ANALYSIS OF WATER DISTIBUTION NETWORK SYSTEM BY …

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www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1990]

ANALYSIS OF WATER DISTIBUTION NETWORK SYSTEM BY USING E-

PANET SOFTWARE

Arepalli Mangapathi*1, Kommathoti Sumanth*2

*1,2 Lecturer’s, Department Of Civil Engineering, Dhanekula Institute Of Engineering &Technology

Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT

Pipe network analysis of looped water distribution system is tedious. Especially when number of loops are

more i.e., for big network it is difficult and time taking to analyse. To overcome this difficulty, a software

program for pipe network analysis is required. In this present study, a EPANET software program is used for

stimulating pipe network analysis.

Linear Theory Method is one of the efficient successive approximation methods for solving pipe networks. In

this method linear energy equations for all the loops and continuity equation for all the nodes of the network

are prepared and these simultaneous equations are solved by gauss elimination method.

The developed project can also be used for designing the pipe network system. The developed network is

applied to water distribution network of Vinchipeta which is located in Vijayawada city and results are

discussed.

Keywords : stimulating, Network analysis, loops.

I. INTRODUCTION

Distribution system are generally consist of pipe which carries water, valves to regulate the flow, storage tanks

to store the water , reservoirs, meters, fittings and other hydraulic appurtenances that attached to the

treatment plants or wells that supplies to consumer’s taps. The characteristics maintenance requirements and

the features of the basic network components in a drinking water distribution system.

PIPES

The aim of the pipes are to carry the water from the source such as a treatment plant to the consumer are often

categorized from highest to lowest transmission or trunk mains, service lines and premise plumbing. Service

lines of any size depending on quantity of water that required to serve a particular area. Distribution system is

a system of pipelines that carries water to the consumers.

They are to be designed to satisfy the water requirement for a combination of Commercial Industrial and

Domestic, .

Pipe Network Configurations:

The two basic pipe network for most water distribution systems are the branched network and grid/loop type

system. Design of pipe networks for carrying the water is very much dependent on the specific topographical

maps and the street layouts. In a given neighborhood A typical design must consists of transmission mains far-

out from 1.59 to 2.12 km apart with two-service mains spaced 900 to 1200m apart. Service mains are to be

located in every street.

Software application Method:

EPANET is a software application that is widely used in the entire world to model water distribution systems. It

is mainly used as a tool for understanding the state and movement of water constituents within the

distribution systems. It is also used for different types of applications such as distribution systems analysis.

And also it has the ability to perform pressure dependent demands in hydraulic analyses. There is no limit for

the size of network that can be analyzed.

Requirements Of Good Distribution System:

Adequate water pressure for the consumer's taps for a specific rate of flow (i.e., pressures should be good

enough to meet consumer needs).Pressures should be good enough to meet fire fighting needs. At well as the

pressures shouldn’t be more because of the pressure that developed in the head brings heavy cost





consideration and if the pressure gets increases leakages are also increases with pressure. Note: In tower

buildings, it is often necessary to provide reciprocating pumps to raise the water to upper floors.

Purity of distribution water should be maintained. This requires distribution system to be completely water-

tight Maintenance then only this system should be easy and economical. Water should be available during

breakdown periods of pipeline.In this system of distribution if one pipe bursts, it keeps a large area without

distribution of water. If a pipe line is under maintenance or gets breakdown, the water must be available to the

population who living in the down-stream side. During maintenance's, it could not cause any objection to the

traffic. The pipelines shall not be placed or laid below the highways, carriage ways, these can be placed below

foot paths.

II. THE FLOW EQUATIONS

Solving network flow problems involves solving the large number of simultaneous, nonlinear equations.

These are two steps in solving these equations. Setting up the equations so that there

are exactly as many independent equations as unknowns and actually solving the resulting set of

equations using some numerical procedure . One of the approach is to use then rate flow in the various

pipes as the unknowns and the setting up and solving a total number of np equations (where np is

number of pipes).That is by obtaining one energy equation for each equations are called the flow

equations, as the flows are unknown. The flow equations, are given below for system with L loops

and n nodes.

