ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE ... ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE MOVIE FROZEN...

i

ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT

IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KARANA LINTANG CAHYA

Student Number : 104214080

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2016

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT

IN THE MOVIE FROZEN BY WALT DISNEY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KARANA LINTANG CAHYA

Student Number : 104214080

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

2016


iii


iv


v


vi


vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘Aalamiin. All gratitude for Allah SWT the almighty

for all the blessing given to me in completing my undergraduate thesis. During the

process of thesis completion, I met people who gave me support and help. I owe

them so much due to the fact that without their contribution, this undergraduate

thesis could not be completed. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude to

those who have supported and helped me in finishing my undergraduate thesis.

I would like to deliver thanks to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S.,

M.Hum., for all her concern, advice, time and patience in guiding me to complete

my undergraduate thesis. I would like also thank my co- advisor, Wedhowerti,

S.Pd., M.Hum., for the detailed correction and valuable input.

From the bottom of my heart, I want to thank my Dad, Drs. Widdi Srihanto,

M.M., my Mom, Dra. Sulianti, and my Sisters, Imas and Sari, for their endless love

and support that keep me motivated to complete this undergraduate thesis. I love

them.

For all of my friends in English Department ’10, I thank them so much for

all the storms and rainbows we have been through and of course the never ending

friendship. I treasure every moment we spend together.

Karana Lintang Cahya


https://www.usd.ac.id/profile_detail.php?id=01774

https://www.usd.ac.id/profile_detail.php?id=01774

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………...……………………………… ii

APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………….………… iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

ILMIAH…………………………………………………………………….… v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………………………………………… vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………. viii

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….. x

ABSTRAK……………….…………………………………………………… xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 1

A. Background of Study……….…………………………………….... 1

B. Problem Formulation………….…………………………………… 3

C. Objectives of the Study…………………………..………………… 3

D. Definition of Terms…………………………….………………….. 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………..….. 6

A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………… 6

B. Review of Related Theory………………………………………… 7

1. Pragmatics……………………………………………………... 7

2. Speech Act …………………………………………………….. 8

3. Requesting Speech Act ………………………………………... 10

4. Politeness……………………………………………………… 13

C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………… 17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLODY………………………………………... 19

A. Object of the Study………………………………………………. 20

B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………. 21

C. Method of the Study……………………………………………… 21

1. Data Collection ………………………………………………. 21

2. Data Analysis ………………………………………………… 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULT AND DISCUSSION)……………. 24

A. The Strategy of Request Speech Act Employed by Character in


ix

Frozen Movie……………………………………………………… 24

1. The Strategy of Speaker-Based Condition in Request Speech

Act…………………………………………………………….. 24

a. Wishes or desires ………………………………………… 25

b. Needs or demands ………………………………………… 29

2. The Strategy of Hearer-Based Condition in Request Speect

Act…………………………………………………………….. 31

a. Ability or willingness …………………………………….. 32

b. Suggestory formulae ……………………………………… 37

B. Type of Politeness Strategy Used to Make A Request Employed

by Character in Frozen Movie…….…….……………………..… 41

1. Bald-on Record………………………………………………. 43

2. Positive Politeness……………………………………….…… 46

3. Negative politeness…………………………………………... 55

C. Discussion…………….………………………………………….. 59

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION..…………………………………………….. 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………..………………………………..………….…… 67

APPENDICES...…………………………………………….……………..…. 69

APPENDIX 1: Synopsis of Frozen ……..……...…….…………….… 70

APPENDIX 2: Data …………………………………….…………...... 71


x

ABSTRACT

CAHYA, KARANA LINTANG. Analysis of Requesting Speech Act in the

Movie FROZEN by Walt Disney. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,

Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

Requesting speech act sometimes is used directly or indirectly in daily life.

When someone request something to another, she or he can express it by uttering

requesting, asking, greeting, giving information, complaining, offering, and

criticizing. Based on this case, the researcher tries to analyze and classify request

speech act and its politeness strategy in Frozen.

In order to understand that background, the researcher provides two

problem formulations. The first problem, the researcher describes and analyzes the

strategies of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented

condition employed in character in Frozen. The second problem, the researcher

describes and analyzes the types of politeness strategy used to make a request

employed character in Frozen.

This research belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The data of this

research are all utterances in Frozen which indicates both kinds of requests to make

a limitation of all the data showing request speech act. There are some steps to

analyze the data in this research. First, the researcher determined all utterances

which were categorized as request speech act using Searle’s theory. Next, the data

of request were then classified based on speaker-based condition and hearer-

oriented condition using Trosborg’s theory. To answer the problem of the research,

the researcher analyzed the types of request using speaker-based condition and

hearer-oriented condition. The researcher then determined the politeness strategy

of each datum of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition based on

Brown and Levinson’s theory.

The researcher found 17 data showing request spech act. They were 7 data

showing request of speaker-based condition and 10 data showing request of hearer-

oriented condition. In speaker-based condition, the request was applied by using

wishes or desires and demands or needs. The researcher only found three types of

politeness strategy in this request, they were bald-on record, positive politeness,

and negative politeness. The researcher did not find speaker-based condition in

request using off-record strategy because the request was applied by placing the

speaker’s interest above the hearer while off-record strategy was applied indirectly.

In hearer-oriented condition, the request was applied by using ability (willingness)

and suggestory formula. Meanwhile, the politeness strategy used by the characters

only consists of two kinds, they are positive politeness and negative politeness.

Bald-on record strategy was not applied by the speaker in in such kind of request

because the requests in Frozen are expressed more politely. Besides, the speakers

(characters in the movie) also do not use off-record strategy because in hearer-

oriented condition they expresses the request less indirectly by using modality (can

or should).


xi

ABSTRAK

CAHYA, KARANA LINTANG. Analysis of Requesting Speech Act in the

Movie FROZEN by Walt Disney. Yogyakarta: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Tuturan permintaan sering diterapkan secara langsung maupun tidak

langsung dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Ketika seseorang meminta sesuatu kepada

orang lain, dia akan mengucapkannya secara langsung, bertanya, memberikan

informasi, mengeluh, menawarkan, mengkritik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti

mencoba untuk menganalisis dan mengklasifkasi tindak tutur dan kesantunan di

Frozen. Melalui analisis tersebut dapat ditemukan bentuk, tipe, dan pola dari

tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan mitra tuturnya, serta

strategi kesantunannya dalam film tersebut.

