44% which is highest

number of them think that tribe chief/influencers mostly take community decisions at

their communities.

The second highest number respondents said that government and NGOs take

community decisions at their communities. They have formed a percentage of

23.11%.

Whereas 8.44 % of respondents who said that they take collective decisions at their

communities.

192

Figure-54

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

193

Table # 55

Have you been Involved in any Community Level Decision

Involved in any

Community Level

Decision

Frequency Percentage

Yes

97

43.12%

No

128

56.88%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 56.88%% which is highest

number of them think that they haven't been involved in any community level

decisions.

The second highest number and rest of respondents showed that they have been

involved in community level decisions. They have formed a percentage of 43.12%.

Figure-55

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

194

Table # 56

Do you think Local People Participation is Necessary in CDPs

Local People Participation

in CDPs

Frequency Percentage

Yes

223

99.12%

No

02

0.88%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 99.12% which is highest

number of them think that local people participation is necessary in community

development programs.

The second highest number and rest of respondents showed that community

participation is not necessary in community development programs. They have

formed a percentage of 0.88%.

Figure-56

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

195

Table # 57

Who Benefits More

Who Benefits More Frequency Percentage

Influencers people 112 49.77%

Needy people 89 39.55%

Community 24 10.66%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 49.77% which is highest

number of them think that influencers people get more benefits from community

development programs at their communities.

The second highest number of respondents said that needy people also get benefits

from community development programs at their communities. They have formed a

percentage of 39.55%.

Whereas 10.66 % of respondents who said that whole community get benefits from

community development programs at their communities.

Figure-57

0

50

100

150

200

250

Influencers people Needy people CommunityTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

196

Table # 58

Are there any Family in your Community Whose Living Conditions

Improved after CDPs

Living Conditions

Improved after CDPs

Frequency Percentage

Yes

103 45.78%

No

122 54.22%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 54.22% which is highest

number of them think that Community development programs can't improve the

living condition of people.

The second highest number of respondents said that community development

programs can improve the living condition of people. They have formed a percentage

of 45.78%.

Figure-58

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

197

Table # 59

Have you Participated in any Project Planning in your Community

Have you Participated in

any Project Planning in

your Community

Frequency Percentage

Yes

13

5.78%

No

212

94.22%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents which formed a

percentage of 94.22% said that they have not participated in any project planning at

their communities.

Whereas 5.78 % of respondents who said that they have participated in project

planning at their communities.

Figure-59

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

198

Table # 60

Have you been Involved in any Project Need Assessment

Have you been Involved in

any Project Need

Assessment

Frequency Percentage

Yes

23

10.23%

No

202

89.77%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 89.77% ,which is the highest

number of them showed that they haven't been involved in any community

development programs at their communities.

The second highest number and rest of respondents 10.23% showed that they have

been involved in community development programs.

Figure-60

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

199

Table # 61

Do you think People know about Community Development Programs

People Awareness about

Community Development

Programs

Frequency Percentage

Yes

50

22.23%

No

175

77.77%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 77.77 % which is highest

number of them think that people don't know about community development

programs at their communities.

The second highest and least number of respondents said that to some extent know

about community development programs at their communities. They have formed a

percentage of 22.33%.

Figure-61

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

200

Table # 62

If No, then what are the main Reasons

Reasons Frequency Percentage Ignorance 52 29.61%

Top-Down Approach 57 32.57%

Influence of key people 66 37.71%

Total No. of Respondents 175 100%

Interpretation of Data:

Note: No of respondents are 225 but only 175 respondents were saying that people don't

know about community development programs (Table 62), so here No. of respondent are

175.

The above table indicates that the highest number of respondents which formed a

percentage of 37.71% said that because of influence of key people most members of

community don’t have awareness about community development programs at their

communities.

The second highest number of respondents said that because of top-down approach

local people don't have awareness about community development programs at their

communities. They have formed a percentage of 32.57%.

Whereas 29.61 % of respondents who said that people are being ignore that's why

they don’t know about community development programs at their communities.

Figure-62

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Ignorance Top-Down ApproachInfluence of key peopleTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

201

Table # 63

Do you think Local Culture and Community Head have Influence on

Community Development Programs

Culture and Community

Head Influence

Frequency Percentage

Yes

189 84%

No

36 16%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 84% which is highest

number of them think that local culture and community head have great influence on

community development programs at their communities.

The second highest and least number of respondents said that to some extent local

culture and community head have influence on community development programs at

their communities. They have formed a percentage of 16%.

Figure-63

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

202

Table # 64

How Long NGOs are Involved in your Community

NGOs working in

Community

Frequency Percentage

1-2 years

12

5.33%

3-4 years

47

20.88%

5+ years

166

73.77%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table shows that the highest number of respondents claimed that more

than 5 years NGOs are working at their communities.

The second highest number of the respondents said that nearly 3-4 years NGOs are

working at their communities, which formed 20.88%.

05.33% of respondents claimed that 1-2 years NGOs are working at their

communities.

Figure-64

0

50

100

150

200

250

1-2 years 3-4 years 5+ yearsTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

203

Table # 65

What is the Attitude of Govt. and NGOs

Attitude of Govt. and

NGOs

Frequency Percentage

Cooperative and democratic

107

47.55%

Non-cooperative and imposing

118

52.45%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 52.45% said that government and NGOs attitude is nor-cooperative

and imposing.

Whereas 47.55% of respondents said that government and NGOs attitude is

cooperative and democratic.

204

Table # 66

Are Govt./NGOs taking some Steps to Make your Community Self-Reliant

Steps to Make your

Community Self-Reliant

Frequency Percentage

Yes 06 2.66%

No 194 86.22%

To some extent 25 11.11%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 86.22% which is highest

number of them think that government departments and NGOs are not taking any

steps to make our community self-reliant.

The second highest number of respondents said that government departments and

NGOs are some extent taking some steps to make our community self-reliant. They

have formed a percentage of 11.11 %.

Whereas 2.66 % of respondents who said that government departments and NGOs

are taking some steps to make our community self-reliant.

Figure-65

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No To some extentTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

205

Table # 67

Who Own the Community Development Projects

Own the Community

Development Projects

Frequency Percentage

Community 08 3.55%

NGOs 184 81.77%

Govt. 33 14.66%

Other Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that a majority of respondents 81.77% which is highest

number of them think that NGOs own the community development projects at their

communities.

The second highest number of respondents said that government mostly own the

community development projects at their communities. They have formed a

percentage of 14.66 %.

Whereas 3.55 % of respondents who said that community own the community

development projects at their communities.

Figure- 66

0

50

100

150

200

250

Community NGOs Govt. OtherTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

206

Table # 68

Do you think Tribe System is Barrier Toward Success of Community

Development Programs

Factors Influence Frequency Percentage

Yes

117 52%

No

108 48%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 52% said that politician/tribe or influencers are the key factors which

influence the local people to support community development programs at their

communities.

Whereas 48% of respondents said that culture is the factor which influences the local

people to support community development programs at their communities.

Figure-67

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of

Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

207

Table # 69

Challenges/ Limitations for Effective Local People Participation in

Community Development Programs

Challenges/ Limitations Frequency Percentage Political /key influencers

interfere

68 30.22%

Lack of collective effort 87 38.66%

Lack of awareness 70 31.11%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

38 % had the view that lack of collective effort is the key challenge for local people

participation in community development programs at their communities.

The second highest number of respondents said that lack of awareness is a challenge

for local people participation in community development programs at their

communities. They have formed a percentage of 31.11 %.

Whereas 30.22 % of respondents who said that Political /key influencers interfere is

a challenge for local people participation in community development programs at

their communities

Figure-68

0

50

100

150

200

250

Political /key influencers interfereLack of collective effortLack of awarenessTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

208

Table # 70

What Should be Done to Improve the Effective Local People Participation

in Community Development Programs

Improve the Participation Frequency Percentage Awareness Programs 93 41.33%

Education 56 24.88%

Involvement of local government 76 33.77%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 41.33% said that through awareness programs local people

participation can be improved in community development programs.

The second highest number of respondents said that through local government

participation people participation can be improved in community development

programs. They have formed a percentage of 33.77%.

Whereas 24.88% of respondents said that through education local people

participation can be improved in community development programs.

Figure-69

0

50

100

150

200

250

Awareness Programs Education Involvement of local governmentTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

209

Table # 71

DO you think Community Development Programs can Improve People's

Lives and Participate in a Democratic Process in Pakistan

Improve People's Lives

Frequency Percentage

Yes

134

58.66%

No

91

40.44%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 58.66% said that community development programs can improve the

people's lives and participation in democratic process in Pakistan.

Whereas 40.44% of respondents said that community development programs can't

improve the people's lives and participation in democratic process in Pakistan.

Figure-70

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

210

Table # 72

Do you think Community Development be Considered as Nation Building

Strategy

Nation Building Strategy

Frequency Percentage

Yes

221

98.22%

No

04

1.78%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 98.22% said that community development programs should be

considered as nation building strategy in our country.

Whereas 1.78% of respondents said that community development programs shouldn't

be considered as nation building strategy in our country.