∑

∑

∑ (q=1,2,3……N)

Where

hlil=Head loss inith pipe in lth loop.

hpkl=Head provided by kth pipe in lth loop.

dhl=change in head between constant head nodes.

Qiq=flow in qth node from ith pipe connected to the node

mi=number of pumps in ith loop

pi=number of pumps in ith loop

nq=number of pipes in qthloop

uq=consumptive use of qthnode

In order to solve the above equation, it is necessary to substitute the appropriate head loss equation (i.e. Hazen-

Williams or Darcy Welsbach) for the h’s and a pump head for thehp’s.

THE NODE EQUATIONS:

The continuity equations to be solved at each node written as ∑

Qi=flow in to node i from kth connected pipe.(l3/T)

Ui=consumptive use at node i(L3/T)

mi=number of pipes connected to node i.

The energy and continuity equation can be combined by substituting the energy equation i.e.,

equation for head loss in each pipe in the continuity equation .

Head loss equation for a single pipe h=k(Qn) can be written as

Hi - Hj =kij*(Qn) sign(Qij)

Where

Hi=head at ithnode.

Ki=head loss coefficient for pipe from node into nodej

Qij = flow in pipe from node i to node j (L3/T)





Nij = exponent in head loss equation for pipe from i to j

Sing(Qij) = sign for flow ith to jth node.

The energy and continuity equation can be combined by substituting the energy equation i.e. head loss

for each flow in the continuity equation to give

∑ ( )

The above equations is example of node equation there is one such equation for each lode and

unknown(Hi) for each equation. These equations are nonlinear.

LOOP EQUATION:

The loop equations may be written as

Ki*sign(Qii+Qi)*(Qii+Qi)n=dhii=1,2,3…..Qii=initial estimate of the flow in ithpipe(L3/T) (or) earlier iteration

value.

Qi=correction to flow in ith loop.

Mi= number of pipes in ith loop.

L= number of loops.

III. NUMERICAL SOLUTION TECHNIQUES

Once the system of equations describing the pipe network has been developed, some numerical technique is

required to arrive at a solution. Three commonly used techniques are as follows:

The linear theory method, which linearizes the system of equations ,solves the linear equation and

substitutes the solution of the linearized equation back into the original system of non–linear equation to

check for convergence.

Newton Raphson method, which convergence to the solution using the derivative of each of the equation to

speed convergence.

Hardy cross method which iterates using one equation at a time.

Software application Method:

As mentioned earlier, the continuity equations are linear and energy equation are nonlinear, then

∑

Where

=flow in ith pipe in loop (L3/T)

a=constant

dh=difference in water elevation in tanks or zero for loops, L.

N=number of pipes in a loop.

The trick to linearize the energy equations is to let be a constant for a given iteration. The results in a

system of linear equations which can be solved using some of the powerful techniques for solving linear

equations (e.g.: Gauss elimination method)

The term will also contain the coefficient for the pump head characteristics equations. Writing the terms this

way results in a set of L+N-1 linear equations with the same number of unknowns. For this purpose a’s must be

double scripted. The first subscript refer to the number of the loop while the second refers to the number of

pipes.

The entire system of equations becomes:

=d

=d…………linear equations





=

=

…………….(n-1)

linear equations.

If pipes is in the loop i

aij = 0 If pipe j is not in loop i

If flow in pipe j is positive in to node i

If flow in pipe is negative in to node i

If pipe j not connected to node i

To solve the network problem it is necessary to solve the linear system of equations re-calculates the a-terms

and resolve the linear equations repeatedly until the solution convergence.

EPANET

The EPANET computer based software which is used for water distribution of network analysis which is

composed of two parts: (1) the input data file and (2) the EPANET computer program. The data file which

define the property of the pipes, the ends of the pipe which are known as the nodes, and therefore the pumps

and valves which are known as the control components present in the pipe network. The EPANET software

solves the nonlinear energy equations as well as linear mass equations for pressures at ends (nodes) and flow

rates in pipes.