Untuk memahami latar belakang penelitian, peneliti menyertakan dua

permasalahan. Pertama, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis strategi tuturan

permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan berdasarkan kondisi mitra tuturnya

yang terdapat dalam Frozen. Kedua, peneliti mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis

jenis strategi kesantunan tuturan permintaan yang digunakan oleh para tokoh dalam

Frozen.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Data penelitian ini

adalah semua permintaan dalam Frozen yang mengindikasikan kedua jenis tuturan

permintaan tersebut untuk membuat batasan dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat

beberapa langkah untuk menganalisis data di penelitian ini. Pertama, peneliti

mengkategorikan semua permintaan berdasarkan teori dari Searle. Kemudian, data

tersebut dikategorikan dalam tuturan permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya

dan kondisi mitra tuturnya. Peneliti kemudian menentukan jenis strategi kesantunan

dari data tersebut berdasarkan teori Brown dan Levinson.

Peneliti menemukan 17 data tuturan permintaan, yaitu 7 data tuturan

permintaan berdasarkan kondisi penuturnya dan 10 data tuturan permintaan

berdasarkan kondisi mitra tuturnya. Dalam kondisi berbasis penutur, permintaan

diterapkan dengan harapan atau keinginan dan tuntutan atau kebutuhan. Peneliti

hanya menemukan 3 jenis strategi kesantunan dalam permintaan ini, bald-on

record, kesantunan positif, dan kesantunan negatif. Peneliti tidak menemukan

kondisi berbasis penutur dalam permintaan menggunakan strategi off-record karena

permintaan ini diterapkan dengan menempatkan kepentingan penutur di atas mitra

tuturnya sedangkan strategi ini diterapkan secara tidak langsung. Dalam kondisi

yang berorientasi pada mitra tuturnya, permintaan diterapkan dengan kemampuan

(kemauan) dan saran. Sementara itu, strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh

karakter hanya terdiri dari 2 jenis, yaitu kesantunan positif dan negatif. Bald-on

record tidak diterapkan penutur karena permintaan yang berorientasi pada mitra

tutur disajikan lebih sopan. Selain itu, penutur tidak menggunakan strategi off-

record karena mereka mengungkapkan permintaan agak tidak langsung dengan

menggunakan modalitas (dapat atau harus).


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is one of important things in the world. If there is no language,

there will be no communication from one people to another. Without

communication, we do not know what happens around our environment.

Communication is also one way to us to deliver or express our ideas and

feelings.

Speech act is the smallest unit of language communication. According to

Searle (in Wijana, 2009: 20), speech act in Pragmatics can be classified into

three kinds. They are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary

acts. Meanwhile, there also five kinds of speech act; they are assertive,

directive, commissive, declarative, and expressive. The most frequently speech

act used is an illocutionary act that is speech act that has force or intention

behind the words uttered by the speaker to the hearer or addressee. Searle's

then gives distinction between direct and indirect speech acts according to the

relationship between the structural forms and communicative functions. A

direct speech act refers to utterances whose meaning can be understood

through linguistic forms, while indirect speech act is used to show an

appropriate level of politeness in communication.


2

Speech acts play an important role in daily communication, for example

requesting. Requesting speech act sometimes is used directly or indirectly in

the daily life. When someone requests something to someone, she or he can

express it by uttering requesting, asking, greeting, giving information,

complaining, offering, and criticizing. Besides, there are many factors

influencing the relationships among the participants' request behaviors, such as

social status, familiarity, and etc. The following is the example of requesting

speech act which the researcher finds in Frozen (2013) .

The King : Please... Help!My daughter!

Grand Pabbie : Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.

The conversation above takes place in Grand Pabbie’s village, the valley

of the living rock. The participants are between the King of Arendelle and

Grand Pabbie, a wise and elderly ruler of the trolls (a group of ancient

creatures there). The King of Arendelle has two little daughters, Elsa and

Anna. One day, Anna asks Elsa to play magic by making snowman but

accidentally Elsa’s magic hits and almost kills her sister (Anna). Then, the

King and Queen come to Elsa to know what happens with Anna. Anna is

getting hurt and the King has to save her quickly by carrying her to Grand

Pabbie. When he comes there, the King asks Grand Pabbie to save her by

requesting.

In the dialogue above, the King requests to Grand Pabbie by saying

“Please... Help!My daughter!”. It means that the King uses speech act of

request for action. He wants Grand Pabbie to do what he says, that is to save


3

his daughter. In this case, Grand Pabbie complies the King request by

comforting his daughter by saying “Cuties. I'm gonna keep you.”

The King also applies politeness strategy called negative politeness

strategy in delivering his request. It is shown by the use of the word “Please”

at the beginning of his utterance. Hence, the factor influencing the relationships

between the King’s request behaviors towards Grand Pabbie is because of

familiarity of each other and the king is one who needs a help from Grand

Pabbie.

Based on the example above, I am interested in analyzing the requesting

speech act in Frozen by Walt Disney. Therefore, I conduct a research entitled

Analysis Of Requesting Speech Act In The Movie Frozen By Walt Disney.

B. Problem Formulation

The problem formulation in this research is:

1. What strategies of request expression of speaker-based condition and

hearer-oriented condition are employed by characters in Frozen?

2. What types of politeness strategy are used to make a request employed by

characters in Frozen?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of studying this research are:

1. To describe the types of request expression of speaker- based condition and

hearer-oriented condition employed by characters in Frozen.


4

2. To describe the types of politeness strategy used to make a request

employed by characters in Frozen.

D. Definition of Terms

The analysis in this research provides some definitions of “Speech

act”, “Request”, and “Politeness” to make it clear and to avoid ambiguity.

Searle (1969: 16) state that the unit of linguistics communication is not the

symbol, word or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol

or word or sentence in the performence of the speech acts. It means that the

basic minimal unit of linguistic comunication are speech acts. Meanwhile,

Yule (1996: 47) says that speech act is action pearformed via utterence.

Request speech act subsumes utterances which have been referred to,

in the speech act literature as request, invite, ask for permission, and offer

(Tsui, 1994: 91). Meanwhile, Trosborg (1995: 187) gives definition that

“Request is an illocutionary act whereby a speaker convise a hearer to peform

an act which is for the benefiit of the speaker.”

Brown and Levinson (1987: 13) define politeness as a complex

system for softening face threats. Meanwhile, Leech (1983: 19) state that

politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in terms of

the degree of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict situation. Then,

politeness is defined as using communicative strategies to create and maintain

social harmony as stated by Culpeper (1996: 349). Politeness can be done in


5

many various ways, they are being contextually appropriate, following social

and cultural nouns, and being socially positive by addresing face needs.


6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer provides three parts that will be discussed. The

first part is review of related studies, including other related studies previously.

Second part is review of related theories which provides some theories in doing

this research. Third part is theoretical framework which explains the contribution

between the theories and the reviews to solve the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies

This research consists of only one previous study. That research tells

about discussing the analysis of directive speech act.

