Analysis of Social Impacts of Urban Ritual Events with ... #12/2_Bhandari.pdf · Literature review...
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Analysis of Social Impacts of Urban Ritual Events with Reference to Building Disaster
Resilience: Case Studies of Nepal and Japan
ByRoshan Bhakta Bhandari
Graduate School of Engineering ,Kyoto University
Prof. Norio OkadaDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University
Ass. Prof. Muneta YokomatsuDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University
Hitoshi IkeoGraduate School of Engineering ,Kyoto University
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Presentation outline
Background – RitualsCase study areasResearch objectivesLiterature SurveyResearch Questions / HypothesisQuestionnaire survey findingsConclusion
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Background
Highlights the scope of rituals as a non-structural measureto reduce disaster risk
Addresses the problem of developing social capacity
Strengthen knowledge, skill, abilities and behavior of individuals, and improve social processes so that community organization can efficiently meet its goal to reduce disaster risk
Develop community resilience
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Rituals ?
Durkheim (1915) relates rituals as sacred social functions, create feeling of social solidarity and maintain the social order
Turner (1979) relates rituals as more dynamic than static, create social transformation (social conflict) rather than maintaining social cohesion
Rituals influence human behavior
For this study the concept of rituals used is similar to Knottnerus (1997); dynamic events occurring in both secular and sacred context; and with profound significance in social life and behavior of people
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Case Study Areas and Rituals
Lalitpur City, NepalMunicipality area – 15.4 sq.km; Constitute 22 wards ; Population density varies from 540 - 46 people/ hectare; Total population – 115,865 ; Prone to earthquake hazard – every 75 years ; Famous for ritual event “Machhendranath Rath Jatra”
N
Kathmandu Valley(Source: KVMP, 2001)Core area of Lalitpur (Source: KVMP, 2001)
Lalitpur City
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Procession along different city open spaces
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Machhendranath Rath Jatra, Lalitpur City
Dynamic environment / Lasts for months
Residents/volunteers participate( > 50,000 people)Regional participation
Social SignificancePromotes face to face interactions /communications
Many sub events –human injury, theft, crowd and chaos (Managed by indigenous community system Guthi)
Repeated annually
Began as water ritual / related to infrastructure management
Embedded in way of life / Part of socio-cultural life
Local beliefs:rituals related to disasters
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Kishiwada City, Osaka, Japan (Source: Kishiwada City Office, 2009)
300 m 600 m
Danjiriroute
Natural hazard prone area – flood, typhoon, earthquake ; Total area - 72.24 sq.km; Population density –2760/ sq.km ;180 major community organization (Chonaikai); 81,880 households and total population –203,317; Famous for DanjiriMatsuri
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Daikugata(carpenters)
Sewanin(Leader,45-55 yrs) Wakagasira
(experienced, 35-45 yrs)
Sourendan(Not experienced, <15 yrs)
Fukukaicho(elders)
Seinendan(Musicians, 15 – 25 yrs)
Chonaikai level hierarchies to conduct Danjiri Matsuri (origin 1703)Ritual and disaster : reminds of cholera outbreak in 1903 ;
renowned as “kenka matsuri ”, dangerous and bloodySocial significance : sense of commitment towards one’s Cho ;
broad participation
Danjiri Matsuri, Kishiwada City
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Attention(Salience)
Symbolic elements that draws focus of attention or awareness
Repetitiveness
Degree to which actors engage in repetitive act , to perform RSPs (ritualized symbolic practices)
Interdependence(Homologousness)
Involvement of multiple actors, performing the assigned task
Resources
Human resources such as knowledge, skill of actors;Non-human resources such as equipments / tools
• Builds emotional intensity• Group Commitment /solidarity
Theoretical Perspective on Rituals - Structural Ritualization Theory(David J.Knottnerus, 1997) : Factors influencing actor’s commitment to group during ritual process
Ritual Process (Social Role)
Ritual Outcome (Social Impact)
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Objectives
ResearchObjectives
Implication
Analyze ritual Outcome / Impact
Social capital and trust developed through rituals for communitydisaster resilience.
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Research Questions
What are the possible social impacts of rituals and how do they help to make communities resilient to disaster risks?