Input data file:

The EPANET input file,can generated automatically by MIKE NET,which includes the descriptions of the

physical characteristics of pipes,nodes. and therefore the inter connectivity of the pipes during network system

of pipe.The layout of the water distribution network can be represented graphically with a desired

distribution network.For the values of the pipe network parameters are entered through the dialog boxes.

Therefore the MIKE NET creates an EPANET input file format which is required to run the analysis. The pipe

characteristics such as the length,minor loss coefficient, inside diameter and roughness coefficient of the

pipe.is shows the each pipe features which defined positive flow direction and two ends(nodes). The

parameters of nodes contains the hydraulic grade line elevation, and pressure water demand or supply.

Epanet computer software program:

The EPANET software was developed by the United States of America EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).

This software program can compute the flow rates in the pipes then HGL at the ends of the nodes. This

calculation of flow rates involves several the repetition of a process because the energy and mass equations are

nonlinear. The number of repetitions depends on the systems of network equation and the user-specified

accuracy. A satisfactory solution of the flow rates must meet the specified exactness, the law of conservation of

mass and energy in the water distribution system, and any other requirements imposed by the user. The

calculation of HGL requires no repetitions because the equations of network are linear. Once the flow analysis

is complete, the water quality computations are then performed.

Analysis Methods:

Three types of detailed examination may be performed using MIKE NET: steady state (static) analysis, extended

period (dynamic) analysis, and water quality analysis. study Ideal state analysis is used to analysis the pipe

flow rates and the ends node HGL in a steady state pipe network system. Extended period analysis simulates

the continuous flow rate and pressure changes over a period of time. Water quality analysis is employed to

compute the age of water, perform source tracking, calculate the fate of a dissolved substance, or determine the

expansion or decay of a substance.

Steady State Hydraulics:

The calculation of the rate of flow and pressure for a constant pipe network system is called a steady state

analysis. This analysis calculate the pipe flow rates and the node hydraulic grade line elevations (HGL) so that





the conservation of mass and energy are satisfied. The pipe network system consist of pumps, check valves, and

various types of control valve.

IV. INSTALLATION

EPANET 2 may be a program that carryout hydraulic and water quality feign of beverage distribution systems.

For a basic set of input file associated with the geometry of the network and therefore the water demand levels

in it, the programme is in a position to work out the running of water in each pipe, the pressure at each pipe

junction, the flows and heads at each pump, and therefore the water depth in each tank . Additional information

on water quality parameters are to calculate the attentiveness of a substance through the distribution system.

additionally to substance attentiveness, water age and source tracing also can be simulated. The user is in a

position to edit EPANET 2 files and, after running the simulation, display the results on a colour-coded map of

the distribution network system and generate additional tables view of graphs of those results. The calculations

made by EPANET can help in solving all kinds of practical problems, such as: – the planning of latest extensions

and pumping stations, – the analysis of pumps’ energy and price , – the optimal operation which may guarantee

delivery of sufficient water quality and pressure, – the assessment of network reliability, – the event of effective

flushing programmes, – the utilization of satellite treatment, like re-chlorination at storage tanks, – the

diagnosis of water quality problems, etc.

EPANET 2 software (EN2setup.exe) and its manual (EN2manual.pdf) are within the property right and may be

downloaded from the web site of the United states Environmental Protection Agency. This site is definitely

accessible through any program (e.g. ‘Google’), by using the keyword ‘Epanet’.

The file EN2setup.exe contains a self-extracting setup programme. The installation process starts after double-

clicking of the file. The default programme directory is c:\Program Files\EPANET2, which may be changed

during the method which will be fully completed in only a couple of seconds. After the programme has been

installed, the beginning Menu will have a replacement item named EPANET 2.0. to start out the programme,

choose

Start Programs Epanet 2.0

V. STUDYAREA

Vinchipeta is one of the important area in the Vijayawada City. It is the 40th Division of VMC. Source of the

Water supply is Head Water Works, Vijayawada. Census details are collected by door survey is 28,939.