The first undergraduate thesis entitled Politeness Strategies Applied in

Directive Speech Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in “The

IT Crowd: Moss and The German by Ciptaningrum (2011) from Sanata

Dharma University. The results of the research are: there are five directive

speech acts (request, suggestion, comment, prohibition, and invitation), four

politeness strategies (off record, bald on record, positive, and negative

strategy), six types of interpersonal relationship among the characters (same-

sex friendship, cross-sex friendship, friendship association, workplace

mentoring relationship, networking workplace relationship, and romantic

workplace relationship).


7

Related to the Ciptaningrum’s research which analyzes about directive

speech ach, politeness strategy, and interpersonal relation among the

characters, the writer uses different ways in conducting the result through

linguistics. However, Ciptaningrum only focuses on those matters without

analyzing the factors influencing the character to apply politeness strategy in

directive speech act.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics refers to speaker’s meaning or utterance interpretation.

The first definition of pragmatics is quoted from Steven C. Levinson,

followed by Jenny Thomas and the last is George Yule.

Levinson (1983: 21) states that pragmatics is the study of the ability

of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be

appropriate. It means that pragmatics cannot be separated from context and

principles of language usage. Then, Thomas (1995: 23) defines pragmatics

as meaning in interaction.

Another definition of pragmatics is also proposed by Yule (1996: 3-

4). He says that pragmatics is the study of the relationship between

linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Yule divides the definition of

pragmatics into four. First, Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It

means that pragmatics analyzes the meaning behind what people say rather

than what the words mean literally. Second, Pragmatics is the study of


8

contextual meaning. Context here includes to whom the speaker talking,

where, when, and under what circumstances. Context has important role in

communication between the speaker and the hearer. Third, Pragmatics is the

study of how more gets communicated than what is said. By understanding

pragmatics, people can explore what is unsaid be recognized as part of what

is communicated. Fourth, Pragmatics is the study of the expression of

relative distance. Relative distances means how close between the speaker

and the hearer are communicating each other including physical, social or

conceptual closeness.

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that Pragmatics is a

significant field to study in communication that is about language, context,

and the meaning of the utterances between the speaker and the hearer.

2. Speech Act

Pragmatics studies how people understand and produce a speech act in

a social situation, usually in conversation. Speech act is a part of pragmatics

that studies about utterances. According to Searle (in Levinson, 1983: 240),

speech act can be classified into five categories, they are representative,

directive, commisive, expressive and declaration.

a. Representative

Representative is a kind of speech acts that commits the speaker to

state his/her belief about something. Acts of asserting, describing,

explaining, concluding and making a statement are the examples of the


9

speakers’s intention in uttering his/her belief. Example: The earth is flat.

(Yule, 1996: 53)

b. Directive

Directive is a kind of speech act that is intended to make someone

do something. In this case, the speaker utters directive in order to get the

prospective action. Acts of requesting, commanding and persuading can

be classified into directive.

Example: Could you lend me a pen, please? (Yule, 1996: 54)

c. Commisive

Commisive is kind of speech act that commits the speaker to some

future action. Acts of promising, refusing, threatening and pledging can

be classified into commisive.

Example: We will not do that. (Yule, 1996: 54)

d. Expressive

Expressive is a kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to

express their feeling that are either pain or pleasure. Acts of apologizing,

congratulating and thanking can be classified into expressive.

Example: Congratulations! (Yule, 1996: 53)

e. Declarative

Declarative is kind of speech act that is used by the speaker to

change the reality in accordance with proposition content of the

declaration. Act of naming and pronouncing are the example of

declarative.


10

Example: I now pronounce you husband and wife. (Yule, 1996: 53)

3. Requesting speech act

Requesting speech act is commonly used in daily communication

which focuses on asking someone (the addressee/ hearer) to do something

by giving him or her an option for complying and not complying the

request. It is a part of directive speech act in pragmatics as stated by Searle

because request action has an illocutionary purpose to get the hearer to do

something. Trosborg (1995: 192) has divided the requesting speech act

according to what the benefit to the speaker and the hearer when they are

having conversation. This strategy classifies requesting speech act into four

catagories and involves them eight-sub strategies, namely indirect request,

hearer-oriented condition, speaker-based condition and direct request.

a) Indirect request

Indirect request is a request without explicit requestive

illocutionary force. Consequently, the speaker omits to mention (or

specify) the desired act and avoids mentioning the hearer as the

intended agent (Trosborg, 1995:192). There is only one strategy of

indirect request called hinting strategy. Hinting strategy is used by the

speaker by making a request which does not explicitly state that the

speaker’s request for the desired action. There are two kinds of hinting

strategy. They are (1) mild hint, used by the speaker by leaving out the


11

desired action altogether, and (2) strong hint, used by the speaker by

mentioning his/her wish.

For example: I have to be at the airport in half an hour. (Trosborg,

1995: 205)

The request above employs indirect request expression with mild

hint strategy. The speaker does not explictly mention that the speaker

asks the taxi driver to speed up the taxi since he is in hurry. The

speaker leaves out the request, he lets the hearer to figure out by

himself whether the speaker wants to speed up the taxi.

b) Hearer-oriented condition

This request conveys that hearer is in a position of control to

decide whether or not to perform the request. This request uses two

strategies, that strategies are ability (willingness) and suggestory formula.

1. Ability (willingness)

The condition of ability refers to hearer’s capacity to perform the

desired act. Two different conditions are relevant: 1) the inherent

capacities of the hearer both physical and mental, 2) the external

circumstances relates to time and place of the action.

For example : Could you lend me your car? (Trosborg, 1995: 205)


12

2. Suggestory formulae

By using suggestory formulae, the speaker makes his/her request

more tentative and plays down his/her own interest as a beneficinary

of the action.

For example : How about lending me your car? (Trosborg, 1995: 205)

c) Speaker-based condition

By placing the speaker interest above the hearer’s, this request

becomes more direct in its demand. There are two strategies in

speaker-based condition. They are by using whises/desires and

needs/demands.

1. Wishes or desires

The speaker’s statement of his/her intention maybe expressed

politely as a wish.

For example : I would like to borrow your car. (Trosborg, 1995:

205)

2. Needs or demands

Its a request strategy which expresses the speaker’s request

more blindly as demand.

For example : I needs to borrow your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205)

d) Direct Request

The speaker who wants to make the request in the form of

performative statement or an imperative, thereby isuing an order. This


13

request uses three strategies namely obligation, performative, and

imperative.

1. Obligation

This strategy is used by employing a statement of obligation. When

employing this strategy, the speaker exerts either his/her authority, or

he/she refers to some authority outside the speaker.

For example : You have to lend me your car. (Trosborg, 1995: 205)

2. Performative

The inclusion of performative verb conveys requestive intent, e.g.

asking, requesting, demanding, commanding, and explicitly marking

the utterence as an order.