Figure-71

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

211

Table # 73

How Effective NGOs Programs is Improving Local people Lives

NGOs Programs Frequency Percentage

Effective

116

51.55%

Non-effective

109

48.45%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 51.55% said that NGOs programs are improving local people lives at

their communities.

Whereas 48.45% of respondents said that NGOs programs are not improving local

people lives at their communities.

Figure-72

0

50

100

150

200

250

Effective Non-effectiveTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

212

Table # 74

Do you think the Program have Impacts on People Lives

Impacts on People Lives

Frequency Percentage

Yes

128

56.88%

No

97

43.12%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 56.88% said that community development programs have very positive

impacts on people lives at their communities.

Whereas 43.12% of respondents said that community development programs don't

have impacts on people lives at their communities.

Figure-73

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

213

Table # 75

How Successful do you Rate these Community Development Programs

Successful Rate Frequency Percentage Success 46 20.44%

Satisfaction 91 40.45%

Not satisfied 88 39.11%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that majority of respondents, formed a percentage of

40.45% were satisfied with community development programs outcomes.

The respondents who formed a percentage of 39.11% claimed non-satisfaction to the

community development programs.

Whereas only 20.44% respondents said that the programs are very successful at their

communities.

Figure-74

0

50

100

150

200

250

Success Satisfaction Not satisfiedTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

214

Table # 76

How do you See Community Partnership with Govt. and NGOs

Community Partnership

with Govt. and NGOs

Frequency Percentage

Poor 39 17.33%

Good 98 43.55%

Not satisfied 88 39.11%

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that majority of respondents, formed a percentage of

43.55% , claimed that community partnership with government departments and

NGOs is good at their communities.

The respondents who formed a percentage of 39.11% were not satisfied with

community partnership with government departments and NGOs.

Whereas only 17.33% respondents said that community partnership with government

departments and NGOs is poor at their communities.

Figure-75

0

50

100

150

200

250

Poor Good Not satisfiedTotal No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

215

Table # 77

Who Carried out the M&E

Carried out the M&E Frequency Percentage Community Nil 00

Donors 54 24%

NGOs 99 44%

Govt. 72 32%

Other Nil 00

Total No. of Respondents 225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 44% said that NGOs mostly carried out the monitor and evaluation the

community development program at their communities.

The second highest number of respondents said that government carried out the

monitor and evaluation the community development program at their communities.

They have formed a percentage of 32%.

Whereas 24% of respondents said that donors carried out the monitor and evaluation

the community development program at their communities.

Figure-76

0

50

100

150

200

250

Frequency

Percentage

216

Table # 78

How you see the Future of Community Development Programs

Future of Community

Development Programs

Frequency Percentage

Good

180

80%

Poor

45

20%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 80% said that community development programs future is very good.

Whereas 20%% of respondents said that community development programs future is

poor at their communities.

Figure-77

0

50

100

150

200

250

Good Poor Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

217

Table # 79

DO you think the Sustainability of these Programs will be Maintained

Sustainability of Programs

Frequency Percentage

Yes

162

72%

No

63

28%

Total No. of Respondents

225 100%

Interpretation of Data:

The above table indicates that highest number of respondents which had formed a

percentage of 72% said that the sustainability of community development programs

will be maintained at their communities.

Whereas 28% of respondents said that the sustainability of community development

programs will not be maintained at their communities.

Figure-78

0

50

100

150

200

250

Yes No Total No. of Respondents

Frequency

Percentage

218

4.2. Testing of Hypotheses

The researcher has formulated two hypotheses for this research study. The hypotheses aimed

to test status of such elements in the said programs.

Hypothesis No 1

Null Hypothesis:

There is no relation between community development programs with people awareness

about the programs.

Alternative Hypothesis:

Community development programs can improve the living standard of people but people are not

aware about it.

Contingency Table No.1

Contingency table showing relationship between awareness about community

development programs and improvement of living standard of people

Awareness about

community development

programs

Improve the living standard of people

Yes No

Total

Yes

39

(22.9)

11

(27.1)

50

No

64

(80.1)

111

(94.9)

175

Total

103 122 225

Calculated value of chi-square= 26.9

Table value of chi-square=3.841

Degree of freedom=1

α = 0.05

219

Coefficient=0.001

Interpretation

Thus, the calculated value of x2 which is 26.9 is greater than the table value of x

2 which is

3.841. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and H1 is accepted. It means that there is

relationship between community development programs with people awareness about the

programs.

Thus, the coefficient =0.001 shows that there is strong relationship between community

development programs with people awareness about the programs.

220

Hypothesis No 2

Null Hypothesis:

There is no relation between community development programs with tribal system

Alternative Hypothesis:

Tribal system is a barrier to success of community development approach.

Contingency Table No.2

Contingency table showing relationship between successful of community development

programs and tribal system

Successful of CDPs

Tribal System

Total

Yes No

Success 24

(23.9)

22

(22.1)

46

Satisfaction 36

(47.3)

55

(43.7)

91

Not Satisfaction 57

(45.8)

31

(42.2)

88

Total

117 108 225

Calculated value of chi-square= 11.4

Table value of chi-square=5.991

Degree of freedom=2

α = 0.05

Coefficient=0.003

221

Interpretation

Thus, the calculated value of x2 which is 11.4 is greater than the table value of x

2 which is

5.991. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and H1 is accepted. It means that there is

relation between community development programs with tribal system.

Thus, the coefficient =0.003 shows that there is strong relationship between community

development programs with tribal system.

222

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1. Introduction

As we mentioned in the past of development, in the past development was based on capital

and growth of industries and focusing the human beings or groups issues through external

specialists based totally on a top-down approach. Though this method, the target

communities had been best considered the receivers of services. In the mid of Seventies, the

concept of humans modified and they confirmed dissatisfaction from the method and a new

approach/version was delivered referred to as the alternative method. Alternative approach

promotes participatory development and involves local communities in the process of

development i.e. decision-making, assessment, making plans and implementation with the

cause of empowering the common human beings of their lives. The key aim of this

technique is to improve personal growth through collective efforts.

The purpose behind of alternative approach is that local community to participation and

contribute towards solving their troubles. Though this method of development, people may

be found out their efforts because they know better about their communities needs and

resources. An alternative approach based on down-top approach. This approach builds a

suitable environment for the entire community to participate in the manner of development

i.e. assessment, making plans, implementing and monitoring. The reason for people

involvement is the empowering them to take a decision about their personal lives.

Consequently, community involvement in development method empowers them and leads to

self-impartial, thereby ensuring sustainability of progress of community development

programs.

In the attempt of community development, government and NGOs played an important role.

Accordingly, this chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the

study in terms of the role of the Government and NGOs programs in the context of the

community development programs initiatives in Pakistan.

5.2. Summary

The previous chapters said the issues of the study, reviewed the related literature, outlined

the method and set the fourth finding of the study. This chapter will summarize the study,

describe the outcomes, draw the conclusion and made suggestions. Previous researchers and

studies on the community development programs have appropriately highlighted the

contributions of the general development of Pakistani society. In every part of country

community development programs performed a critical position as integrating sources of

socio-economic development. The reason of this observe was to analysis the community

223

development programs for socio-economic development in Pakistan. The study tried to find

out the maximum essential factors which have a considerable and value added impact on

people lives. Mainly, the study attempted to thoroughly find out evidence about the best

exercise of community development program and level of awareness of program for social

development.

The data obtained and analyzed herein indicate that the community development is a

participatory approach for socio-economic development for a country and the approach is

developing day by day in the world. The role of community development is very important

for national development. There are several aspects in this regard which have been

examined and presented in this study that indicate the positive changes which have occurred

in our country and have become part of our system and brought good and acceptable results

in our present day socio-economic system.

The study sample consisted of 225 respondents throughout Pakistan. The sample was

selected on the basis of purposive and convenience sampling method as followed in standard

social research. The data was collected with help of an interview schedule. To analysis, the

hypotheses statistical methods including SPPS were applied to the data mentioned in tables.

The chi-square test was applied to test the existence of the relationship between the two

variable of the hypothesis. The hypotheses were finally interpreted and the results were

obtained.

5.3. Conclusions

On the premise of the findings, we can also conclude that community development has

identified an approach for academicians and practitioners. Academicians think it is a process

to enhance the capacities of people collectively and growing their talents. On the opposite

side, practitioners think community development as a result to enhance the social, economic

and physical conditions or structures of the community. Community development as a

method, developing and enhancing the capacity to behave together, and taking collective

moves to enhance the community a range of parts i.e. social, political, economic, and so

forth. The facts amassed was concluded as under:

According to findings of the study, 55.55% were males and 45.45% were females (Table 2).

Highest number (32.44%) respondents age was ranging between 31-40 years. Second

highest number (28.55%) of respondents were falling under the age group 41 to 50 years.

While the third highest number (28.55%) of respondent's age was ranging between 20 to 30

years, whereas the least number (15.11%) fell in the age group 50 plus years. The results

clearly show that a vast majority of respondents are mature age group work collectively to

improve their communities conditions (Table 3).