How can social capital development be analyzed in terms of impacts of rituals?
To what extent do ritual outcomes such as social capital and trust contributes to the development of disaster resilient communities?
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Literature review (Ritual Impacts)
Social Capital
Resources embedded in social networks and facilitate to solve collective action problems (Coleman, 1990;Putman, 1993)
Involves social norm, obligations/trust, relationships
Utilized in community disaster response (Dynes, 2005)
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Concept of Social Capital
Leader
Participation
Trust
Social Norm
Network
Bonding Social Capital
` Leader
Participation
Trust
Social Norm
Network
Bonding Social Capital
Academics NGO/CBOLocalAdministration
Neighborhood - A
Neighborhood - B
Bridging Social Capital
Bridging Social Capital
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Literature Review (Ritual Impacts) contd..Disaster Resilience
Ability of communities to cope with external stresses / disturbances as a result of socio-political or environmental change (Adger, 2000)
Measured by intention to get prepared for disasters (Paton, 2001)
Depends on how quickly community can switch to disaster mode from normal mode and vice versa
Rituals are conceptualized in this study as a medium to enhance community resilience
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Protective FactorsBuilt-in resilience
Risk FactorsHazards
Rituals / Social
Functions
Daily Problem Solving
Community Development
Civic Sense
CBDRM
Disaste
rResiliency
Process
Risk FactorsHazardsProtective Factors
Community in normal mode
Community in disaster mode
Resilient communities
Enhance
d Community
Capac
ity
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Study Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1Perceived gain from urban ritual events has significant relationship with the development of social capital in the communities at Kishiwada and Lalitpur
Hypothesis 2Social capital built through urban ritual events contributes to enhancing hazard awareness and self reliance of people that helps them to cope with disaster risks
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Findings
Kishiwada•485 responses received from 1400 questionnaire sheets distributed
• 83.3% female respondents and 16.7 % male respondents
Kathmandu • 236 responses collected
• 27% female respondents and 73 % male respondents
Age group of respondents
30-4934%50-59
26%
<204% 20-29
13%60-6917%
>706%
<2020-2930-4950-5960-69>70
Age group of respondents
<2 0 yrs0 .4%
20 -2 9 yrs2 .9 %
70 < yrs0 .4%60 -69 yrs
0 .8%
50 -59 yrs6 .2%
3 0-49 yrs89 .3 %
<20 yrs
20-29 yrs
30-49 yrs
50-59 yrs
60-69 yrs
70< yrs
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KishiwadaKathmandu
87.3
8.03.0 1.7
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
100.0
Every year Once in 2-3 yrs Rarely Not at all
% o
f Res
pond
ents
% of respondents
57.9
3.1
32.8
6.2
0.010.0
20.030.040.050.0
60.070.0
Everyyear
Once in 2-3 years
Rarely Not at all
% R
espo
nden
ts
% ofrespondents
Frequency of ritual participation
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19Pearson Correlation Coefficients **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Multiple Correlation Analysis (Ritual, Social Capital and Disaster Variables)Comparison of Kishiwada and Kathmandu
Perceived Gain
Perceived Loss
Frequency of Participation
Self Reliance
Bridging Social Capital
Bonding Social Capital
HazardAwareness Trust
Trust .280**
.284**-.193**
-.138**-.0120.083
.173**
0.06.168**
0.081.441**
.302**.240**
.1161.01.0
HazardAwareness
.147*
.063.048
-.140**-.012.136**
-.004-.125
.210**
.288**.254**
.240**1.01.0
Bonding Social Capital
.116.178**
.038
.019.035.152*
.042-.133*
.390**
.382**1.01.0
Bridging Social Capital
.104
.101-.059.01
.073
.021.033-.103
1.01.0
Self Reliance .044.095
.005-.078
-.085.019
1.01.0
Frequency of
Participation
.051
.078-.125*
.203**1.01.0
Perceived Loss
-.263**
-.0821.01.0
Perceived Gain
1.01.0
KishiwadaKathmandu
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KishiwadaIncrease in trust results in an increase in hazard awareness (HA) and self reliance Change in one standard deviation of the predictor variable (hazard awareness) will result in 28 percent change in the standard deviation of the target variable (self reliance)
*Significant at 0.05, ** Significant at 0.01
(x2 = 106.3, D.F. = 89, p = 0.101), RMSEA = 0.02, GFI = 0.951, NFI = 0.897
Structural Equation Modeling
KathmanduCasual relationship among variables limited to only Bonding Social Capital (BoSc), Bridging Social Capital (BrSc) and HABoSc and BrSc contribute to the development of HA
**Significant at 0.01
(x2 = 23.2, D.F. = 12, p = 0. 026), RMSEA = 0.06, GFI = 0.978, NFI = 0.93
Self Reliance
0.28* 1.46 **
Hazard Awareness
Trust
Perceived Gain
0.47**
Bonding Social Capital
0.86**
Disaster VariablesRitual & Social Capital Variables
- . 002
Hazard Awareness
Bridging Social Capital
0.361**
Bonding Social Capital
0.463**
Disaster Variable
Social Capital Variables
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JapanBoSc and perceived gain from rituals build trust which in turn is important for hazard awareness and self reliance.
