Analytic Statements:An analytic sentence is a sentence, which is true because of the meaning relationship between the subject and predicate. Analytic sentences are true by definition, and are generally selfexplanatory. Additionally, they often have little to no informative value. Examples of analytic sentences include:

language use. They do not give meaningful information about the world.

Synthetic Statements:A synthetic sentence is a sentence, which may or may not be true. It would need non-linguistics, information about the subject the speaker is referring to. Synthetic statements are based on our sensory data and experience. The truth-value of a synthetic statements cannot be figured out based solely on logic. Synthetic sentences are descriptions of the world that cannot be taken for granted. Sentences that are possibly true but not necessarily true are synthetic. The truth of synthetic sentences is based on what is happening in the world, not on what is happening in the language. Examples of synthetic sentences are:

Daisies are flowers. Frozen water is ice. Bachelors are unmarried men. Two halves make up a whole. All carnivores eat meat. All mammals produce live young. All bachelors are unmarried. All misers are stingy. Kings are monarchs.

All men are arrogant. The president is dishonest. Children wear hats. The table in the kitchen is round. My computer is on. All bachelors are happy. All misers are miserable. Kings are fathers.

No additional meaning or knowledge is contained in the predicate that is not already given in the subject. Analytic sentences are redundant statements whose clarification relies entirely on definition. Analytic sentences tell us about logic and about

Contradiction Statements:A contradiction sentence is a sentence, which literally contains contradictions. Examples of Contradiction Statements are: All bachelors are married. All misers waste money. My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor. My brother is an only child. Puppies are human.

The front and behind have meaning relationship and the sentence can be paraphrased. If the (a) sentence is true, the sentence (b) is also necessarily true. Two-way (or mutual) entailment: a) My mother is in front of my father. b) My father is behind my mother.

Reference Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A referent is the relation between piece of language and the things in the world. It is concrete object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. It deals with the relationship between the language elements (word, phrase, and clause) and the non linguistic elements (the world of experience). By means of reference a speaker indicates which things (including persons) are being talked about. e.g. My son is in the beech tree.

Entailment:There are two other types of entailment, namely one-way entailment and two-way (or mutual) entailment. One-way entailment is the entailment that works in only one direction. Meanwhile two-way entailment is the entailment that has meaning relationship and the sentences that contain mutual entailment are paraphrases of each other. Bear is an animal but animal is not necessarily a bear. This means that the entailment works in only one direction. One-way entailment: a) Jenny saw a bear b) Jenny saw an animal

identifies persons

identifies things

Sense Sense refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations. It is the collection of all the semantic features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is related with the complex system of relationship between one linguistic element with other linguistic elements such as (word-word, phrase phrase, etc). SENSE of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions inside the language. It is the relationship inside the language that creates meaning. It is what we understand when we understand an expression. It is the way one thinks of an object

Sense & Reference:While REFERENT of an expression is a thing or a person in the world, SENSE of an expression is not a thing at all, but an abstraction. All linguistic forms have sense, but not reference. The linguistic forms with the same sense may have different references in different situations. Some linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.

Every expression that has meaning has sense, but not every expression has reference! A term's reference is the object that the term refers to, while the term's sense is the way that the term refers to that object. A reference must be a public, neutral object - one that does not exist merely in a person's mind, and that has existence without any association with a perceiver. A sense, on the other hand, is a description given usually in an attempt to point to a particular reference. When talking about a particular sense of a word, therefore, there need not be an associated reference, since it is possible to describe something well enough that a listener might have a pretty good idea of what something is, and yet there still not be an existent public neutral object to which the sense refers. A good example of this, and one which seems to be frequently used, is that of the unicorn, whose sense is easily expressible - a horse with a single horn on its nose, and perhaps magical capabilities - yet there does not appear to be a reference for such a creature, for, whilst there is a description, there is no public, neutral unicorn in existence.