224

Highest number of the respondents (24.44%) were Baloch, second the highest number of

respondents (20%) were Sindhies, third highest number of respondents (16.44%) were

Pashto, while 15.15%, 11.11%, 10.23% and 2.22% were belonging to Urdu speaking,

Punjabi, other and Siraiki speaking community respectively (Table 5).

According to findings of the study, a majority of respondents 57.77% were belong to rural

areas and 42.23% were belong to urban areas. Findings show that all the respondents

(100%) were Muslims by faith (Table 6 & 7).

The highest number of the respondent (82.23%) lived in a joint family system, but a large

change has been observed, which is the alarmed number of nuclear families, as the second

and least number of the respondent (17.77%) lived in the nuclear family system (Table 8).

Our families are traditionally male dominant and as such most of the families in the study

have husbands as the head of the family It is a common feature of Pakistani society as man-

domination is witnesses in every part of the country (Table 9).

The result has shown that highest number of respondents (44.45%) were a graduate. Only

21.77% of them have education at the intermediate level, 15.11% were master, 6.66% were

educated up to middle and 5.33% have education at primary level. As per as religious

education is concerned, it is noted that only 4.45 had religious education, while interesting

point is that only 2.22% were illiterate The results clearly indicates that most educated

members of a community are involved in community development programs and they can

understand community development approach (Table 10).

Findings of the study shown that majority of respondents sent their children to schools. It is

a very positive sign and day by day this traditional is increasing to educate their boys and

girls. The outcomes will bring encouraging results for community development approach in

the country (Table 11).

The data indicates that most communities have educational facilities in their areas. Findings

of the study also shown that majority of respondents (56.77%) were not satisfied with the

condition of educational facilities at their communities. It was also observed the majority of

respondents sent their children to private schools as compared to government schools( Table

12 & 13).

According to findings of the study, a number (29.77%) of parents don't send their children to

schools. It was also concluded from findings the key reason is a financial problem of the

parents (Table 14 & 15).

Results have shown that highest number of respondents (95.12%) said that girls have not

provided equal opportunity as compared to boys at their communities. According to 35.12%

of respondents, girls were not allowed to get a formal education on their own choice The

225

main reason behind it is culture, which creating a number of barriers for them. This shows

discrimination with girls throughout the country. It was also observed that girls participation

in community development programs was very limited at targeted areas of study ( Table 16,

17 &18).

The data indicates that respondents had a verity of occupation, majority of them, which

formed a percentage of 37.33% were working with a private organization such as NGOs.

Nearly, 1 to 2 family members, which formed a percentage of 74.22% were employed

(Table 20). The income range of the majority respondents in the two samples was in the

range of Rs 8000 plus per month ( Table 19 & 21).

According to the findings of the study, majority communities don't have skill development

center in their areas. This result shows that human skill development programs are being

ignored by government particularly in rural areas (Table 22).

The data indicates that majority of respondents have their owned houses, which formed a

percentage of 87.12% (Table 23). However, most houses were puucca ( Table 24).

According to the findings, the majority of respondents had two rooms in their houses (Table

25).

According to the findings of the study, almost all people have access to major services. They

have water, gas, electricity, mobile, internet and etc ( Table 25 & 26). The data also

indicates that majority of respondents had separate kitchen and bathroom at their houses (

Table 28 & 29). The majority of respondents (70.22%) said that the available services need

improvement ( Table 30).

The data indicates that majority of the respondents were very healthy. Almost majority of

communities have government dispensaries and private clinics in their areas. The

respondents expressed their non-satisfaction on health facilities at their communities (Table

31, 32 & 33).

The result showed that a number of respondents were suffering from some major illness,

which formed a percentage of 24.45% ( Table 34), they mostly visit governmental hospitals

for their treatment and also a vast number of respondents (38.22%)visit private hospitals

(Table 35).According to the study, majority number (83.12%) of delivery took place at

hospitals (Table 36). The data shows that majority of birth attended by lady doctor/LHV at

their communities (Table 37).

The data shows 69.33% of respondents disposed their home's garbage outside of the

community (Table38). The majority of the respondents expressed non-satisfaction

comments on the present condition of their communities (Table 39). According to the study

findings, very limited number of respondents (27.33%) started self-initiative programs to

improve their health condition at their communities (Table 40).

226

The majority of respondents stated that community means a group of people who work

together to develop their communities and also share common things with each other's

(Table 41). According to them, a community has very importance value in human life

because it fulfills community needs and solves the problems (Table 42).

According to the findings, communities were facing a number of problems but the major

problem which was mentioned my majority of respondent was a lack of community leader

to bring all people at one platform to solve the problems (Table 43).

Data indicates that the role of community in the development process is not very good, a

majority number of the respondent (55.12%) stated that the role of community in

community development programs is non-participatory and that's why the programs failed to

get the targets ( Table 44). According to respondents, the key indicator of the well-being of

the community is a socio-economic improvement of the community( Table 45).

According to the majority of respondents, community development is a self-initiative

approach, through this approach local people with the support of government or NGOs start

various programs to improve the living standard of people. According to the majority of the

respondents (82.66%), currently, a number of community development programs are being

implemented in their communities (Table 46 & 47).

According to the findings of the study, most community development programs have started

without any proper planning and people concentration by the organizations. On the other

side, a number of respondents said that most programs have started on political bases at their

communities (Table 48).

Data indicates that last ten years many community development programs have been

implemented at targeted communities (Table 49). Respondent stated that if these programs

were implemented properly, subsequently their issues might be addressed According to the

respondents, the programs were not implemented according to their needs and on the side

influencers mostly interfere on such programs to get more benefits (Table 50 & 51).

According to the data, a majority of communities (65.74%) don't have capabilities to initiate

community development programs in their areas. The main reason was a lack of collective

effort among people at their communities (Table 52 & 53).

The findings of the study indicate that most decisions were made by tribal chiefs or key

influencers at the community level. It’s a very common practice throughout the country,

where majority number of people are being ignored by concerned authorities. Secondly, this

practice putting a negative impact on community development programs ( Table 54 & 55).

According to majority number of the respondent (99.12%) local people participation is very

important in community development programs and without their participation programs

227

will be failed to achieve their goals. The respondents stated that most influence people got

benefits from community development programs (Table 56 & 57).

Among the respondent majority indicates that community development programs have not

improved their lives condition after implementation the programs at their communities and

they are much satisfied as compared to past (Table 58).

The majority of respondents (94.22%) stated that they have not participated in any

community development program planning at their communities. It is shown that

organizations mostly ignored local people in planning process, which is not a good sign

because such rejection can give negative impact on outcomes (Table 59).

Table 60 indicates that majority of respondents were also ignored in project need-assessment

process. This indicates that most programs were implemented through a top-down approach

which is not a successful tool in World, local people participation is very significant in need

assessment process because they much know about their problems.

The majority of respondents (64.45%) stated that most local people don't have awareness

about community development programs. The results indicate that the programs were only

limited to some specific people and they don't involve common people to participate in it

(Table 61). According to the findings, the main reasons were interfered of

influencers/political people, culture and top-down approach on the programs (Table 62 &

63).

According to findings of the study most NGOs were working more than 5 years at their

communities and the organizations implemented a number of projects in different fields

such as education, health, infrastructure etc (Table 64), results show that the attitude of

government departments and NGOs were non-cooperative and imposing their policies and

projects on communities ( Table 65). Data indicates that government departments and NGOs

didn't take any good steps to make the communities self-reliant. The organizations just

implement the programs to fulfill the requirements (Table 66).

Among the respondent majority indicates that community development programs owned by

Non-government Organizations at their communities and NGOs mostly ignored local people

in planning, assessments and etc process and they were mostly un-awarded about the

programs (Table 67).

Data indicates that politician/ tribe chief or influencers people and culture were the main

factors which mostly influence local people participation in communities development

programs at their communities. According to the majority of respondents through awareness

programs and local government participation community development programs can be

improved (Table 68, 69 & 70).

228

The respondents felt that through community development programs people's lives can be

improved and democratic values can be strengthened in a country and according to the

majority of respondents (98.22%) community development approach must be considered as

national building strategy to improve the living standard of people(Table 71 & 72).

Among the respondent's majority indicated that NGOs programs overall improved local

people lives and in general programs left very positive impacts on community condition.

Only 40.45 % respondents shown satisfaction on the programs (Table 73,74 and 75).

Findings also indicated that NGOs had good relations with local community-Based

organizations but a well-established strategy/policy framework is missing and mostly

government department and NGOs carried out monitoring and evolution of these programs (

Table 76 & 77).

The respondents felt that the future of community development programs are very good and

will get very positive results and these programs will maintain sustainability at their

communities( Table 78 & 79).

5.4. Recommendations

Based on the research findings and observations, the researcher would like to make the

following recommendations,

1. A networking and communication gap was found between Government/NGOs and

communities. Therefore, it is recommended that Government and NGOs should strengthen

its relations with communities in terms of community development programs.

2. The study findings confirmed that some programs have been dissatisfaction in terms of

the management of the initiatives. It was determined that positive employees have been

simply operating for their own jobs or survival and have been no longer honestly committed.

