Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in ambient air using ... · Analysis of wood combustion...
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Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in ambient air using inorganic and ambient air using inorganic and ambient air using inorganic and ambient air using inorganic and organic tracer compounds organic tracer compounds organic tracer compounds organic tracer compounds R.Zimmermann R.Zimmermann R.Zimmermann R.Zimmermann, , , , J.Schnelle J.Schnelle J.Schnelle J.Schnelle- - -Kreis Kreis Kreis Kreis, , , , J.Orasche J.Orasche J.Orasche J.Orasche, , , , M.Bente M.Bente M.Bente M.Bente, , , , M.Oster M.Oster M.Oster M.Oster Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre of of of of KMS, KMS, KMS, KMS, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum M M Mü ü ünchen nchen nchen nchen (HMGU), (HMGU), (HMGU), (HMGU), Neuherberg Neuherberg Neuherberg Neuherberg, Germany and , Germany and , Germany and , Germany and Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Ger Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Ger Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Ger Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany many many many Bifa Bifa Bifa Bifa Umweltinstitut Umweltinstitut Umweltinstitut Umweltinstitut, Augsburg, Germany , Augsburg, Germany , Augsburg, Germany , Augsburg, Germany
Transcript of Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in ambient air using ... · Analysis of wood combustion...
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in ambient air using inorganic and ambient air using inorganic and ambient air using inorganic and ambient air using inorganic and
organic tracer compoundsorganic tracer compoundsorganic tracer compoundsorganic tracer compoundsR.ZimmermannR.ZimmermannR.ZimmermannR.Zimmermann, , , , J.SchnelleJ.SchnelleJ.SchnelleJ.Schnelle----KreisKreisKreisKreis, , , , J.OrascheJ.OrascheJ.OrascheJ.Orasche, , , , M.BenteM.BenteM.BenteM.Bente, , , , M.OsterM.OsterM.OsterM.Oster
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre ofofofof KMS, KMS, KMS, KMS, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum MMMMüüüünchennchennchennchen
(HMGU), (HMGU), (HMGU), (HMGU), NeuherbergNeuherbergNeuherbergNeuherberg, Germany and, Germany and, Germany and, Germany andChair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, GerChair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, GerChair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, GerChair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germanymanymanymany
BifaBifaBifaBifa UmweltinstitutUmweltinstitutUmweltinstitutUmweltinstitut, Augsburg, Germany, Augsburg, Germany, Augsburg, Germany, Augsburg, Germany
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Outline:
1. Motivation and Introduction
2. Molecular/elemental indicators for wood burning emissions
3. Wood burning: Determination of emission factors
4. PM from wood burning in Augsburg, Germany
5. Health effects of wood burning aerosol: Polyaromaticcompounds (PAH) in PM from wood combustion
6. Outlook
7. Summary
Analysis of wood combustion aerosols in ambient air using inorganic and organic tracer compounds
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Estimated Reduction of Life Expectancy (Months) due to Exposure with Ambient Aerosol (PM2.5) in Europe
Health relevant PM sources:
• Power plants
• Heavy Industry
• Traffic
• Heating (incl. wood comb.)
Motivation:Health effects of ambient aerosols
after: after: after: after: EU EU EU EU ---- Clean Air for Europe (CAFE), Steering GroupClean Air for Europe (CAFE), Steering GroupClean Air for Europe (CAFE), Steering GroupClean Air for Europe (CAFE), Steering Group
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
• Increasing emissions from wood combustion in cities and rual areas (renewable energy)
• Significant impact of wood combustion on elevated ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in winter 1
• High contribution of wood combustion to ambient concentrations of PAH and oxidized PAH 1
• Actual evidence for accute, non-carcinogenic health effects of PAH and PAH derivatives 2,3
1: Schnelle-Kreis, J., Sklorz, M., Orasche, J., Stölzel, M., Peters, A., Zimmermann, R., (2007): Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, pp 3821
