ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF FURNITURE LACQUERS - xrf.guru Lacquers.pdf · ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION...
Transcript of ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF FURNITURE LACQUERS - xrf.guru Lacquers.pdf · ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION...
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ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF
FURNITURE LACQUERS
Herant Khanjian, Michael Schilling The Getty Conservation Institute
! Arlen Heginbotham The J. Paul Getty Museum
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Examples of mid-18th century French furniture
Red lacquer commode 72DA46 Black commode 65DA4
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18th century French lacquered furniture
▪ The J. Paul Getty Museum’s collections include several important examples of mid-18th century French furniture that incorporate high quality Asian lacquers
▪ French cabinetmakers varnished and decorated the original Asian panels using western method and materials that imitated the appearance of the Asian lacquers.
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18th century French lacquered furniture
▪ The objects contain various concentrations of complex mixtures of organic and inorganic materials, including the impressive long list of components found in Asian lacquers.
▪ Visual inspection presents difficulties in distinguishing the work of skilled European imitators form original Asian lacquers
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Materials used in Asian lacquers
▪ urushiol (& other tree saps), camphor, shellac ▪ tung oil, linseed oil, perilla oil ▪ Indian redwood, indigo, persimmon juice ▪ animal glue, pig’s blood ▪ flour, hemp, paddy husks, rice starch, sawdust,
cow dung ▪ charcoal, ivory black, lampblack, minerals
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Materials used in European lacquers
▪ amber, camphor, colophony, copaiva balsam, copal, fir resin, benzoin, elemi, larch resin, mastic, terebinth, sandarac, shellac, spruce resin
▪ linseed, walnut ▪ cochineal, dragon’s blood, gamboge ▪ animal glue, gum animi, gum tragacanth
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18th century French lacquered furniture
!▪ GCI developed analytical protocol using FTIR and pyrolysis
GC-MS in identifying both Asian and European lacquers on mid-18th century French furniture.
▪ FTIR utilizes the Bruker Hyperion microscope to conduct strategraphic analysis while employing an in-house generated infrared spectral library for identification for various components.
▪ Pyrolysis GC-MS protocol uses TMAH derivatization prior to analysis to identify and differentiate the components of both European and Asian lacquers in a single run.
▪ Procedure minimizes sample size while enhancing the detection limits and sensitivity.
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Asian Lacquers▪ Several types of phenolic based Asian lacquer films
have been found on various French furniture: ▪ Japanese/Chinese lacquers Rhus vernicifera based
on urushiol: C15 unsaturated side chain ▪ Vietnamese/Taiwanese lacquers Rhus succedanea
based on laccol: C17 unsaturated side chain ▪ Burmese/Thailand lacquer Melanorrhoea usitata
based on thitsiol: C17 unsaturated side chain with some terminating in phenyl group
HO
OH
R
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Glossary of select urushi terms
▪ Ki urushi – Raw urushi straight from the urushi tree. ▪ Suki urushi – Translucent urushi made by removing
water from Ki urushi. ▪ Kuro urushi – Black urushi made through the
addition of iron hydroxide or carbon black (Suki urushi).
▪ Bengara urushi – Red urushi made by the addition of red iron oxide.
▪ Shu urushi – Made by adding vermilion or cadmium red.
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Bruker Hyperion microscope
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FTIR experimental procedure▪ Analysis was carried out on both polished cross
sections and free samples. ▪ In the case of free samples, representative
particles placed on a diamond window and flattened using a metal roller. Analysis was performed on the resultant translucent sample.
▪ The ATR objective from the Bruker Hyperion 3000 was used in strategraphic surface analysis of multi-layered samples.
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FTIR advantages▪ Requires very small sample size ▪ Preparation time is minimal with use of
free samples with later recovery for further analysis
▪ The reflectance ATR objectives (80 um facet) can be employed for stratigraphic analysis of thin layers
▪ The technique can detect both Asian and European components: i.e. urushi and cellulose nitrate
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FTIR disadvantages▪ Higher concentrations required for
proper characterization. ▪ Difficult to distinguish various types of
lacquers, particularly after aging. ▪ Contamination from other natural
resinous material such as shellac.
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FTIR spectra of unaged urushi films
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FTIR spectra of light aged urushi films
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FTIR spectra of light aged urushi films
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Effects of Light Exposure on Urushiol
D15-1
346
D15
348
D17-1
374D17 376
D10 354
D12 382
Urushiol Y Y N N N NLaccol N Y Y Y N NThitsiol N Y N N Y Y
Unexposed sample
O
O
RU
D15
U D15-1
Light aging reduces unsaturated compounds
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Red commode 72DA46
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Red commode 72DA4
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Red commode 72DA46
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Red commode 72DA46
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Red commode 72DA4
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Red commode 72DA46
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Joseph commode 55DA2
89
1011
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Joseph commode 55DA2
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Joseph commode 65DA4
89
1011
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Black commode 65DA4
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Black commode 65DA4
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Commode 78DA119
89
1011
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Commode 78DA119
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Commode 78DA119
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Conclusions▪ Identification of lacquers from European and
Asian origins found on decorative panels is now possible.
▪ The protocol leads to better understanding and documentation of resins used by different workshops in mid-18th century.
▪ Information gathered from the analysis will help lead to the improved attribution of unknown objects.