For example : I would like to ask you to borrow your car. (Trosborg,

1995: 205)

3. Imperative

Imperative is the grammatical form directly signaling that the

utterance is an order. An order issued by authority figures must be

obeyed, such as the older’s to the younger’s.

For example : Lend me your car! (Trosborg, 1995: 205)

4. Politeness

Politeness is a complex system for softening face threats (Brown

and Levinson, 1978: 13). It is also defined as the strategies employed

by the speaker to achieve a variety of goals, such as promoting or

maintaing harmonious relationship. Then, Leech (1983: 19) states that


14

politeness is strategic conflic avoidance which can be measured in

terms of the degree of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict

situation. In short, politeness is defined as using communicative

strategies to create and maintain social harmony as stated by Culpeper

(1996: 349). Politeness can be done in many various ways, they are

being contextually appropriate, following social and cultural norms,

and being socially positive by addresing face needs.

There are many experts discussing about politeness strategy. This

research only uses politeness strategy proposed by Brown and

Lenvinson as an approach to analyze the data. This theory is choosen

to explain about politeness strategy in detail. Brown and Levinson

(1987: 92) have divided the politeness strategies according to how

much the speakers and the hearers minimize the threat when they are

having conversation. The strategies range from doing the FTA directly

without minimizing the threat at all to not doing FTA. They are bald-

on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record

strategy.

a. Bald-on Record

Bald-on record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to

hearer’s face. Brown and Levinson state that speaker mostly uses

bald-on record strategy when she wants to do FTA (Face

Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the hearer’s

face (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 95). This strategy will make the


15

hearer feels uncomfortable. This strategy is a direct way of saying

things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct,

clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy is usually

employed in some occasion, such as in emergency situation,

unequal power relationship, and task oriented activities.

For example: Give me a pen! (Yule, 1996: 63)

b. Positive Politiness

Positive politeness provides an attempt to minimize the damage to

the hearer’s face (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 101). This strategy is

intended to avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance

between the speaker and the hearer. There are some indication of

positive politeness strategy, such as using in-group indetity makers,

offering solidarity through friendship, seeking agreement, avoiding

disagreement, presupposition/ raise/ assert common ground, joking,

asserting or presuppose speaker’s knowledge, concerning for

hearer’s wants, offering and promising, being optimistic, including

both speaker and hearer in the actvity, giving (or asking) reasons,

assuming or asserting recipocity, giving gifts to hearer (goods,

sympathy, understanding, cooperation), etc (1987: 102).

For example : How about letting me use your pen? (Yule, 1996:

64)


16

c. Negative Politeness

Brown and Levinson (1987: 129) state that negative politeness

attends to a person’s negative face needs, which appeals to the

hearer’s desire not to be impeded or put upon and to be left free to

act as they want. This strategy is to express respect and

consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness

strategy, such as being conventionally indirect, questioning, hedge,

being pesimistic, minimizing the imposition or friction, formality

in language use, apoligizing, giving deference and respect (1987:

130).

For example: Could you lend me your pen? (Yule, 1996: 64)

d. Off-record Strategy

A communicative act is done by using off record strategy if it is not

possible to attribute only one clear intention act (Brown and

Levinson, 1987). When the speaker uses this strategy, she/ he wants

to avoid the responsibility for doing FTA. As stated by Brown and

Levinson, 1987: 211, this strategy is used when the speaker wants to

damage another’s face without any responsibility of doing it, by

leaving it up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves.

For example: Uh, I forgot my pen. (Yule, 1996: 63)


17

C. Theoretical Framework

The aim of this study is to know the strategy of requesting speech act in

the Frozen and the types of politeness strategy applied in that movie. Some

applicable theories are used in this research to support the process of the data

analysis.

First, researcher uses Searle’s theory about classification speech act

especially directive requesting speech act. And then, researcher uses

Trosborg’s theory in Searle’s statement about speaker based-condition and

hearer oriented-condition to solve the problem one. From that theory,

researcher can classify the strategies is applied in Frozen.

Last, the researcher uses Brown and Levinson’s theory about politeness

strategy to solve last problem that is the type of politeness strategy that applied

in the movie. The end of this process produces the classification of speaker-

based condition and hearer-oriented condition also politeness strategy applied

in Frozen.


18

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is important to know how research is done

scientifically to solve the research problem (Kothari, 1990: 8). This research

belongs to descriptive qualitative study. It means that this research uses

descriptive method which emphasis on describing the data used in the research. In

conducting the research, the researcher only examines the data and it is not

propose any hypothesis as it started from a phenomenon. In qualitative research,

the data can be in the form of words, sentences, and terminology. Milles and

Huberman (1984: 21) state that the qualitative research is essentially an

investigating process: someone investigates a kind of social phenomenon by

contrasting, comparing, replicating, cataloging, or classifying the object. This

research does not include any calculation or enumeration, since the data produced

are in the form of word. It is like what is stated by Bogdan and Taylor (in

Moleong, 2000: 3) that qualitative research is a research that produces descriptive

data consisting of written and spoken words and also behavior.

In this research, the researcher finds the phenomena which are in the form

of subtitle of original movie script Frozen. There are some utterances to be

analyzed. Therefore, the researcher is interested in conducting a research to

analyze request speech act of the subtitle.


19

A. Object of the Study

The object of this research is Frozen. Frozen is a 2013 American 3D

computer-animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation

Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 53rd animated feature in

the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. Inspired by Hans Christian

Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen, the film tells the story of a fearless

princess who sets off on an epic journey alongside a rugged iceman, his loyal

pet reindeer, and a naïve snowman to find her estranged sister, whose icy

powers have inadvertently trapped the kingdom in eternal winter. This movie is

directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee. This movie became the best-selling

film of the year in the United States. By January 2015, Frozen became the all-

time best-selling Blu-ray Disc in the United States. It won two Academy

Awards for Best Animated Feature and the Golden Globe Award for Best

Animated Feature Film.

This research is conducted to find out the types of request speech act

using speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition, as well as the

politeness strategy used in the request. By focusing on request speech act in

that movie, the researcher collected the data using speech act theory under

pragmatics study. The data were classified based on its types and forms of

request. They were then analyzed speaker-based condition, hearer-oriented

condition and the politeness strategy in order to understand how request is

applied to get the hearer’s agreement in directive speech act.


20

B. Approach of the Study

In conducting this research, the researcher analyzed all utterances

from Frozen which indicate request speech act. The researcher uses pragmatics

theory about request which is included in directive speech act as proposed by

Searle (in Levinson, 1983: 240). Then, the researcher only focuses on request

of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition to make a limitation

of all the data showing request speech act. In speaker-based condition, the

request is focused on the speaker as the one who places the interest above the

hearer. So, the request becomes more direct as wishes or desires and needs or

demands. Meanwhile, in hearer-oriented condition the request is focused on the

hearer’s position of control to decide whether or not to perform the request.