Such a surroundings could be generated to a less a success community development

programs. Therefore, it is endorsed that the top management of the organizations needs to

focus on such troubles on the way to stop barrier that forestalls successful community

development programs.

3. Within the context of the community participation, the local people participation

exclusive drastically, as the programs shifted through the numerous stages i.e. need

assessments, making plans, implementation and decision-making. On the opposite side,

stage of community participation varied from project to project or city to city. In a few

initiatives, there was very less participation and in different projects more participation. This

replicates the shortage of a well-established community development policy at groups stage.

Therefore, the agencies must have obvious instructions in terms of the concepts and exercise

of community development programs, which may be applied in all its tasks/programs. In the

229

meantime, the results of this research also established that certain decisions had been being

made via the local influential's within the project areas. Consequently, the organizations

must have an apparent approach, which implements of the common people in community

development programs/projects and in decision-making and ensures ownership of

community development programs.

4. In terms of organization partnership, the study findings showed that authorities

departments and NGOs have excellent relation with local community-Based organizations,

however, a well-established method/policy framework is missing. Consequently, it is

endorsed that the authorities departments and NGOs should increase a comprehensible

development method/policy suggestions that explain the processes for operating and

networking with all local stakeholders. Moreover, with the intention to success with its

community development programs, the sure organizations have to apply the participatory

approaches to guide the process of development. This may result to improve the living

standard of people, particularly disadvantaged as soon as.

5. This study also recommends that the authorities departments and NGOs ought to

organize special sorts of programs to teach and makes awareness to the people about

community development programs because a huge variety of the people appear not

recognize about the programs and importance of community development. They should get

awareness on their requirement in taking part inside the process of developing their

communities. The authorities/NGOs need to understand that the process of participation is

voluntary and the authorities/NGOs have to no longer impose their notions on people of

participating.

6. The political leaders, key influencers and tribe chiefs interference are a completely

common practice at community participation in community development programs, the

political parties leaders/ key influencers / tribal chiefs ought to get a schooling on the

significance of community participation in development. The local people should disconnect

between the development and politics. The community and political leaders need to put the

country interest first than personal/party advantages. All political parties leaders,

influencers, and tribal chiefs ought to maintain their fans to take part in the development

process of the communities regardless of their political and personal differences.

7. The organization's key management should be clear to the community on how much the

government/NGOs make investments for development. The policy makers ought to ensure

that humans have information about all programs which implementing on at communities.

The organizations have to involve local people from processes (decision-making,

assessment, planning, implementing and monitoring). The process of involving people and

transparency generate the experience of possession of the development by the community

themselves. If the people agree with that the development is belonging to them, they will

probably to take part more in its development.

230

8. In terms of projects/programs sustainability, communities have much less awareness

about it. But, agencies/departments ability and management structure at a local level is

nevertheless no longer excellent. As an instance, also observed, the organizations have very

good and strong relations with the key influencers of the focused communalities. However,

the relations with not unusual people especially with needy people may be very week.

Consequently, it is advocated that authorities departments and NGOs should focus on this

issues and also make sure the grassroots institution more strong in the targeted areas before

heading over the projects/programs to the local communities.

9. The findings indicated that women participation in community development programs is

very less. Participation of women in the community development programs interventions

will create sustainability and the communities can get good outcomes. Thus, it is

recommended that government departments and NGOs should take necessary steps to

involve more local women in community development projects/programs.

10. The study showed that the community development projects/programs are mostly

reliant on external donors. According to the respondents, 99% of the community

development project/program finances come from external donors. On the other side, the

very few NGOs have established self-internal funds system. However, there is no proper

system that tries have been made to develop project funds locally. Recently, a great change

comes after introducing new policies from government side for NGOs and nowadays the

donors’ have less interest to give funds directly to local NGOs. Thus, it is recommended that

the NGOs should use its potential to mobilize local supporters to raise project funds locally.

231

Appendices:

Appendix 1: Glossary

Beneficiary: A person and /or group of persons who benefit from a specific project,

program or other form of development.

Benefits: In a community development program, benefits are the outcome of a project or

program which improve the beneficiaries' quality of life. benefits may be classified as :

social, environmental, infrastructural, economic and personal.

Community Development: A process by which the efforts of the people themselves are

united with those of government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural

conditions of communities. This complex process is therefore made up of two essential

elements: the participation of people themselves in efforts to improve their level of living

with as much reliance as possible on their own initiative, and the provision of technical and

other services in ways which encourage initiative, self-help and mutual help and make these

more effective. It is expressed in program designed to achieve a wide variety of specific

improvements.

Capacity -Building: A set of actions aimed at strengthening community people who

involved in community development programs.

Disadvantaged people or group: Group within a community that is marginalized and has

reduced access to resources and services such as health, education.

Development: Development is one of the key themes in terms of this study. It can be

studied within the context of human well-being. Development is a word that is rich in

meaning that may also be reliable with positive change in all parts of the society. For the

purpose of this study, the following meaning is adopted:

Empowerment: A process through which men and women in disadvantaged positions

increase their access to knowledge, resources, decision-making power and raise their

awareness of participation in their communities, in order to reach a level of control over

their own environment.

Household: A socio-economic unit including of individuals who live together.

Livelihood: Means of support or subsistence adequate stocks and flows of food and cash to

meet basic needs.

Malnutrition: A pathological state resulting from too little (or too much) consumption of

essential nutrients . Malnutrition, which results from a combination of inadequate food, ill

232

health and insufficient care, primarily affects the more venerable in a household , namely

children and women.

Monitoring: An ongoing activity undertaken by concerned project officers and /or

beneficiaries to keep track of progress made in projects and to make improvements as

needed.

Ownership: The right to possess, to have control over a resource.

Participation: To take part in an activity, endeavor, or objective; to engage or have a share

in something in common with others. In this study, participation refers to individuals, groups

, communities and institutions taking part in the (planning, designing and implementing)

decision-making process related to the community development effort.

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): Participatory tools designed to access the

perceptions, access to and control over resources, attitudes, benefits, decision-making

positions, constraints, degree of involvement, men and women in community development

programs.

People-centered approach: This focus recognizes that efficiency cab be increased in the

use of development or community development programs resources by creating the

conditions for local ,to plan and implement development programs based on their needs,

priorities and concerned. People- centered approach is a method by which communities

needs can be addressed together with the relationship between them and the problems that

may arise from changes in decision-making ways.

Policy: Course of action adopted by a government, organization, institution, group or

individual, to guide program activities. Community development programs policies are

those addressed to meet the targeted needs of communities on equal terms within existing

allocation of assets and responsibilities.

Poverty: The failure to meet people's " basic needs", i.e. the incapacity to achieve the

necessary levels of health, nutrition, housing, education and employment to be able to look

forward to a reasonable duration of life.

Resource: In development, the term resource refers to what people use or potentially may

use in order to perform their activities, such as land, seeds, trees, credit, technology, labor

and services.

Self-reliance: The ability of community to solve their problems through their own

initiatives, strategies and resources.

Stakeholder: Participants and /or people who will be affected by a project's outcome or

activities in community development programs or projects.

233

Target group: In community development programs, this is a group that will participate in

and benefit from projects or programs.

Tribe: A social fragment established upon a genealogical model of social structure.

According to such model the society is fragmented by a principle of descent from a common

ancestor or from common ancestors.

Tribal system: An old institution that run local communities governance system. It's still

common in majority areas of Pakistan, especially in rural areas. Where decisions can be

taken according to their traditions or customs. This system headed by one local chief and he

his power to take any decisions.

Vulnerable group: Group of people who have insufficient access to the quantity and quality

of facilities that would ensure a health life and /or are at risk of losing such access

altogether.

Zakat: An Islamic institution established upon an state command in the Quran, whereby it

is a religious duty incumbent upon every Muslim who is fee, adult, sane and possesses assets

of the minimum quantum and duration as laid down, to pay a portion of property for

distribution among the needy.

234

Appendix 2: Bibliography

Abbas, M. T. E. Lodhi, K. Mehmood. and S. Muhammad.(2009). An agricultural

extension programs in Punjab. Pak. J. Life and Soc. Sci., 7(1): 1-10.

Adato, Michelle, Timothy Besley, Lawrence Haddad, and John Hoddinott.(1999).

“Participation and Poverty Reduction: Issues, Theory and New Evidence from South

Africa". Washington, D.C, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Ahmed Ali Mengal, Zaheeruddin Mirani and Habibullah. (2014). Historical

Overview of agricultural extension services in Pakistan. The Macro thence Review,

3(8):1-10.

Anwar, Alam.(2008).Community Development and Social Welfare. Peshawar,

Pakistan: New Awan Printers.

Alan M. Shahid.(1996).Community Organizations and Urban Development. Karachi,

Pakistan: NGOs Resources Center.

ALi, Mumtaz, & Baloch, Gul.(2015). Community Monitoring in Reproductive

Health Project: Case study of Health Sector NGO in Pakistan. VFAST Transaction

on Education and Social Science,7(1),1-8

Aziz, S. (2009). Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's

History. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

Beveridege, W. (1942). Social Insurance and allied services. London, UK : HMSO.