Vinchipeta Colony (Division 40):

Census details are collected by door to door survey is 28939.

Peak factor for design purpose is considered as 8.

All the pipes in the Vinchipeta are CI pipes are CC pipes.

Element length and design parameters are furnished on the linediagram

Residual pressure heads in the network are varying from a minimum 0.056M to maximum 0.26 to H.W.L

The pressure and the variety of main is adequated and 20% physical loses are added to the flow.

Hazen – William’s coefficient for AC pipes is taken as 110.

Per capita demand water requirement are assumed to 92 LPCD including physical loses.





Inputs of the E–PANET Programme

Total no of loops and no. of nodes.

Length and diameters of all the pipes

Elevation and demand of all the nodes.

Total no of pipes in a loop.

Pipe numbers and sign of the pipe depending on the clockwise or anticlockwise flow of every pipe is connected

in that particular loop.

Step c and e are repeated for all the loops of the prepared pipe network.

Total no of pipes connected to a node, outflow(LPS) are reduced ground level of particular node.

Pipe number and sign of the pipe dependency upon the inflow or outflow for each & every pipe connected to

the particular node.

Nodes connectivity is given.

Output of E- Panet Software

The output of the E- Panet software will contains two tables

The first table consists of Elevation , Demand , Head loss and pressure of each node.

The same table consists of Flow, Velocity, Unit Head loss, Fiction factor and status of each pipe