Both of us these types of request are also more polite than direct request.

Consequently, the researcher prefers to analyze the politeness strategy in

speaker-based condition of request based on Brown and Levinson’ theory.

C. Method of Study

This method of study is used to accomplice the purposes which are used

to find out the types of request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented

condition in directive speech act employed by all characters in Frozen and to

find out the politeness strategy used in both of requests. This method includes

two parts. They are the data collection and the data analysis.


21

1. Data Collection

The object of this study is the application of request of speaker-based

condition and hearer-oriented condition, also politeness strategy used by the

character in Frozen. It means that the researcher collected the data

purposively. The data is limited only speaker-based condition and hearer-

oriented condition in request.

The first step to get the data, the researcher watches Frozen for several

times in order to understand the whole story. Then, the researcher searched

the transcript of Frozen on the internet and compared it to the movie. The

researcher also underlined the dialogues employed by the characters which

indicated a request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-

oriented condition using Searle and Trosborg’s theory.

The next step in collecting the data is by giving code on each type

of datum. The coding of the datum in this research is as follows:

a. The number of the datum

b. The title of the movie. This research uses a movie entitled Frozen

c. The types of request speech act employed by the characters based on

Searle’s theory the researcher used speaker-based condition type and

hearer-oriented condition.

d. The type of condition of request speech act based on Searle’s theory.

e. The type of politeness strategies on Brown and Levinson’s theory

To make the coding of datum clearer, the researcher gives an example

as presented below:


22

08/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

The coding above means that the datum is number eight (8). F means

Frozen. Meanwhile SBC is the type of request speech act that is speaker-

based condition. Then, W is the condition of speaker-based condition that is

Wishes. Last, N is one of the politeness strategies is applied in that datum,

that is Negatives.

2. Data Analysis

There are some steps to analyze the data in this research. First, the

researcher determined all utterances which were categorized as request

speech act using Searle’s theory. Next, the data of request were than

classified based on speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition

using Trosborg’s theory. After that, the researcher labeled the data in the

form of code based on the number of datum, the title of the movie, and the

type of request speech act (speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented

condition).

To answer the problem of the research, the researcher analyzed the

types of request using speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented

condition. Speaker-based condition consists of wishes or desires and

demands or needs. Meanwhile, hearer-oriented condition consists of ability

or willingness and suggestory formulae. The researcher than determined the

politeness strategy of each datum of speaker-based condition and hearer-

oriented condition based on Brown and Levinson’s theory. They are bald-on

record strategy, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record


23

strategy. Finally, the researcher could find out the factors which influence

the speaker to use request speech act of speaker-based condition by

considering the politeness strategy.


24

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is analysis result. Based

on the objectives of the result, the analysis result in this research focuses on

analyzing the strategies of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition

in request speech act using Trosborg’s theory and analyzing types of politeness

strategy used to make a request employed by characters in Frozen using Brown’s

and Levinson’s theory. The second part of this chapter is discussion. It provides

the discussion of some finding from the analysis results that are relevant to the

research objectives. In this research, the total data are 17 data of request speech

act to analyze.

A. The Strategies of Request Speech Act Employed by Character in Frozen

Movie

In this part, there are two strategies of request speech act are used to analyze

the character in Frozen, namely Speaker-Based Condition and Hearer-

Oriented Condition by Trosborg’s theory.

1. The Strategy of Speaker-Based Conditions in Request Speech Act

In this kind of request speech act, the speaker places his or her

interest above the hearer’s. This request becomes more direct in its

demand. There are two strategies used in speaker-based condition. They

are by using whises or desires and needs or demands. In this research, the


25

speaker finds both kinds of those strategies. Therefore, the total data using

this strategy are 7 data. There are 4 data that show the strategy of wishes

or desires and 3 data that show the strategy of needs or demands. The

description of each strategy of speaker-based conditions in request speech

act can be shown in the following table.

Table 4.1. The strategies of speaker-based conditions in request speech act

a. Wishes or Desires

In this kind of request, the speaker’s statement of his/her intention

maybe expressed politely as a wish. There are 8 data of request using

wishes or desires in this research. The following is the description of

each datum showing request by wishes or desires.

1) Datum number : 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration : 00:08:39,886 00:08:45,252

Kinds of strategies Datum Number Number of Occurrences

Wishes or desires 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

4

Needs or demands 11/F/SBC/ D/ BR,

12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR,

17/ F/SBC/ D/ BR

3

Total 7


26

Context of situation : Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together

by building a snowman with Anna’s magic. However, Anna does not

want to do it because she is afraid that her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa

asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Anna’s room.

Because Anna does not want to come out from her room, Elsa than

becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She wishes her

sister can tell her the reason.

Elsa : I wish you would tell me why

Anna : - (not answering)

The datum above shows that Elsa, as the speaker, is in a

position of control of Anna, as the hearer. Then it is marked by the

use of subject “I” as the person who needs something from the hearer.

In this context, Elsa wishes Anna to tell her about why Anna always

locks herself in her room and does not want to play with her like

before. Elsa makes a request by using the word “wish” to make it

polite. Therefore, it can be said that Elsa makes a request to Anna by

showing her wish.


Duration : 00:17:46,437 00:17:47,720

Context of situation : Anna is very happy after hearing that her

sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She

then walks around and also dances while singing outside the palace.

When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can.


27

She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the Prince of

Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and

helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the

boat, so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Elsa

and makes a request to forgive him and his horse.

Hans : I'd like to formally apologize for hitting the Princess of

Arendelle. With my horse.

Anna : No. No-no. It's fine.

The datum above shows that Hans as the speaker places her

interest above Anna as the hearer. Hans is in a position of control of

Anna. It is marked by the use of subject “I” as the person who needs

something from the hearer. In this context, Hans makes request by

showing his desire. Hans wants Anna to forgive him about the

mistake caused by his horse. Hans makes a request by using the

words “Would like to” to make it acceptable for hearer. From the

datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a request to Anna by

showing his desire.


Duration : 00:25:57,498 00:26:00,421

Context of situation : Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to

marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa.

They ask Elsa for her blessing to their marriage. They ask for it by

using request.


28

Anna and Hans : We would like... your blessing of... our

marriage!

Elsa : Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm confused.