Be Beer, F. & Swanepoel, H. (1998). community development and beyond. Cape

Town, South Africa : National Books Printers.

Bopp, M., Boop, J., & Lane, P. (1998). Community healing and Aboriginal social

security reform: a study prepared for the Assembly of First Nations Aboriginal

Social Security Reform Strategic Initiative. Lethbridge, Canada : Alta.

Borg, W.R & Gall J.P. (1989). Education Research. New York, USA: Longman Pub.

Burkey, S.(1993). People first: a guide to self-reliant, participatory rural

development. London, UK: Zed Books.

235

Binswanger, H; and Deininger, K. (1997). “Explaining Agricultural and Agrarian

Policies in Developing Countries”. Journal of Economic Literature 35: 1958-2005.

Bhattacharya, S.(2003). Social work: an integrated approach. India: Deep & Deep

Publications.

Biddle, William W. and Loureide J. Biddle. (1965). The Community Development

Process: The Rediscovery of Local Initiative. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and

Winston, Inc.

Bell, W.(1987)." Contemporary social welfare". New York, USA: Oxford University

Press.

Bano,Nasima. (2013). The Role of AKRSP in Development of Rural Communities

of Gilgit Baltistan. PhD Thesis. Islamabad, Pakistan: International Islamic

University.

Chatterjee. P.(1996). Approaches to the welfare state. Washington, DC, USA:

NASW Press.

Chambers, R. (2005). Ideas for development. London, UK: Earthscan.

Chambers, R.(1992). Rural Appraisal Rapid and Participatory. Brighton, UK:

Institute of Development studies.

Cohen, J.M. (1987). Integrated Rural Development: The Ethiopian Experience and

the Debate. Uppsala, Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African studies.

Gilchrist, A. (2004). The well-connected community a networking approach to

community development.UK: Policy Press.

Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First. London, UK:

Longman.

Charles R. Horton. (1958). The Village Aid Program in Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan:

United States Information Services Pakistan.

Chaudhry, K.M. (2002).Community infrastructure services program (CISP): HRD

manual. Muzafarabad, Pakistan: Department of Local Government and Rural

Development, Govt. of AJK.

236

Coetzee, J. K.(1989). Development is for people. Johannesburg, South Africa:

Southern Book Publishers.

Dos Santos.(1970). The structure of dependence. New York, USA: Longman Pub.

Davids, I. (2005). Development theories: past to present. Pretoria, South Africa: Van

schaik Publishers.

Davids, I.(2005). Development theories: past and present. Pretoria, South Africa:

Van Schaik

De Beer, F. & Swanepoel, H. (1998). Community development and beyond: Issues,

structures and procedures. Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik.

De Beer, F & Swanepoel, H.(2011). Community development: breaking the cycle of

poverty. Lansdowne, South Africa : Juta.

De Beer, F. & Swanepoel, H. (2000). Introduction to development studies. Oxford,

UK: Oxford University Press.

Deepa, Deepa, and Patti Petesch.(2002). Voices of the Poor: From Many Lands. New

York, USA: Oxford University Press.

Dayton-Johnson, Jeff. (2000). “Determinants of Collective Action on the Local

Commons: A Model with Evidence from Mexico.” Journal of Development

Economics 62(1): 181–208.

Dr. Prabhakar, Singh. (1982). Community Development Program in India. New

Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications.

Dayal, Rajeshwar.(1966). Community Development Program in India. Allahabad,

India: Kitab Mahal.

De Berry, J.(1999).Exploring the Concept of Community: Implications for NGO

Management. LSE, UK: Centre for Voluntary Organization.

237

Durr-e-Nayab and Shujaat Farooq.(2012).Effectiveness of Cash Transfer Programs

for Household Welfare in Pakistan: The Case of the Benazir Income Support

Program. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.

Elliot, D. (1993). Social work and social development: towards an integrative model

for social work practice. International Social Work, 36,21-36.

Eade, D. (1997). capacity building. United Kingdom, UK: Oxfam Publication

Limited.

Eloff, I. and Eborsonhn, L.(2001). The Implication of asset-based approach to early

intervention. Perspective in Education, 19(3), 147-158.

Ferrinho, H. (1980). Towards the theory of community development. CP, South

Africa :Juta & Comp. Ltd.

Fitzgrerald, M. (1980). Urban community development in South Africa.

Johannesburg, South Africa: McGraw-Hill.

FAO. (1990).Rural Households and Resource Allocation for Development: an

Ecosystem Perspective. Guidelines for Teaching and Learning. Rome. New York,

USA: United Nations publication.

Ferrinho, H. (1980). Towards the theory of community development. London, UK:

Juta & comp. Ltd.

Fitamo, M.(2003). Community based organizations (CBO) and development in

Ethiopia. South Africa( Thesis). MA, South Africa: University of Cape Town.

Foot J, Hopkins T.(2010). A glass half full: how an asset approach can improve

community health and wellbeing. London, UK: Improvement and Development

Agency.

Ferguson, J. (1996): The Anti-Politics Machine. Development, Depolarization and

Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Freire, P. (1972). Cultural Action for Freedom. London ,USA: Penguin.

Green, P.G.,& Haines,A.(2002). Asset Building and Community Development.

Thousand Oaks, USA: Saga.

238

GR, Adams and JD, Schvanevldt .(1985). Understanding research method. New

York, USA: Longman Pub.

Guhan, S. (2001). India's development experience. New Delhi, India: Oxford

University Press.

Graaff, J. (2001). What is sociology? London, UK: Oxford University Press.

Ghazala, M. and Rao, V.(2003) “Community-Based and Driven Development: A

Critical Review”. Washington D.C, USA: World Bank Publication.

Green, G.P. and Goetting, A.(2010). community assets: building the capacity for

development. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Temple University Press.

Gimbi, T. A. P. (2002).community development, participation and empowerment:

conditions for rural development in South Africa. The Social work practitioner-

Researcher, 14(3):114-135.

Goleman, D. (2005). what Makes a leaders? Harvard Business Review on the mind

of the Leader. Boston, USA: Harvard Business School publishing Corporation.

Glass, J.J. (1979). Citizen participation in planning: The relationship between

objectives and techniques. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45, 180-

189.

Gaik, V.R. (1981).Community Development in Indian. New Delhi, India: Allied

Publishers Private Limited.

GOP (Government of Pakistan). (1985). Rural Pakistan at a Glance. Islamabad,

Pakistan : Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development.

G. Ross, Murry. (1995). Community Organization. New York, USA: Harper &

Brothers.

Harrison. P. (1983). The Third World Tomorrow. New York, USA: The Dilgrim

Press.

239

Hungtington, S. (1976). “The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and

Politics”, in Cyril E. Black (ed) Comparative Modernization: A Reader. New York,

USA: Free Press.

Harper, T & Stein, S. (2000). The paradox of planning in a Multicultural liberal

society: A pragmatic Reconciliation. West port, CT: Praeger.

Hardin, Russell. (1982). Collective Action. Baltimore. Md: Johns Hopkins

University press.

Hameed, Aktar.(1992). Orange Pilot Project. Karachi, Pakistan : OPP-RTI.

Hasan, Arif (1999).Akhtar Hameed Khan and the Orangi Pilot Project. Karachi,

Pakistan: City Press.

Hasan, Arif.(2010). Participatory Development: The story of the Orange Pilot

Project-Research and Training Institute and the Urban Resource Center. Karachi,

Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

Hasan, Mahmood.(2009).Participatory Rural Development in Pakistan: Experiences

of Rural Support Programs. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

Hillman, Arthur. (1950). Community Organization and Planning. New York, USA :

Macmillan.

Homan, M. S. (2008). Promoting Community Change. Making It Happen in the Real

World. New York, USA: Thomson Brook.

Hickey, S. and Mohan, G.(2004). Towards Participation as Transformation?

Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London, UK: Zed

Books.

HANDS. (2015). Annual Progress Report. Karachi, Pakistan: HANDS.

Ismail, Maimunah (1999). Extension: Implications on Community Development.

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

240

Ismail, Maimunah.(2001). Community Development: Distance Education Module:

Institute for Distance Education. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia : University Putra

Malaysia.

ILO. (1976). Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem,

Geneva: ILO.

Ife, J .(1995). Community Development. Australia: Addison Wesley Longman LTD.

Ibnul-Hasan. (1989). Integrated Rural Development. New Delhi, India: Sterling

Publishers.

Ife, J. (1999). Community development: Creating community alternatives - vision,

analysis and practice. Melbourne, Australia: Longman

Jones, G. E. (1982). Progress in Rural Extension and Community Development.

London, UK: Wiley and Sons, London.

Jameel,Siddiqi.(1980). A Review of Rural Development Programs. Islamabad,

Pakistan: Government of Pakistan.

Jimenez, Emmanuel, and Vicente Paqueo. (1996). “Do Local Contributions Affect

the Efficiency of Public Primary Schools?” Economics of Education Review 15(4):

377–86.

Kaplan, A.(1999). The Development of Capacity. Cape Town, South Africa :CDRA.

Kirst-Ashman, K. (2003).Introduction to social work and social welfare: Critical

thinking perspectives. Pacific Grove, USA: Cole-Thomas Learning.