NepalBonding and bridging capital contribute towards hazard awareness.
Perceived loss is negatively correlated with frequency of participation (FOP) in rituals
Perceived loss is positively correlated with FOP in rituals
Shows that attitude of people towards rituals is positive
People don’t seem to have positive attitude towards rituals
In SEM, BrSc not contributing to disaster variables. However, it can be helpful in terms of coping with disasters when wider/ regional support is required; rituals can be utilized for this purpose
BoSc is negatively correlated with Self Reliance ; indicates that higher the intra community networks, less self reliant people become i.e. people relying more on community than oneself to cope with disasters
Rituals help to develop social capital and enhance resilience
Rituals develop Social capital, but its contribution to resilience not significant
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Hypothesis 1- “Perceived gain from urban ritual events has significant relationship with the development of social capital in the communities at Kishiwada and Lalitpur” is supported.
Hypothesis 2 - “Social capital built through urban ritual events contributes to enhancing hazard awareness and self reliance of people that helps them to cope with disaster risks”
Kishiwada, Japan - supportedKathmandu, Nepal - partly supported (SC variables do contribute to enhance hazard awareness)
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Summary
Study carried out in ritual based communities of Japan and Nepal shows that rituals are significantly related to the development of social capital
In Japan, rituals are significantly correlated to the development of trust; trust enhances hazard awareness and self reliance
In Nepal, people are less self reliant and more dependent on community/government
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ConclusionExplains ritual outcomes namely; the development of emotional intensity & social integrity (social capital / trust), and its implications in enhancing disaster resilience
Synergetic effect of rituals in the development of social capital; activated social networks can give a momentum to disaster risk reduction efforts
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) shows that perceived gain from rituals, bonding social capital and trust predict hazard awareness and self reliance in Japan
In Nepal, bonding and bridging social capital predict hazard awareness; people are less self reliant
Results indicate that changing level of resilience should set up different priorities depending on socio-cultural and economic context –future studies will highlight this aspect
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Policy ImplicationsRituals set an example of socially implementable practice
Key factors that help policy makers to understand how a socially viable action can be developed for disaster risk reduction:
Linking disaster risk reduction practices with local beliefs and livelihood strategies
Utilizing ritual based social organizations for disaster risk reduction
Further possibilities:
Utilize rituals as a risk communication tool
Promote disaster education through rituals
Town watching
Disaster drill / Community based disaster response strategies
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Outline of Questionnaire SurveyHazard Awareness
Do you often talk with your neighbors about disaster related matters? (1= not at all, 2= not often, 3= sometimes, 4= often, 5= very often)Have you ever taken a look at your cities hazard map? Would you evacuate when there is an evacuation warning?
Bonding Social CapitalWhat level of interaction do you have with your neighbors?How many people in the neighborhood do you interact with?How often do you greet or talk with your neighbors?How often do you meet with your relatives?How often do you participate in the following community activities or gatherings: youth clubs , neighborhood safety, local campaigns, local tradesman?
Bridging Social CapitalHow often do you participate in the following community activities or gatherings: sport events, NGO activities, religious / political functions?