2: Sklorz, M., J. J. Briedé, J. Schnelle-Kreis, Y. Liu.1, J. Cyrys, T. M. de Kok. R. Zimmermann (2007): J. Tox. Env. Health 70, 1866-18693: Schnelle-Kreis, J., U. Küpper, M. Sklorz, J.J. Briedé, J. Cyrys, A. Peters, R. Zimmermann (2009): Biomarkers 14, 39-44
Motivation:Importance of wood combustion PM emissions
Relevance of PM emission from wood combustion in Europe
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Cellulose
Hemicellulose (Example)
Pyrolysis
O
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
O O
Levoglucosan
Galactosan
Mannosan
O
OH
OH
OH
O
O
OH
O
OH
O
OH
CH3O
OH
O
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
OAcAcO
O
O
O
OHOH
O
O
OHOHOH
O
O
OHOHOH
O
O
OH
Wood Burning: Molecular indicators I
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Pyrolysis
OH
O
OH
O
O
O
Lignin
O H
OO
OH
OO
sinapyl units~ hard wood
guaiacyl units~ soft wood
cumaryl units~ grass, herbs
O H
O
OHOH
OH
exact composition exact composition exact composition exact composition depends on speciesdepends on speciesdepends on speciesdepends on species
OH
O
OH
OH
O
OH
Wood Burning: Molecular indicators II
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Pyrolysis
Spruce gum
O
O
O
O
Dehydroabietic acid
Abietic acid
Pyrolysis
Retene
Wood Burning: Molecular indicators III
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Wood Burning: Molecular/elemental indicators
Indicators for wood combustion PM emissions and ambient contribution
Molecular/elemental Characteristic for: Other significant Marker Sources
Potassium Biomass combustion Soil, Plant debris
Levoglucosan Biomass combustion
Sinapyl derivatives Hardwood combustion
Guajacyl derivatives Softwood combustion Biomass combustion*
Resin acids Coniferous wood combustion Tire abrasion*
Retene Coniferous wood combustion
*with different fingerprints
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
CO, Dust [in mg/Nm³ @ 13%O2]
CO
, V
OC
in
[m
g/N
m³
@ 1
3%
O2]
Flu
eg
as
tem
pe
ratu
re[°
C]
Res
. o
xyg
en
x10
[%
]
Wood combustion emission measurements on different stoves and boilersTypical pattern of emissions from a log wood stove
� High variability of emissions (amount/composition) depending on
type of stove, fuel and burning conditions� Major influences from operator (fuel load and air supply)
Wood Burning: Emission Factors
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Stoves: Pellet stove, „simple“ stove, „high quality“ stove (both DIN-Plus)Fuel: Pellet, split logs (beech, spruce), wood-briquettes, brown-coal-briquettesBurning conditions: good to bad (e.g. ignition phase)
� Average emission factors: PM10: 120 mg/MJ (evaluated for Augsburg)
Benzo[a]pyrene: ~ 350 ng/mg (of PM10 emitted)
Potassium: 58 µg/mg (of PM10 emitted)
*: derived from ambient monitoring data. Levoglucosan: 126 µg/mg (of PM10 emitted)*
2776
49 43
172
834
225
42 67 85
206
449
0
250
500
750
1000
Wood pellets Spruce Beech Brown coal
mg
/M
J
Pellet stove
„Simple“ stove
„High quality“ stove
Burnoutgood bad
Stove
PM10
Emissions from stoves
2776
49 43
172
834
225
42 67 85
206
449
0
250
500
750
1000
Wood pellets Spruce Beech Brown coal
mg
/M
J
Pellet stove
„Simple“ stove
„High quality“ stove
Burnoutgood bad
Stove
2776
49 43
172
834
225
42 67 85
206
449
0
250
500
750
1000
Wood pellets Spruce Beech Brown coal
mg
/M
J
2776
49 43
172
834
225
42 67 85
206
449
0
250
500
750
1000
Wood pellets Spruce Beech Brown coal
mg
/M
J
Pellet stove
„Simple“ stove
„High quality“ stove
Burnoutgood bad
Stove
PM emissions from wood combustion stoves
Wood combustion emission measurements on different stoves and boilers
120 mg/mJ
Wood Burning: Emission Factors
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Example: City of AugsburgSouth-west of BavariaArea: 147 km²Population: ~ 263.000P. density: 1790 persons/km²
Pie chart area proportionalto number of chimneys
Red: single stoves, solid fuels
(wood logs, coal)
Blue: single stoves, oil and gas
Light blue: central heating systems, (oil and gas)
Wood Burning in Augsburg: Emission inventory
Residential heating systems in theAugsburg municipal area (2006)- About 14.200 (53%) of all registered
fireplaces are single stoves for solid (bio-)fuels.
- Energy consumption ca. 320 TJ/a equal to about 2.1% of domestic heating energy.
- PM10 emissions about 38 t/a equal to about 30% of total PM10 emissions in Augsburg.