Kumar, H. (1997).Social work, social development and sustainable development.

New Delhi, India : Regency publications.

Kahn, S. (1991).Organizing: A guide for grassroots leaders. Silver Springs, MD:

National Association of Social Workers.

Korten, D.C. (1990). Getting to the 21st century: Voluntary action and the global

agenda. West Hartford,USA: Kumarian Press.

241

Kumar, Ranjit. (2009). Research Methodology A STEP BY STEP GUIDE FOR

BEGINNERS. New Delhi, India: SAGA Publication.

Kothari, U.& Minogue, M. (ed.). (2002). Development theory and practice: critical

perspectives. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave.

Korten, D.C. (1990). Getting to the 21st century: Voluntary action and the global

agenda. West Hartford, Hartford: Kumarian Press.

Klasen, S. (2006). UNDP’s Gender-related Measures: Some Conceptual Problems

and Possible Solutions, Journal of Human Development, 7 (2), 243–274.

Karl, M. (1995). Women and Empowerment: participation and decision making.

London, UK: Zed Books.

Kenny, S. (1994) Developing Communities for the Future: Community Development

in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Thomas Nelson Australia.

Kretzmann, J.P. and McKnight, J.L. (1993). Building Communities from the Inside

Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets. Chicago, IL:

ACTA Publications.

Khwaja, Asim Ijaz. (2001). Can Good Projects Succeed in Bad Communities?

Collective Action in the Himalayas. Harvard University: Department of Economics,

Cambridge.

Khan, Shanza & Sara Qutub.(2010). The Benazir Income Support Program and the

Zakat Program: A Political Economy Analysis of Gender. London, UK: Overseas

Development Institute.

Khan,S. and Mahmood Hasan. (1992). Rural change in the Third World: Pakistan

and the Aga Khan Rural Support Program. New York, USA: Greenwood Press,

Print.

Lotz, J. (1998). Lichen factor: the quest for community development in Canada.

Canada: UCCB Press.

Lombard, A. (1992). community work and community development: perspectives on

social development. Pretoria, South Africa: HAUM Tertiary.

242

L. Ellis.(1994). Research methods in social science. Madison, USA: Brow and

Benchmark.

Lotz, J. (1998). Lichen factor: the quest for community development in Canada.

Canada: UCCB Press.

Lombard, A. (1992). community work and community development: perspectives on

social development. Pretoria, South Africa: HAUM Tertiary.

L. Ellis.(1994). Research methods in social science. Madison, USA: Brow and

Benchmark.

Lam, W. F. (1998). Governing Irrigation Systems in Nepal: Institutions,

Infrastructure and Collective Action. Oakland, Cal.: ICS Press.

Langton, S. (1978). What is citizen participation? . Lexington, USA: Lexington, MA.

Lukkarinen, M.(2005). Community development, local economic development and

the social economy. Community Development Journal 40 (4), 419–24.

Midgley, J.(1995). Social Development: the development perspective in social

welfare. London, UK: SAGE publications.

Midgley, J. (1997). Social Welfare in a global contest. California, USA: Sage.

Mckendrick, B.(1987).Introduction of social work in South Africa. Pinetown, South

Africa: Owen Burgess Publishers.

M.Swilling & Russel.(2002). Size and scope of non-profit sectors in South Africa.

Cape Town, South Africa: Knoxville printers Ltd, Cape Town.

Martinussen, J. (1997). Society, state and market: A guide to competing theories of

development. London & New Jersey, UK: Zed Books.

Martinussen, J.(1997). Society, state and market: A guide to competing theories of

development. London & New Jersey, UK: Zed Books.

Mahbub ul Haq.(1995). Reflections on Human Development. New York, USA:

Oxford University Press

243

Mayo, M and Craig, G.(1995). Community Participation and Empowerment.

London, UK: Zed Books.

Martinussen, J. (1999). Society, State & Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of

Development. London , UK: Zed Books.

Mathie, A, and Cunningham, G. (2008). From clients to citizens: communities

changing the course of their development.UK: Practical Action Pub.

Mosse, David.(1997). “Colonial and Contemporary Ideologies of Community

Management: The Case of Tank Irrigation Development in South India.” Modern

Asian Studies 33(2): 303–38.

Malik M. Sadia. (1988). Rural Development in Pakistan. Islamabad : Rural

Development Foundation-Friedrich.

Magsi, Ara Hussan.(2014).Benazir Income Support Program and its impact on

Women Empowerment in Balochistan. Balochistan Review,1,133-142.

Ministry of Finance .(2012) .Economic Survey 2011-2012. Islamabad, Pakistan:

Government of Pakistan.

M, Waseem .(1982).Local power structure and the relevance of rural development

strategies: A case study of Pakistan. Community Development .17: 225-233.

Nelson, N and Wright, S (Ed.). (1995). Power and Participatory Development.

London, USA : Theory and Practice. Intermediate Technology Publications.

NRSP. (2014). 20th Annual Progress Report. Islamabad, Pakistan: NRSP.

Nabi, Ijaz. (2013). Two Social Projection Program in Pakistan. The Lahore Journal

of Economic,18,283-304.

Narayan, D. (1995). The contribution of people's participation: Evidences from 121

Rural water supply projects environmentally sustainable development occasional

paper series No.1. Washington, DC. The World Bank Publication.

Ogborn, M. (1999). Modernity and modernization. London, UK: Oxford Press.

244

Oakley, P. (1995). People's Participation in Development Projects. London, UK:

INTRAC.

Oakley, P. & Marsden,D. (1985). Approaches to participation in rural development.

Geneva: ILO.

Orange Pilot Project. (1996). Reflection and Reminiscences. Karachi , Pakistan:

Oxford University Press.

Orange Pilot Project. (2013). Quarterly Reports, various issues. Karachi, Pakistan:

OPP.

Onimode, B.(1992). The African responses: Adjustment or transformation. United

Kingdom: The institute for African Alternative.

Pawar, Manohar.(2014).Social and Community Development Practice. Delhi, India:

Saurabh Printers Pvt. Limed.

Patil, Ramagon.Asha. (2013). Community Organization and Development. Delhi,

India : PHI Learning.

Pearce, J. (2000). Development, NGO and the civil society. London, United

Kingdom: Oxfam publication Limited.

Penderis, S.(1996). Informal settlement in the Helder Berg basin: people, place and

community participation. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Stellenbosch (MA

thesis).

Preston, P. W. (1997). Development Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

Paul,B.(1988).Institutional participation in Development. London, UK: Intermediate

Technology Publication Ltd.

Pratt, B. and Boyden, J. (1985).The Field Directors’ Handbook: An Oxfam Manual

for

Development workers. Oxford, UK: OUP.

Phillips, Rhonda,& Robert. H. Pittman.(2008). An introduction to Community

Development . New York, USA : Taylor & Francis e-Library.

245

Pakistan, Government of (1971) Evaluation of the Third Five-Year Plan, 1965–70.

Islamabad: Planning Commission.

Pakistan, Government of (1978). Report of working Group for the fifth plan.

Islamabad, Pakistan: Planning Commission.

Pakistan, Government of (1983) . Government of Pakistan, sixth plan. Islamabad,

Pakistan: Planning Commission.

Qureshi, Sarfraz. (2001). An Overview of Government’s Poverty Alleviation

Policies and Programs. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Development

Economics, Pakistan.

Rubin, H. J., & Rubin,I. S. (1992). Community organizing and development. Boston,

USA :Allyn & Bacon.

Rahamato, D.(Ed.).(2002). Civil Society Organizations in Ethiop (2nd ed).

Stockholm, Sweden :Elanders Gotab.

Rogers, B .(1980). The Demystification of women: Discrimination in Developing

society. London, UK: Tavistock.

Roodt, M .(2001). Participation, civil society and development: development theory,

policy and practice. (eds). South Africa: Oxford University Press.

Rahman, A.(1993). People's self-development: perspectives on participatory action

research-a journey through experience. London, UK: Zed Books.

Rahnema, M. (1992). Participation in W. Sachs (Ed), The Development Dictionary.

London, UK: Zed Books.

Robinson, A. (2003). Management Models for Small Towns Water Supply: Lessons

learned from case studies in the Philippines. Washington, DC, USA: The World

Bank.

Rowlands, J.(1995). Empowerment examined’ Development in Practice. London,

UK : Macmillan.

246

Rainey, D.V., Robinson, K.L., Allen, I. and Christy, R.D. (2003) “Essential Forms of

Capital for Sustainable Community Development,” American Journal of Agricultural

Economics, 85(3): 708–715.

Rafiq S. Zari (1987). “Community Development principle and techniques".

Peshawar, Pakistan: Saif Printing Press

Rahmato D.(1991). The Concept of Community Development. Community

Development as a Process. Columbia, Missouri, USA: University of Missouri.

Rahman, Parven.(2002). Institutions and Programs- a case study. Karachi, Pakistan:

Sama Publishing.

Stolte, Michhael. (nd). The communities matrix. Journal of the Making waves, 15(2),

21-22.