Self RelianceWho do you think is responsible for making evacuation decisions? (1= self, 2= self or CBO, 3= CBO, 4= CBO or Government, 5= Government, 6= Others)Who do you think is responsible for handling supplies such as drinking water or food during disaster?Who do you think is responsible to contact and assist evacuations of people who can’t evacuate by themselves such as elderly people living alone?
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Perceived gain from ritualIt helps to understand the local culture ( highly agree , agree, neutral, disagree, highly disagree)Helps to build sense of communityHelps to get closer with people in communityBuild awareness about neighborhood features
Perceived loss from ritualWhat is the perceived loss (in terms of time, money, disturbance of daily routine, chaos, noise and environmental pollution) from the festivities? ( 5 = very high to 1= very low)
Frequency of participationHow often do you participate in Danjiri? (1= every year , 2= once in 2-3 years, 3= very rarely , 4= not at all)
TrustMost people in this neighborhood are willing to help if you need it ( Highly agree to highly disagree)I trust most people in my neighborhoodIn this neighborhood, one has to be alert or someone is likely to advantage of you
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Comparative findings from communities with and without rituals in Lalitpur, Nepal
Community with Rituals (mean rating)
Community without Rituals (mean rating)
Sense of Community 3.82 3.76
Community Participation
4.13 4.06
Social Support 4.23 4.28
Empowerment 3.37 3.69
Trust 3.21 3.37
Difference in sense of community, community participation, social support, empowerment and trust in two communities is statistically significant (alpha =0.05)
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Questionnaire Sample (Source: Douglas Paton, 2001)1. Sense of Community In regard to living in this community generally, please describe the extent to which each statement applies to you Strongly
agree Agree Neither
Agree nor disagree
Disagree Strongly disagree
I think my neighbourhood is a good place for me to live 5 4 3 2 1
People in this neighbourhood do not share the same values 5 4 3 2 1
My neighbours and I want the same things from the neighbourhood 5 4 3 2 1
I can recognize most of the people who live in my neighbourhood 5 4 3 2 1
I feel at home in this neighbourhood 5 4 3 2 1 Very few of my neighbours know me 5 4 3 2 1 I care about what my neighbours think of me 5 4 3 2 1 I have almost no influence over what this neighbourhood is like 5 4 3 2 1
If there is a problem in this neighbourhood people who live here can solve it 5 4 3 2 1
It is very important to me to live in this particular neighbourhood 5 4 3 2 1
People in this neighbourhood generally do not get along with each other 5 4 3 2 1
I expect to live in this neighbourhood for a long time 5 4 3 2 1
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Community Participation In regard to participating in life in this community, please describe how often you undertake each of the following. Often Sometimes Rarely Never I have worked with others on something to improve my neighbourhood 4 3 2 1
I participate in local activities or events (e.g., festivals, fetes, fairs) 4 3 2 1
I have contributed money, food or clothing to local causes, charities, or others in my community 4 3 2 1
I have attended a public meeting on a community issue 4 3 2 1
I have been involved in volunteer activities intended to benefit my community (e.g., fundraising, clean-up days, local groups, Scouts/Brownies).