NETWORK MAP

Table with Loops containing Nodes Numbers and Pipe Number

Loop Nodes Pipes Node Numbers Pipe Numbers

1 5 5 6,7,8,9,10 1,5,6,4,119

2 5 5 8,9,16,17,23 119,22,14,23,24

3 7 7 7,8,23,22,21,12,11 4,24,25,26,27,3,2

4 4 4 16,15,17,18 14,15,121,120

5 4 4 17,18,22,23 15,21,23,25

6 6 6 22,21,2,4,19,18 7,8,9,16,26,21

7 4 4 18,149,14,15 12,19,121,16

8 4 4 13,14,19,20 11,10,19,17

9 4 4 19,20,4,5 17,9,20,78

10 4 4 2,3,4,5 78,18,8,76

11 4 4 2,3,12,21 76,13,7,27

12 10 10 13,27,25,26,24,11, 3,5,12,20 10,32,31,30,29,28,3,13,18,20

13 11 11 27,68,69,70,71,67,59,58,42,25,26 94,95,96,97,98,93,67,66,57,30,31

14 5 5 24,25,31,38,42 29,57,42,41,40

15 4 4 24,31,32,28 33,40,39,54

16 4 4 28,29,32,33 34,38,51,54

17 4 4 29,30,33,34 35,36,37,51

18 4 4 33,34,35,36 37,47,50,52

19 4 4 32,33,36,37 38,48,52,55

20 4 4 31,32,37,38 39,41,49,55

21 4 4 37,38,41,42 42,43,49,56

22 4 4 36,37,40,41 44,48,53,56

23 4 4 35,36,39,40 45,46,47,53

24 10 10 39,40,41,44,49,48,47,46,45,43 43,44,45,39,65,64,63,62,61,59

25 6 6 41,42,44,53,54,58 43,65,75,83,77,66





Loop Nodes Pipes Node Numbers Pipe Numbers

26 4 4 54,55,58,59 67,68,77,84

27 4 4 46,47,48,50 61,62,74,79

28 4 4 48,49,50,51 63,73,79,80,

29 5 5 44,49,51,52,53 64,72,75,80,81

30 4 4 52,53,54,57 71,81,82,83

31 4 4 54,55,56,57 69,78,82,84

32 6 6 55,56,59,60,64,67 68,69,85,92,93,122

33 4 4 60,61,64,65 86,91,122,123

34 4 4 61,62,65,66 87,90,123,124

35 3 3 62,63,66 88,89,124

36 3 3 63,73,79 101,112,113

37 4 4 73,74,79,80 102,111,113,114

38 4 4 74,75,80,81 103,110,114,115

39 4 4 75,76,81,82 104,109,115,116

40 4 4 76,77,82,83 105,108,116,117

41 4 4 77,78,83,84 106,107,117,126

42 14 14 63,64,65,66,67,73,74,75,76,77,78,70,7

1,72

89,90,91,92,97,98,100,101,102,1

03,104 ,105,106,118

43 3 3 69,70,72 96,99,100

Basic input of Epanet Program:

Table with pipe numbers, Start node, End node, Length and Diameter of Pipes

Table with Demands, Elevations and Pressures of Nodes:





Network Map with Loops,Nodes and Junction





Result and Network for EPANET Program

Network Map with Elevation and Flow

Network Map with Time and Chemical

Resultant Table For Network Map Resultant Tables For Nodes of etwork Map:





Resultant Tables For Pipes Of Network Map:





VI. CONCLUSION

The distribution network in the Vinchipeta is workout according to the requirement of those days and it is not

preferable to the future (2042) supplies and demands.

Hence a new network has to be workout to meet the upcoming demands and to reach the consumer at door

step. The newly workout network is laid according to highway pattern using Master Plan in view of the addition

of town in future. Two new zones identified for the construction of reservoir to meet the needs of those zones

respectively.

The design capacity of present distribution network is 15.55 MLD which is not sufficient for demand of

19.80MLD. Hence the two number of reservoirs must bear a capacity to supress the excess demand.

Let the capacity of reserviors may be choosen at 2 MLD each. These reservoirs may be joined with the

designed network at proposed location.

VII. REFERENCES [1] Design Of Water Supply Distribution Network Using Epanet Software For Palahalli Village, Mandya

District, Karnataka madhusudhan M S1, Anand V Shivapur2, Basavaraj D Badiger3

[2] Water Demand Analysis Of Municipal Water Supply Using Epanet software arun kumar M.1, Nethaji

Mariappanv.E. 2

[3] Study Of Water Distribution Network Using Epanetishani Gupta1, Dr. R.K. Khitoliya2, Dr. Shakti

Kumar3

[4] Design Of Water Distribution Network Using Epanet Softwareathulya.T1, Anjali.K.Ullas2

[5] Study Of Water Distribution Network Using Epanet modeling Approach agboka Komi Mensah1*, Alfa

Tchakpalaessossinammatonzibiyou

[6] Design Of Water Supply Pipe Networks In Nit Srinagar Using Epanet Software

[7] Hydraulic Modeling Of Water Supply Network Using Epanetshivalingaswami.S.Halagalimath1,

Vijaykumar.H2, Nagaraj.S.Patil3

[8] Network Analysis Of Water Distribution System In Rural Areas Using Epanet

[9] Design Of Water Distribution System Using Epanet Dr. Arjun Kumar Eshita Dey





[10] Case Study On Designing Water Supply Distribution Network Using Epanet For Zone-I Of Village

Kherali

[11] Analysis Of Head-Loss Equations Under Epanet And Hardy Cross Methodi.I. Nwajuaku1, Y.M. Wakawa2,

O.J. Adibeli3

[12] Smart Design Of Domestic Water Supply Network Using Epanet 2.0 Software For Chityala, Nandigudem,

Vadalakunta And Bhimolu Villages In West Godavari District Of Andhra Pradesh Statekarthik Datta

Challa, Sandhya Kiran J.K., Chandoli. Abhinav, S. Swetha Sri

[13] Analysis And Design Of Water Distribution Network Using Epanet: A Case Study Of Hstu Campus Of

Dinajpur, Bangladesh

[14] Water Distribution Network Using Epanet: A Case Study Of Olpad Village1nisha Patel2ankita Parmar

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