Shipley, R., & Newkirk, R. (1998). Visioning: Did anybody see where it came from?

Journal of planning Literature, 12, 407-416.

Schuurman, F.J. (ed.). (1996). Beyond the impasse: New directions in development

theory. London, UK: Zed Books.

Sachs, W .(1999). The development dictionary: A guide to Knowledge as power.

London, UK: Zed Books.

So, A. Y. (1990). Social Change and Development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Publications.

Sen, A., 1999, Development as Freedom. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Sherraden, M. (1991). Assets and the poor: A new American welfare. New York,

USA: ME. Sharpe.

Sara, Jennifer, and Travis Katz.(1997). “Making Rural Water Sustainable: Report on

the Impact of Project Rules.” United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and

World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, Washington, D.C, USA. UNPD

Publication.

247

Sen, Armartya. (1999). Development as Freedom. New York, USA: Alfred A.

Knopf.

Shireen, Rehmatullah.(2002). Social Welfare in Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford

University Press.

Saif, L. (2010). Authoritarianism and Underdevelopment in Pakistan: The Role of

the Punjab. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

Sultan, Shoaib. (2009). The Aga Khan Rural Support Program: A Journey through

Grassroots Development. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

Thomas Kuby.(1999). Non-governmental organizations work in world Bank-support

Project. Washington, DC., USA; Oxford Press.

Theron, F. (2005). Integrated development planning as a micro-level development

strategy. Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik.

Thamas,P.(1994). Participatory Development communication: for change and

development. London, UK: Saga publication.

Theniath, Siddiui, and Rashid Amjid. (1997). The Orangi Pilot Project: A Low Cost

Sanitation Model, UNDP-World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program. Islamabad,

Pakistan: UNDP.

The Aga Khan Rural Support Program in Pakistan.(1999).A World Bank Operations

Evaluation Study. Washington, D.C., USA: World Bank

THE AGA KHAN RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAM .(1984). First Annual Review,

1983:Incorporating the Fourth Progress Report. Gilgit, Pakistan, AKRSP.

UNDP.(1997). Human Development Report. New York, USA: Oxford University

Press.

United Nations. (1975). What now: Another Development. New York, USA: United

Nations.

United Nations.(1974). The Cocoyoc Declaration. New York, USA: United Nations.

248

UNDP.(2003). Making Global Trade Work for People. New York, USA: Earthscan

Publications Limited.

United Nations.(2002). Human Development report. New York, USA: United

Nations.

United Nations.(1948).Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York, USA:

United Nations.

United Nations.(2006). Human Development report. New York, USA: United

Nations.

UNOHCHR.(2006). Human Rights and Development. New York, USA: United

Nations.

Urban Forum. (2000). Taking it forward – report on the Social Exclusion Unit’s

National Strategy for Neighborhood Renewal. London, UK: UF.

United Nations. (2000). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2000. New

York, USA: United Nations.

UNO.(1929). United Nations Economic and Social Council resolution. New York,

USA. United Nations.

Uphoff, N. (1991). Putting people First: Sociological variables in Rural

Development. New York, USA: Oxford university Press.

UNDP.(2004). Human Development Report: Deepency Democracy in Fragment

world. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.

UNDP. (1998). Human Development Report. New York, USA: Oxford University

Press.

UNO.(1987). UN World Commission on Environment and Development. New York,

USA: United Nations publication.

249

United Nations.(2002). The Millennium Development Goals. New York USA:

United Nations Publication.

UNDP.(2002). Human Development Report. New York, USA: United Nations

Publication.

United Nations Development Programs.(1993). Human Development Report. New

York, USA: Oxford University Press.

United Nations.(1997).Report on the World social Situation. New York, USA:

United Nation Publications.

United Nations.(1974).The Cocoyoc Declaration. New York, USA: United Nations

Publication.

United Nation. (1975). Popular Participation in Decision Making for Development.

New York, USA; UNO publications.

United Nations Development Programs.(2014). Human Development Report. New

York, USA: Oxford University Press.

Van Rooy.(1998). Civil society and the AID industry. London, United Kingdom:

Earth scan publications Ltd.

Vidal, A.C. and Keating, W.D. (2004) “Community Development: Current Issues

and Emerging Challenges,” Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(2): 125–137.

Venkatamaran, Arjunamurthy and Julia Falconer.(1999). “Rejuvenating India’s

Decimated Forests Through Joint Action: Lessons from Andhra

Pradesh.”.Washington, D.C, USA: World Bank Publication.

Willis, Katie. (2005). Theories and Practices of Development. New York, USA:

Taylor & Francis e-Library.

Wise, G.(1998). Definition: Community Development and Community Based

Education. Masdison, USA: University of Wisconsin Extension service.

World Bank.(1990). World Development Report: Knowledge for Development. New

York, USA: Oxford University Press.

250

World Health Organization. (2005). Ageing and Health Technical Report. Tokyo,

Japan: WHO publications.

W. Lawrence Neuman. (2003). Social Research Methods. Boston, USA: Allyn and

Bacon.

White. S. A. (1994). Introduction the concept of participation: Transforming

Rhetoric to Reality. London, UK: Saga publication.

World Bank. (2001). World Development Report 2000/2001:Attacking Poverty.

New York, USA : Oxford University Press.

World Bank.(2000). Community Driven Development.: A vision of Poverty

Reduction through Empowerment. Washington, DC, USA: Oxford University Press.

World Bank (1996). The world bank source book on participation, world bank,

Washington, D.

World Bank.(1994).Pakistan: A Strategy for Sustainable Agricultural Growth.

Washington, D. C., Pakistan: World Bank.

WORLD BANK.(2007).Promoting Rural Growth and Poverty Reduction.

Washington D.C., USA World Bank.

WORLD BANK .(2003). The Aga Khan Rural Support Program: A Seventh

Evaluation Washington D.C., USA: World Bank Operations Evaluation Department,

World Bank.

World Bank .(2009) .Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit to the

Islamic Republic of Pakistan for a Social Safety Net Technical Assistance Project.’ Report No. 47288-PK. Islamabad: World Bank.

Zaidi, S Akbar.(1999). The New Development Paradigm: Papers on Institutions,

NGOs, Gender and Local Government. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

251

Appendix 3: Web- bibliography

Benazir Income Support Program.(March 30,2016 ). At Glance. Retrieved

from http://www.bisp.gov.pk/.

Daily Express Tribune. (April 15, 2015). World Bank projects: Pakistan’s

economic growth at 4.4%. Karachi. Retrieved from the website:

http://tribune.com.pk/story/870142/world-bank-projects-pakistans-economic-

growth-at-4-4/.

United Nations Development Programs. (July 26, 2015). About Pakistan.

Islamabad. Retrieved from the website:

http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/countryinfo/.

UNICEF.(January 10, 2015). Sustain Development Goals. Retrieved from

www.unicef/postpost/2015.

252

Appendix 4: Interviewing Schedule/Questionnaire

SOCIAL WORK DEPARTMENT

University of Karachi

Sindh

Analytical Study of Community Development Programs

for Socio-Economic Development in Pakistan

Researcher: Siraj Bashir Research Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nasreen Aslam

Shah

__________________________________________________________________________

___

Note: This research study is conducted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social

work Department, University of Karachi, Sindh. The respondents are requested to provide

their valuable information about the above mentioned topic to complete this academic

research. It is essential to say that all the information/data will be kept in confidence and will

be used only for the educational research purposes.

Serial No:________________________

Date:__________________________

Place of Interview:_________________

Questionnaire for the Beneficiaries

Section No1

Personal Information of the Respondent

1. Name:__________________________________________________________________

253

2.Addess:______________________________________________________________

3.Province:________________ District:______________Community:________________

4. Gender:

a) Male _______________ b) Female____________ c) Other(Specify)_________

5. Age (in years):

a) 20-30 years_________ b) 31-40 years ___________c) 41-50 years___________

d) 50+ __________________

6. Marital Status

a) Married__________ b) Unmarried__________ c) Window/Widower_________

d) Divorced____________ e) Separated f) __________Other (Specify) _________

7.Monther Tongue:

a) Urdu______________ b) Punjabi__________________ c) Sindhi_____________

d) Pashto _____________e) Balochi______________ f) Siraiki_________________

g) Other (specify)_______________

8. Cultural Background:

a) Rural _______________________ b) Urban_____________________________

9. Religious Background

a) Muslim _____________________ c) Christian __________________________

d) Hindus ______________________e) Other (specify) ______________________

10. Type of Family

a) Nuclear ____________d) Joint _______________e) Other (specify)____________

11. Head of Family

a) Self _______________ b) Father ______________ c) Mother _______________

d) Husband ___________ e) Brother _____________ f) Uncle _________________

254

g) Wife _______________ h) Other (specify)______________

Educational profile

12. Educational Qualification

a) Illiterate______________ b) Literate______________ c) Primary_____________

d) Middle _______________e) Intermediate __________ f) Gradate_____________

g) Master _______________ h) M.Phil/PhD __________ i) Religious ___________

j) Other (specify)_______________

13. Number of children go to school (Aged 5-15 years)

a) None__________________ b) 1-2____________________ c) 3-4_____________

d) 5+ ____________________e) Other (specify)___________

14. Available Educational facilities in your community:

a) Government schools___________________ b) Private schools _______________

c) College_____________________________ d) University ___________________

e) Vocational center _____________________ f) Religious Institutes_____________

g) Other (specify)_______________

15. Condition of educational facilities

a) Satisfied ___________________ b) Not satisfied _________________________

c) Don't Know_________________

g) Other (specify)_______________

16.Is there any family who does not send their children to school?