4 3 2 1
Social Support In regard to your general feelings about living in this community, please describe the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement. Strongly
agree Agree Neither
Agree nor disagree
Disagree Strongly disagree
If need be, I would trust my neighbours to watch my home when I am away 5 4 3 2 1
The friendships and associations I have with other people in my neighbourhood mean a lot to me
5 4 3 2 1
People in my neighbourhood lend things or exchange favours with one another 5 4 3 2 1
People in my neighbourhood are happy to help one another 5 4 3 2 1
My neighbours are willing to provide advice to me if I ask for it. 5 4 3 2 1
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Empowerment In regard to what happens in your community, in general, to what extent do you think that: Always A great
deal Sometimes Not very
much Not at all
Voting in local elections influences what happens in my community 5 4 3 2 1
Voting in local elections helps solve local problems 5 4 3 2 1
Community groups can get something done about local problems 5 4 3 2 1
I feel that I can influence what happens in my community 5 4 3 2 1
I feel that I see positive results from participating in community activities 5 4 3 2 1
I feel that I have an active part in keeping this community going 5 4 3 2 1
I care about how my community looks 5 4 3 2 1 I feel that what happens in this community can affect my life 5 4 3 2 1
I have strong opinions about the way things are done by elected representatives 5 4 3 2 1
I think that elected representatives seriously consider my opinions 5 4 3 2 1
I think that elected representatives try to influence what goes on in my community 5 4 3 2 1
Trust In regard to your general feelings about living in this community, please describe the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement. Strongly
agree Agree Neither
Agree nor disagree
Disagree Strongly disagree
I trust my Local Government to respond to meet the needs of its residents 5 4 3 2 1
I trust the community leaders in my community 5 4 3 2 1
I trust the media (newspapers, TV, radio) to report fairly 5 4 3 2 1
I trust my Local Government to do what is right for the people they represent 5 4 3 2 1
I have confidence in the law to protect and maintain order in my community 5 4 3 2 1
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Structural Equation Modeling
Legend
= ksi
= eta
= phi
= gamma
= beta
= zeta
= delta
= epsilon
= manifest variable (exogenous construct)
= manifest variable (endogenous construct)
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Do you often talk about disaster related matters with your neighbors?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
not at all not often sometimes often very often
No o
f re
spo
nde
nts in %
Kathmandu
Kishiwada
• In terms of number, more people in Kathmandu talk about disasters than in Japan• Though some people talk frequently about disasters in Kishiwada, there are still majority of them who don’t talk at all• Possible reason for people in Kishiwada caring less about disaster related matters might be their busy job schedules; while majority of people in Kathmandu can manage some time to talk about disasters • It indicates that a large number of people are concerned about disaster risk in Kathmandu and further trainings / education can bring a positive impact
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Study Methods
DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSIS
Structural Ritualization Theory (SRT)
Structural Ritualization Theory (SRT)
Structural Equation Modeling / Multiple correlation analysis
Structural Equation Modeling / Multiple correlation analysis
Secondary Data Sources
Secondary Data Sources
Selection of Case Study Area (Nepal)
Selection of Case Study Area (Nepal)
Primary Data Sources
Primary Data Sources
Participant ObservationParticipant
Observation
Participatory Mapping / Sociogram
Participatory Mapping / Sociogram
Interview (Experts /
Professionals)
Interview (Experts /
Professionals)
Reports / Previous Studies
Reports / Previous Studies
Questionnaire Survey 1
Questionnaire Survey 1
Questionnaire Survey 2
Questionnaire Survey 2
Selection of Case Study Area (Japan)
Selection of Case Study Area (Japan)
Interview (Key informants)
Interview (Key informants)
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Preparations / Safety Precautions
Activates community networks / organization
Social uncertainties/
incidentsMutual Coordination / participation
Collective Response
• Information potential
• Social Norms
•Obligations / Trust
Disaster Management Cycle
Ritual Cycle
Pre
Dis
aste
r
Pos
t D
isas
ter
Risk ManagementEmergency Management
Preparedness
Mitigation
PreventionResponse, RescueRelief
Recovery, RehabilitationReconstruction
DISASTER
Rituals and Disaster Risk Management Nexus
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Rituals and Disaster Risk Management Nexus contd..
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Ritual routes and open spaces in Lalitpur
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Understand about local culture
Develop sense of community
Build awareness about neighborhood features
Getting more familiar with neighbors
highly agree agreeneutral disagreehighly disagree
Kishiwada
Kathmandu
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Helps to know about local culture
Develops a sense of community
Builds awareness about neighborhood features
Helps to be much closer with neighbors
H agree agree neutraldisagree H disagree
Perceived gain from ritual participation
Indicates rituals can develop higher civic sense in Kishiwada than in Kathmandu
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Kishiwada
Kathmandu
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Comes once a year
Helps to know more about community
Relieves boredom
Reduces anxiety and stress
Brings family members together
Helps to make new friends
Helps to be close with colleagues
H Agree Agree Neutral Disagree H disagree
Motivations for participating in rituals
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Helps to be close with colleagues
Helps to make new friends
Brings family members together
Reduces anxiety and daily work stress
Relieves boredom
Helps to know more about community
Comes once a year
highly agree agree neutral disagree highly disagree
• During rituals, people in Kathmandu tend to interact more with friends and families than in Kishiwada