The datum above, the request of speaker-based condition is

expressed by both Anna and Hans. Anna and Hans make a request to

Elsa by showing their wish. It means that Anna and Hans as the

speaker places their interest above Elsa as the hearer. Then it is

marked by the use of subject “We” as the persons who need

something from the hearer. In this context, Anna and Hans want to

tell something to Elsa that is to get blessing for marrying Anna as her

little sister. Anna and Hans make a request by using the words “We

would like…” to make it polite and acceptable. It can be said that the

speakers use the request rather indirectly by showing their desire.

4) Datum number :10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N

Duration : 00:27:04,101 00:27:08,024

Context of situation : Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans

marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Anna’s

stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get Elsa’s blessing for her

marriage before Elsa leaves the party.

Anna : Elsa, please. Please. I can’t live like this anymore.

Elsa : Then leave.

From the datum above, Anna as the speaker places her

control of Elsa as the hearer. It is marked by the use of subject “I” as


29

the person who needs something from the hearer. The word “I” has in

a position of control in this request. In this context, Anna wants to get

Elsa’s blessing for her marriage. Anna makes a request by using the

words “Please. Please. I…” to show her wish or desire. It can be said

that Anna makes a request to Elsa rather indirectly by showing her

wish.

b. Needs or Demands

In this request strategy, the speaker expresses his or her

request more blindly as a demand or need. There are 3 data of request

using needs or demands in this research. The following is the

description of each datum showing request by needs or demands.

1) Datum number : 11/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration : 00:30:24,108 00:30:27,210

Context of situation : Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic

with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she

must run away. Anna then chases after her to bring her back to the

palace. Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for

a moment.

Anna : I need you here to take care of Arendelle.

Hans : On my honor.


interest more blindly above Hans as the hearer. It is marked by the use


30

of subject “I” has in a position of control in the request. In this

context, Anna wants to hand her palace over to Hans for a moment.

Anna makes a request by using the words “I need you here to…” to

make Hans do her request without rejecting it. It can be said that

Anna makes a request to Hans directly by showing her need.

2) Datum number :12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration : 00:39:29,319 00:39:32,081

Context of situation : After Kristoff sings a song at her room,

Anna comes and she makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to

North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At first, Kristoff rejects

Anna’s request, after that he agrees with Anna’s plan and they will go

in the morning before sun rises.

Anna : I want you to take me up the North Mountain.

Kristoff : I don't take people places.


interest more blindly above Kristoff as the hearer. Anna has in

position of control in this request. Then it is marked by the use of

subject “I” as the person who needs something from the hearer. In this

context, Anna wants to him to take her to North Mountain. She wants

to find her sister, Elsa. Anna makes a request by using the words “I

want you to…” to make Kristoff do her request immediately. It can be

said that Anna makes a request to Kristoff directly by showing her

need.


31

3) Datum number :17/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR

Duration : 01:30:03,000 01:30:04,999

Context of situation : After Anna backs to home, she makes

many new rules. One of the rules is to stops make a business with

Weselton because Duke of Weselton has bad motive toward her and

her palace and he has aligned with Hans. Soldiers of Arendelle catch

Duke of Weselton and they will give Duke of Weselton back to his

hometown, but Duke of Weselton does not accept the reality because

he feels as the victim of Hans’ deed. However the effort of Duke of

Weselton does not succeed, the soldiers then take him back to the

ship.

Duke of Weselton : I demand to see the Queen!

Soldiers of Arendelle : - (not answering)

Chief Minister of Arendelle : Oh I have a message from the

Queen.

From the datum above, Duke of Weselton as the speaker

places her interest more blindly above the soldiers as the hearer. Then

it is marked by the use of subject “I” as the person who needs

something from the hearer. In this context, Duke of Weselton

demands his soldier of Arendelle to do his request. Duke of Weselton

makes a request by using the words “I demand…” to make the

soldiers of Arendelle do his request without rejecting it. It can be said


32

that Duke of Weselton makes a request to soldiers directly by

showing his demand.

2. The Strategy of Hearer-Oriented Conditions in Request Speech Act

In this kind of request speech act, the hearer is in a position of control

to decide whether or not to perform the request. In this research, there are 10

data showing request of hearer-oriented condition. The data use ability

(willingness) and suggestory formula. There are 5 datum that show the

strategy of willingness or ability and 5 data that show the strategy of

suggestory formulae. The description of each strategy of hearer-oriented

conditions in request speech act can be shown in the following table

Table 4.2. The strategies of hearer-oriented conditions in request speech act

Kinds of strategies in Datum Number Number of

Occurrences

Willingness or ability 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

04/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

05/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

06/ F/ HBC/ A/ P,

08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

5

Suggestory formulae 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P,

13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P,

14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N,

5


33

a) Ability or Willingness

The condition of ability refers to hearer’s capacity to perform the

desired act. In this research, there is only 5 datum using this kind of

request strategy and it is related to hearer’s capacity of both physical and

mental.

1) Datum number : 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P

Duration : 00:23:43,753 00:23:46,650

Context of situation : Anna meets Hans in the dance’s floor.

Hans helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and

Elsa have a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to dance with him. After

that, Anna asks Hans to get out from the dance’s floor. They then get

exciting conversation in the balcony of dance’s floor.

Anna : Okay, Can I just say something crazy?

Hans : I love crazy.

The datum above shows Anna becomes the speaker and Hans

becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression “Can I” as a

kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the

hearer’s willingness. It means that Hans as the hearer is the person

who will do or refuse the Anna’s request. In this context, Anna asks

for Hans’ permission to say something crazy that is to marry him. It

15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P,

16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Total 10


34

can be said that Anna makes a request to Hans by asking for Hans’

willingness.


Duration : 00:25:28,732 00:25:30,933

Context of situation : Hans and Anna talk each other in the

balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says

that he will not shut her out because Hans has falling in love with her.

Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.

Hans : Can I say something crazy? Will you marry me?

Anna : Can I just say something even crazier? Yes!

The datum above shows, Hans becomes the speaker and

Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression “Can I”

is a kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on

the hearer’s willingness. It means that Anna as the hearer is the

person who will do or refuse Hans’ request. In this context, Hans asks

for Anna’s permission to say something crazy that is to marry him. It

can be said that Hans makes a request to Anna by asking for Anna’s

willingness.

3) Datum number : 05/ F/ HBC/ A/ P

Duration : 00:25:32,976 00:25:35,196




35





From the datum above, it can be said that Hans makes a

request to Anna by asking for Anna’s willingness. It means that Hans

becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked

by use of object “you” as the person who will do or refuse the

speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In

this context, Hans asks something crazy to Anna that is to marry him.

Hans makes a request to by using the word “Will you....” to ask

Anna’s willingness that is hearer’s condition both physical and

mental.


Duration : 00:25:53,134 00:25:55,631




using request.

Anna: May I present, Prince Hans of the Southern Isles.

Hans : Your Majesty.