SP3
SP2
SP1
MS 3
MS1
SP4
SP5
MS 2
Sampling points in Augsburg
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Seasonal variation of selected compounds, 2002 – 2004, SP5
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
20
02-0
8
20
02-0
9
20
02-1
0
20
02-1
1
20
02-1
2
20
03-0
1
20
03-0
2
20
03-0
3
20
03-0
4
20
03-0
5
20
03-0
6
20
03-0
7
20
03-0
8
20
03-0
9
20
03-1
0
20
03-1
1
20
03-1
2
20
04-0
1
20
04-0
2
20
04-0
3
20
04-0
4
20
04-0
5
20
04-0
6
20
04-0
7
20
04-0
8
20
04-0
9
20
04-1
0
20
04-1
1
20
04-1
2
ng
/m³
Benz[a]pyrene
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
20
02-0
8
20
02-0
9
20
02-1
0
20
02-1
1
20
02-1
2
20
03-0
1
20
03-0
2
20
03-0
3
20
03-0
4
20
03-0
5
20
03-0
6
20
03-0
7
20
03-0
8
20
03-0
9
20
03-1
0
20
03-1
1
20
03-1
2
20
04-0
1
20
04-0
2
20
04-0
3
20
04-0
4
20
04-0
5
20
04-0
6
20
04-0
7
20
04-0
8
20
04-0
9
20
04-1
0
20
04-1
1
20
04-1
2
ng
/m³
Hopan
0
3
6
9
12
15
20
02-0
8
20
02-0
9
20
02-1
0
20
02-1
1
20
02-1
2
20
03-0
1
20
03-0
2
20
03-0
3
20
03-0
4
20
03-0
5
20
03-0
6
20
03-0
7
20
03-0
8
20
03-0
9
20
03-1
0
20
03-1
1
20
03-1
2
20
04-0
1
20
04-0
2
20
04-0
3
20
04-0
4
20
04-0
5
20
04-0
6
20
04-0
7
20
04-0
8
20
04-0
9
20
04-1
0
20
04-1
1
20
04-1
2
ng
/m³
Dehydroabietic acid methylester
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20
02-0
8
20
02-0
9
20
02-1
0
20
02-1
1
20
02-1
2
20
03-0
1
20
03-0
2
20
03-0
3
20
03-0
4
20
03-0
5
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03-0
6
20
03-0
7
20
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8
20
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9
20
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0
20
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1
20
03-1
2
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04-0
1
20
04-0
2
20
04-0
3
20
04-0
4
20
04-0
5
20
04-0
6
20
04-0
7
20
04-0
8
20
04-0
9
20
04-1
0
20
04-1
1
20
04-1
2
ng
/m³
6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one
SummerWinter Winter Summer Winter
Ambient PM in Augsburg: Long-term daily ambient measurements on organic compounds (TD-GC-MS)
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
SP1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
14
. N
ov
. 0
7
21
. N
ov
. 0
7
28
. N
ov
. 0
7
5. D
ez. 0
7
12
. D
ez. 0
7
19
. D
ez. 0
7
26
. D
ez. 0
7
2. J
an
. 0
8
9. J
an
. 0
8
16
. J
an
. 0
8
23
. J
an
. 0
8
30
. J
an
. 0
8
6. F
eb
. 0
8
13
. F
eb
. 0
8
20
. F
eb
. 0
8
27
. F
eb
. 0
8
5. M
rz. 0
8
12
. M
rz. 0
8
19
. M
rz. 0
8
26
. M
rz. 0
8
Po
tas
siu
m [
ng
/m³]
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Le
vo
glu
co
sa
n [
ng
/m³]
11250 ng/m³
Concentrations of tracers for biomass combustion Levoglucosan and Potassium- Augsburg, traffic site (SP1), 24h PM10 samples- Winter 2007-2008
PM10 in Augsburg: Daily ambient measurements on organic and inorganic wood combustion tracers
New year evefireworks
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
y = 0,46x + 73
R2
= 0,84
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Levoglucosan [ng/m³]
Po
tass
ium
[ng
/m³]
SP1SP2SP3SP4SP5MS1MS2MS3SP 1 2006-2007
Correlation of different tracers for biomass combustion
Potassium vs. Levoglucosan: CLev = 0.46 CK + 73; R² = 0,84
Levoglucosan vs. Dehydroabietic acid: CDHA = 0.37 CLev – 10; R² = 0,79
Dehydroabietic acid vs. Dehydroabietic acid methylester: CDHAM = 0.06 CDHA + 2.4; R² = 0.75
Data from New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day excluded
SP3
SP2
SP1
MS 3
MS1
SP4
SP5
MS 2
PM2.5 in Augsburg: Daily ambient measurements on organic and inorganic wood combustion tracers
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
SP1
Fraction of primary particles from wood combustion in PM10, Augsburg, traffic related sampling site, SP1
2006-2007 2007-2008
PM10 8.7 - 93.2 µg/m³ (Average 31.8 µg/m³) 5.1 - 98.0 µg/m³ (Average 36.7 µg/m³)
Wood combustion 0.1 - 9.1 µg/m³ (Average 2.4 µg/m³) 0.2 - 15.2 µg/m³ (Average 3.4 µg/m³)
Fraction of PM10 1.3 - 15.5 % (Average 6.6 %) 1.9 - 30,2 % (Average 8,4 %)
0
25
50
75
100
21.1
2.0
6
28.1
2.0
6
04.0
1.0
7
11.0
1.0
7
18.0
1.0
7
25.0
1.0
7
01.0
2.0
7
08.0
2.0
7
15.0
2.0
7
22.0
2.0
7
01.0
3.0
7
08.0
3.0
7
15.0