a) Yes ____________________________ b) No ______________________________

(A) If Yes because ?

a) Financial issue_________________ b) No school ___________________________

c) Schools are far_______________ d) Children are not interested _______________

e) Education is not important _____ f) Other (Specify) _________________________

255

17. Do boys and girls are provided equal opportunity to education?

a) Yes ______________________________ b) No ____________________________

18. Are girls allowed to get formal education at their own selection?

a) Yes ______________________________ b) No ____________________________

(A). If No, the who is opposing the education of girls in community?

a) Parents_____________________ b) Brother _____________________________

c) Community or tribe chief_______ d) Uncle _______________________________

e) Culture _____________________ f) Other (Specify) ________________________

Economic Profile

19. Occupation

a) Govt. Job_______________________ b) Self-employed _____________________

c) Private ________________________ d) Laborer ___________________________

e) Farmer ________________________ f) Jobless ____________________________

g) Other (Specify) __________________________

20. How many family members are employed?( Aged 16 years above)

Male Female

a) 1-2 _____ ______

b) 3-4 _____ ______

c) 5+ _____ ______

21.Personal Monthly Income:

a) No income__________

b) Less than 5000 ______

c) 5001-6000__________

d) 86000+ _____________

256

22. Do your community have any skill Development center?

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

Quality of Housing

23.Residening house Status?

a) Owned_____________

b) Rented ____________

c) Other______________

24. Type of House:

a) Puucca______________ b) Kucha _______________ c) Other_________________

25. Rooms in House:

a) One_____________

b) Two ____________

c) Three____________

d) Four+___________

26. Source of portable water :

a) Water Tap____________ b) water supply ___________ c) Fetch water___________

d) Piped connection__________ e) Tanker_____________ f) Boring_______________

27. Availability of utilizes:

a) Gas________________ b) Electricity ______________ c) Telephone____________

28. Source for Cooking:

a) Gas_________________ b) Wood ________________ c) Kerosene oil___________

d) Electricity__________ e) Coal___________________

257

29. Type of Toilets:

a) Open Drainage ______________________ b) Flush _________________________

c) Pit hole Toilet _____________________ d) Any other ______________________

30. Other available facilities

1. Television

a) Yes____________________________ b) No________________________________

2.Refriengerator

a) Yes____________________________ b) No________________________________

3. Iron

a) Yes____________________________ b) No________________________________

4. Radio

a) Yes____________________________ b) No________________________________

5. Cable

a) Yes____________________________ b) No________________________________

6. Internet

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

7.Mobile

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

8.Washing Machine

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

9. Cooking heater

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

10. Bicycle

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

258

11.Car

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

12. Motor cycle

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

13. Air Condition

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

14. Table and chair

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

15. Carpet

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

31. Do you have separate Kitchen?

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

32. Do you have separate Bathroom?

a) Yes____________________________ b) No_______________________________

33. What do you think about your available housing facilities?

a) Need improvement___________

b) Satisfied___________________

c) Any Other__________________

Health condition in Community

34. What is your health condition?

a) Very healthy_______________________ b) Good __________________________

c) Average __________________________d) Poor ___________________________

259

35. Available health facilities in Community?

a) Govt. Dispensaries _______________________ b) Private clinic_______________

c) None __________________________d) Any Other _________________________

36. Are you suffering from any kind of illness?

a) Yes__________________

b) No___________________

c) Some time_____________

(A) If yes, then to whom you mostly visit?

a) Govt. Dispensaries _______________________ b) Private clinic_______________

c) Hakim __________________________d) Homeopath _______________________

e) Any other________________________

37. Condition of health facilities in your community?

a) Good__________________

b) Satisfied________________

c) Poor___________________

d) Any other _______________

38. In your community usually where delivery take place?

a) Home__________________

b) Hospital________________

39. Who attends the birth in your community?

a) Lady doctor/LHV _______________________ b) Trained Dai_________________

c) Un-trained Dai __________________________d) Any other __________________

40. How do you dispose the Garbage?

a) Outside the community _______________________ b) Burn__________________

c) Sweeper __________________________d) Any other _______________________

260

41. Are you satisfied with your community condition?

a) Yes__________________

b) No__________________

42. Any initiative by community regarding health improvement?

a) Yes__________________

b) No_________________

Section II

Development and Community Development programs

43. What does community mean to you?

A group of people who live together for many years.

A group of people who work together to develop their communities and also share

common things with each others.

A community is commonly considered a social unit, who share something in

common, such as norms, values, identity, and often a sense of place that is situated

in a given geographical area.

44.How you see the importance of community?

Needs satisfaction and solve problems

Establish peace and harmony among the society

Division of work and cooperation

45.What problem you're facing in your community life?

a) Unity______________________ b) Absence of basic

facilities_________________________

c) lack of community leader___________________ d) Arising of

conflict__________________

e) other ____________________

261

46. Do you think you people are getting their basic facilities?

a) Yes ______________________________b) No__________________________________

47.How you see community role in development process?

Participatory

Non-participatory

Don't know

48.What are the key indicators of community well-being? Kindly tell three indicators.

Socio-economic development

Peace and justice for all

Solve problem collectively

49. What is your understanding about Community development?

Participatory approach

Self-initiative approach

External initiative approach

50. Is there any community development program or project in your community?

a) Yes _________________________________ b) No______________________________

51. How does the projects start in your community?

Political interest

Without any planning

Need Based

262

52.How many projects have been implemented in your community past 10 years?

1-2

3-4

5+

53. Do you think these programs address the community issues?

a) Yes _________________________________ b) No_____________________________

(A). If no, then why? Please give three reasons.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

54.Does the community have the capacity to initiate community development

program?

a) Yes ____________________________ b) No___________________________________

(A). If no, then why? Please say three key reasons?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

55. Who makes the decision in your community?

a) Tribe Chief _______________________ b) Collective decision________________

c) Govt. __________________________d) Any other _________________________

56. Have you been involved any community level decision?

a) Yes ____________________________ b) No______________________________

57.Do you think local people participation is necessary in CDPs?

a) Yes _________________________________ b) No_________________________

263

58.Who benefits more?

Influencers people

Needy people

Community

59.Are there any families in your community whose living conditions improved after

CDPs?

Yes

No

To some extent

60. Have you participated in any project Planning in your community?

a) Yes ____________________________ b) No_________________________________

61.Have you been involved in any project need assessment?

a) Yes _________________________________ b) No______________________________

62. Do you think people know about these community development projects?

a) Yes _________________________________ b) No______________________________

(B) If no, they are the three main reasons?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

63.What was the influence of local culture and community head in CDPs?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

264

64.How long NGOs are involved in your community?

a)1-3 years _________________ b) 4-6 years __________________c) 7+ years__________

65. What is the attitude of NGOs?

a) Cooperative and democratic _____________ b) Non- cooperative and imposing________

66. Are NGOs taking some steps to make your community self-reliant?

a) Yes______________ b) No___________________ c) To some extent_____________

67. Who own the community development projects?

a) Community____________

b) NGOs________________

c) Govt._________________

d) Other_________________

68. Do you think tribe system is a barrier towards success for Community development

programs?

Yes

No

69. What is the challenges/limitation for effective local people participation in

community

development?

Political /key influencers interfere

Lack of collective effort

Lack of awareness

265

70. What should be done to improve the effective local people participation in

community

development?

Awareness Programs

Education

Involvement of local government

71. Do you think community development programs can improve people lives and

participate in a democratic process in Pakistan?

Yes

No

72. Do you think Community development be considered as a nation building strategy?

Yes

No

73. How effective NGOs programs in improving local people lives?

a) Effective _____________________ b) Non-effective ____________________________

74. What are the impacts of these programs or projects? Please give three impacts.

Yes

No

266

75. How successful do you rate these community development programs?

a) Very success_________ b) To some extent_____________ c) Not satisfied____________

76.How to you see community partnership with Govt. and NGOs?

a)Poor _________________b) Good ________________c) I don't know _______________

77. Who carries out the M and E ?

a) Community_____________ b) Donor ____________________c) NGO_______________

d) Govt._________________ e) other_______________________

78 Do you think are the results of community development programs in Future?

Yes

No

79.Do you think the sustainability of these projects will be maintained ?

a) Yes

b) No

80.Any suggestion or recommendation specially about improvement in CPDS in

Pakistan.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Thank you very much for participating in this research.

267

Appendix 5: Photographs

Filling questionnaire during field

268

Filling the questionnaire at field

269

Focus Group Discussing with community members at Quetta

270

Interviews with female respondents at Hyderabad Sindh

271

Appendix 6: List maps, programmers. etc related to the Research topic

272

273

274

275

276