Elsa : - (surprised)


36

The datum shows that Anna becomes the speaker and Elsa

becomes the hearer, then it is marked by the expression “May I” as a

kind of request using hearer-oriented condition which focuses on the

hearer’s willingness. It means that Elsa as the hearer is the person

who will do or refuse the Anna’s request. In this context, Anna asks

for Elsa’s permission to present Hans and to give her blessing to their

marriage. It can be said that Anna makes a request to Elsa rather

directly by asking for Elsa’s willingness.


Duration : 00:26:28,606 00:26:31,991

Context of situation : Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to

marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they

know each other not too long ago. Elsa then wants to talk with Anna

without Hans about Anna and Hans’s plan by using a request.

Elsa : May I talk to you, please? Alone.

Anna : No. Whatever you have to say, you... you can say to both

of us.

From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a

request to Anna by asking for Anna’s willingness. It means that Elsa


by the expression “May I” as a kind of request using hearer-oriented

condition which focuses on the hearer’s willingness. It means that

Anna as the hearer is the person who will do or refuse the Anna’s


37

request. In this context, Elsa asks for Anna’s permission to talk with

her alone without Hans that is to discuss about Anna’s plan to marry

Hans.

b) Suggestory formulae

By using suggestory formulae, the speaker makes his/her request

more tentative and plays down his/her own interest as a beneficinary of

the action. The followings are 5 data using this kind of request strategy.

1. Datum number : 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration : 00:26:36,434 00:26:39,511


marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because

they know each other not too long ago. She makes a request to Anna

by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans.

Anna : Fine. You can't marry a man you just met…You Can if

it's true love.

Elsa : Anna, what do you know about true love?

From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a

request to Elsa in the form of suggestion. It means that Annabecomes

the speaker and Elsa becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of

object “you” as the person who will do or refuse the speaker’s request,

to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this context,

Annamakes a request by giving suggestion to Elsa that is not to marry


38

someone who just met. It is shown by the utterance “you can’t ... you

can if ... “.


Duration : 00:53:31,708 00:53:33,507

Context of situation : Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding.

It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door

and makes request to her two companions, Krisstof and Olaf by

suggesting them to wait in front of the door.

Anna : It opened. That's a first. You should probably wait out

here.

Krisstof : What ?


request to Krisstof in the form of suggestion. It means that Anna

becomes the speaker and Krisstof becomes the hearer, then it is

marked by use of object “you” in the utterance as the person who will

do or refuse the speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards

the hearer. In this context, Anna makes a request by giving suggestion

to Krisstof that is to wait in front of the door because Anna wants to

say something privately with her sister meanwhile Krisstof is just a

stranger who wants to help her. The request using suggestory formulae

is marked with the use of modal ‘should’ in the utterance “You should

probably wait out here”.

3. Datum number : 14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N


39

Duration : 00:54:38,650 00:54:41,693

Context of situation : Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake

about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame

Anna and she just wants her to leave. Elsa does not want to cause

Anna’s condition worse with hermagic.

Elsa : No, it's okay… You don't have to apologize. But you

should probably go, please.

Anna : But I just got here.

From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a request

to Anna in the form of suggestion. It means that Elsa becomes the

speaker and Anna becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of

object “you” in the utterance as the person who will do or refuse the

speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this

context, Elsa makes a request by giving suggestion to Anna that isto

leaver her alone so that nothing bad will happen again because of her

uncontrolled magic power. The request using suggestory formulae is

marked with the use of modal ‘should’ in the utterance “But you

should probably go, please.”


Duration : 00:58:09,749 00:58:11,099

Context of situation : accidentally Elsa’s magic comes out and

hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a


40

request by suggesting her to go home. Anna refuses to go home

without bringing Elsa back to Arendelle.

Krisstof : Anna, I think we should go.

Anna : No. I'm not leaving without you, Elsa.

From the datum above, it can be said that Krisstof makes a

request to Anna in the form of suggestion. It means that Krisstof


by use of object “we” in the utterance that refers to both speaker and

hearer. However, the speaker rather uses ‘we’ than ‘you’ so that the

hearer will do what he asked though he is also do it too. In this context,

Krisstof makes a request by giving suggestion to Anna that is to go

back to Arrendele so nothing bad happened again to her. The request

using suggestory formulae is marked with the use of modal ‘should’ in

the utterance “Anna, I think we should go.”


Duration : 01:01:59,602 01:02:01,573

Context of situation : Krisstof wonders why Anna’s hair

becomes white. It may be caused by Elsa’s magic that makes her

“Frozen”. Anna thinks that her white hair is caused by the snow when

she falls from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof

see his hair too because his hair is full of snow. However, Krisstof

does not believe that Anna’s white hair is caused by snow and keeps


41

saying that her hair is turning white. It means that Anna’s conditon

worsen.

Anna : Just fell off a cliff. You should see your hair.

Krisstof : No, yours is turning white.

From the datum above, it can be said that Anna makes a request

to Krisstof in the form of suggestion. It means that Anna becomes the

speaker and Krisstof becomes the hearer, then it is marked by use of

object “you” in the utterance as the person who will do or refuse the

speaker’s request, to emphasize the request towards the hearer. In this

context, Anna makes a request by giving suggestion to Krisstof that is

to see his hair turning white. On the other hand, Anna’s hair is actually

turning white naturally not because of the snow like Krisstof’s but she

does not believe it. The request using suggestory formulae is marked

with the use of modal ‘should’ in the utterance “You should see your

hair.”

B. Types of Politeness Strategy Used to Make a Request Employed by

Characters in Frozen

The researcher uses Brown and Levinson’s theory to analyze the

politeness strategy used in Frozen. They propose four kinds of politeness;

namely bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-

record strategy. However, the researcher finds only three of politeness


42

strategies in this research. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, and

negative politeness. The followings is the descriptions of each strategy.

Table 4.3. Types of politeness strategy used to make a request employed by

characters in Frozen

Types of politeness

strategies

Datum Number Number of

Occurrences

Bald-on record 11/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR,

12/ F/ SBC/ D/ BR,

17/ F/SBC/ D/ BR

3

Positive politeness 03/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

04/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

05 / F/ HBC/ A/ P

06 / F/ SBC/ A/ P,

08/ F/ SBC/ A/ P,

09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

13/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

15/ F/ HBC/ S/ P,

16/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

9

Negative Politeness 01/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

02/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

07/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

10/ F/ SBC/ W/ N,

5


43

1. Bald-on Record

In this research, there are only 3 data of request of speaker-based

condition using bald on record strategy. Bald-on record strategy does not

attempt to minimize the threat to hearer’s face. Brown and Levinson state

that speaker mostly uses bald-on record strategy when he wants to do FTA

(Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward the hearer’s

face. This strategy will make the hearer feels uncomfortable. This strategy

is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the

imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy

is employed by the characters in some occasion, they are emergency

situation and unequal power relationship.