3.0
7
22.0
3.0
7
PM
10
[µg/m
³]
Particles from wood combustion
Rest PM10
0
25
50
75
100
14.1
1.0
7
21.1
1.0
7
28.1
1.0
7
05.1
2.0
7
12.1
2.0
7
19.1
2.0
7
26.1
2.0
7
02.0
1.0
8
09.0
1.0
8
16.0
1.0
8
23.0
1.0
8
30.0
1.0
8
06.0
2.0
8
13.0
2.0
8
20.0
2.0
8
27.0
2.0
8
05.0
3.0
8
12.0
3.0
8
19.0
3.0
8
26.0
3.0
8
PM
10
[µg/m
³]
Particles from wood combustion
Rest PM10
Winter 2007-2008
Winter 2006-2007
PM10 in Augsburg: Wood burming contribution
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
SP1
Concentrations of Levoglucosan and Benzo[a]pyrene- Augsburg, traffic site (SP1), PM10 samples- Winter 2007-2008- time resolution: 1 day
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
14
-No
v-0
7
21
-No
v-0
7
28
-No
v-0
7
05
-De
c-0
7
12
-De
c-0
7
19
-De
c-0
7
26
-De
c-0
7
02
-Ja
n-0
8
09
-Ja
n-0
8
16
-Ja
n-0
8
23
-Ja
n-0
8
30
-Ja
n-0
8
06
-Fe
b-0
8
13
-Fe
b-0
8
20
-Fe
b-0
8
27
-Fe
b-0
8
05
-Ma
r-08
12
-Ma
r-08
19
-Ma
r-08
26
-Ma
r-08
Be
nzo
[a]p
yre
ne
[n
g/m
³]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Le
vo
glu
co
sa
n [
ng
/m³]
Wood combustion and health relevant compounds:PAH (Benzo[a]pyrene)
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 20100,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
17
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
18
.2.0
8 0
:00
18
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
19
.2.0
8 0
:00
19
.2.0
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2:0
0
20
.2.0
8 0
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20
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
21
.2.0
8 0
:00
21
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
Le
vo
glu
co
sa
n[µ
g/m
³]
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
17
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
18
.2.0
8 0
:00
18
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
19
.2.0
8 0
:00
19
.2.0
8 1
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0
20
.2.0
8 0
:00
20
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
21
.2.0
8 0
:00
21
.2.0
8 1
2:0
0
Le
vo
glu
co
sa
n[µ
g/m
³]
0
2
4
6
8
10
Be
nz[a
]pyre
ne
[ng
/m³]
and Benzo[a]pyreneConcentration of Levoglucosan- Augsburg traffic site (SP 1)
- Time resolution 3 h
Wood combustion and health relevant compounds:PAH (Benzo[a]pyrene)
SP1
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
Be
nzo
[a]a
nth
race
ne
Ch
ryse
ne
Su
m B
en
zo
flu
ora
nth
en
es
Be
nzo
[e]p
yre
ne
Be
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[a]p
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Ind
en
o[1
,2,3
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]pyre
ne
Be
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Wood combustion Brown coal combustion Diesel + unburned fuel oil Traffic (lubricating oil) Biogenic (abrasion) and transport
Source apportionment studies based on organic traces (PMF, SP5):> 80 % of PAH in Augsburg are associated with source factor wood combustion
Wood combustion and health relevant compounds:PAH (benzo[a]pyrene)
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Single particle TD-REMPI Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer
Outlook: Combination of off-line monitoring (GC-MS) and
novel on-line single particle MS measurement technology
� Detection of single particle PAH profiles + reteneBente, Sklorz, Streibel, ZimmermannAnal. Chem. 81 (2009) 2525-2536
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Outlook: TD-REMPI-ATOF-measurements at the aerosol
supersite of the Helmholtz Zentrum München in Augsburg
202
192178
23
152
39
234
252
TD-REMPI-ATOF
Single particlemass spectrum
HMGU super site (SP5) TD-REMPI-ATOFsystem
Single particle MS detectionof PAH and wood
combustion markers
potassium
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Summary
Indicators for PM from Wood combustion: Resin acids, Retene,
Potassium, Levoglucosan, Phenols (Lignin decomposition)
Wood burning emission factors (household heating, Germany): Potassium: 58 µg/mg PM10 Levoglucosan: 126 µg/mg PM10
Ambient concentrations (Augsburg, Germany, winter): About 7.5 %or 2.9 µg/m2 of ambient PM10 originated from wood combustion.
Health relevance suspected to be high: About 80 % of PAH burden (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) explained by wood combustion
Further investigation required: Novel measurement techniques as
well as toxicological in-vitro & in-vivo tests and specific epidemiologic studies shall be implemented to evaluate impact of wood combustion
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Modelled emissions Augsburgmunicipal area
Annual average emission [kg/cell] Average additional load in the cells [µg/m³]
Model Area16.5 km x 25.6 km
Grid size128 m x 128 m
Number of cells25800
Modelled emission only within borders of Augsburg
Distribution on windspeed and direction
Dispersion modelling
Modelled primary particles in ambientPM10 in the heating period 2007-2008
North
South
West East
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Windspeed
(m/s)
>= 7,0
6,0 - 7,0
5,0 - 6,0
4,0 - 5,0
3,0 - 4,0
2,0 - 3,0
1,0 - 2,0
0,5 - 1,0
Calme: 1,02%
North
South
West East
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
North
South
West East
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
North
South
West East
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Windspeed
(m/s)
>= 7,0
6,0 - 7,0
5,0 - 6,0
4,0 - 5,0
3,0 - 4,0
2,0 - 3,0
1,0 - 2,0
0,5 - 1,0
Calme: 1,02%
Windspeed
(m/s)
>= 7,0
6,0 - 7,0
5,0 - 6,0
4,0 - 5,0
3,0 - 4,0
2,0 - 3,0
1,0 - 2,0
0,5 - 1,0
Calme: 1,02%
Emission model for biomass combustion sources in Augsburg municipal areaImpact of local and regional (city) sources on PM10 concentrations
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Correlation of PAH with tracers for biomass combustion
Benzo[a]pyrene vs. Levoglucosan: CBAP = 0,0036 CLev -0.14, R² = 0,79
0
2
4
6
8
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Levoglucosan [ng/m³]
Be
nzo
[a]p
yre
ne
[ng
/m³]
SP1SP2SP3SP4SP5MS1MS2MS3
SP3
S
P
2
S
P
1
MS
3
M
S1
S
P
4
S
P
5
MS
2
Wood combustion and health relevant compounds:PAH (benzo[a]pyrene)
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
SP1
Composition of ambient particulate matterAugsburg, traffic site (SP1), 24h PM10 samples
Monthly averages (n=140)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
November 2007 December 2007 January 2008 February 2008 March 2008
µg/m
³
OM
EC
(NH4)2SO4
NH4NO3
NaCl
Fe
Ca
Mg
Zn
K
Other Metals*
Rest
Al, Si not analyzed
PM10 in Augsburg: Ambient measurements
R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. R. Zimmermann et al. A&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality SpecA&WMA, Air Quality Specialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10ialty Meeting, Xian, China 10th th th th ---- 14141414thththth May 2010May 2010May 2010May 2010
Emissions
Hopanes and Steranes ���� Fossil fuels (Oil, Coal)
n-Alkanes ���� Diesel, lubricating oil, plant debris
Levoglucosan ���� Biomass combustion
Dehydroabietic acid ���� Coniferous wood combustion
Cholesterol ���� Cooking
iso-, anteiso-Alkanes ���� Cigarette smoke
Atmospheric Processes
Aromatic acids ���� Photo oxidation of aromatic compounds
(anthropogenic)
Isopentantetrols ���� Isoprene oxidation (biogenic)