Duration : 00:30:24,108 00:30:27,210

Context of situation : Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic

with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she must

run away. Anna then chases after her to bring her back to the palace.

Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for a

moment.

14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N,

Off record - -

Total 17


44

Anna : I need you here to take care of Arendelle.

Hans : On my honor.


request to Hans by using politeness of bald-on record strategy. Anna

as the speaker does not try to minimize the threat to Hans’ face as the

hearer. When making a request, Anna wants to do FTA (Face

Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward Hans’ face. Bald-

on record strategy is marked by using the expression ‘I need you here

to …. ‘ so that this strategy will make Hans feels uncomfortable and

cannot reject Anna’s request. Anna makes request directly, without

any minimization to the imposition because the conversation happens

in an emergency situation.


Duration : 00:39:29,319 00:39:32,081

Context of situation : After Kristoff sings a song at her room,

Anna comes and makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to

North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At first, Kristoff rejects

Anna’s request, after that he agrees with Anna’s plan and they will go

in the morning before sun rises.

Anna : I want you to take me up the North Mountain.

Kristoff : I don't take people places.


request to Kristoff by using politeness of bald-on record strategy.


45

Anna as the speaker does not try to minimize the threat to Kristoffs’

face as the hearer. When making a request, Anna wants to do FTA

(Face Threatening Acts) with maximum efficiency toward Kristoffs’

face. Bald-on record strategy is marked by using the expression ‘I

want you to…. ‘ so that this strategy will make Kristoff feels

uncomfortable and cannot reject Anna’s request. Anna makes request

directly, without any minimization to the imposition because of

unequal power between Anna and Kristoff. Anna has a power as the

Princess of Arendelle while Kristoff is just a true outdoorsman. He

lives high up in the mountains where he harvests ice and sells it to the

kingdom of Arendelle.


Duration : 01:30:03,000 01:30:04,999

Context of situation : After Anna goes back home, she makes

many new rules. One of the rules is to stop making a business with a

Duke of Weselton because he has bad motive toward her and her

palace and he has aligned with Hans. Soldiers of Arendelle catch

Duke of Weselton and they will give Duke of Weselton back to his

hometown, but Duke of Weselton does not accept the reality because

he feels as the victim of Hans’ doing. However the effort of Duke of

Weselton does not succeed, the soldiers then take him back to the

ship.

Duke of Weselton : I demand to see the Queen!


46

Soldiers of Arendelle : - (not answering)

Chief Minister of Arendelle : Oh I have a message from the

Queen.

From the datum above, it can be said that Duke of Weselton

makes a request to the soldiers of Arendelle by using politeness of

bald-on record strategy. Duke of Weselton as the speaker does not try

to minimize the threat to soldiers’ face as the hearer. When making a

request, Duke of Weselton wants to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts)

with maximum efficiency toward the soldiers’ face. Bald-on record

strategy is marked by using the expression ‘I demand you…. ‘ so that

this strategy will make the soldiers feel uncomfortable and cannot

reject Duke of Weselton’s request. Duke of Weselton makes request

directly and briefly, without any minimization to the imposition

because of unequal power between Duke of Weselton and the

soldiers. Duke of Weselton has higher position than the soldier.

2. Positive Politeness

In this research, there are 9 data of request of speaker-based condition

using positive politeness. Positive politeness provides an attempt to

minimize the damage to the hearer’s face. This strategy is intended to

avoid the conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker

and the hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy,


47

such as requesting through friendship or family, seeking agreement, and

avoiding disagreement.


Duration : 00:23:43,753 --> 00:23:46,650

Context of situation : Anna meets Hans in the dance floor. Hans

helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and Elsa have

a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to dance with him. After that, Anna

asks Hans to get out from the dance’s floor. They then get exciting

conversation in the balcony of dance’s floor.

Anna : Okay, Can I just say something crazy?

Hans : I love crazy.


request to Hans by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive

politeness applied by Anna as the speaker provides an attempt to

minimize the damage to Hans’ face as the hearer. This strategy is


between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is the princess of Arendelle

while Hans is the prince of Northern Island. Both of them have not

known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express his

love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked

by the expression ‘…Can I …?” in order to make the request more

polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an

agreement from Hans. Anna wants to request something from Hans


48

that is a permission to say something crazy. As a result, Hans accepts

Anna’s request.

2) Datum number : 04/ F/ SBC/ A/P

Duration : 00:25:28,732 00:25:30,933

Context of situation : Hans and Anna talk to each other in the

balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa chases her away. And then Hans

says that he will not chase her away because Hans has falling in love

with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.




request to Anna by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive

politeness applied by Hans as the speaker provides an attempt to

minimize the damage to Anna’s face as the hearer. This strategy is




known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express his

love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked by

the expression “Can I …?” in order to make the request more polite to

hear than it is said directly. Besides, he wants to seek an agreement

from Anna. Hans wants to request something from Anna that is a


49

permission to say something crazy about proposing her. As a result,

Anna accepts Hans’s request to marry him.

3) Datum number : 05/ F/ HBC/ A/ P

Duration : 00:25:32,976 00:25:35,196









politeness applied by Hans as the speaker provides an attempt to

minimize the damage to Annas’ face as the hearer. This strategy is




known each other yet but they fall in love. Hans wants to express her

love first by requesting permission to Anna. This strategy is marked

by the expression “Will you …?” in order to make the request more

polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, he wants to seek an

agreement from Anna. Hans wants to request something from Anna


50

that is a permission to say something crazy about proposing her. As a

result, Anna accepts Hans’s request to marry him.


Duration : 00:25:57,498 00:26:00,421




using request.

Anna : May I present, Prince Hans of the Southern Isles.

Hans : Your Majesty.



request to Elsa by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive


minimize the damage to Elsa’ face as the hearer. This strategy is


between the speaker and the hearer. Anna is Elsa’s little sister and

also Elsa is the queen of Arrendele. This strategy is marked by the

expression “May I present…?” in order to make the request more

polite to hear than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an

agreement from Elsa. Anna wants to introduce Hans to Elsa as her

boyfriend. However, Elsa feels surprised because Elsa had just known


51

him not too long ago and then she wants to introduce him as her

future husband.


Duration : 00:26:28,606 00:26:31,991


marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they

know each other not too long ago. Elsa than wants to talk with Anna

without Hans about Anna and Hans’s plan by using a request.

Elsa : May I talk to you, please? Alone.

Anna : No. Whatever you have to say, you... you can say to both

of us.

From the datum above, it can be said that Elsa makes a


politeness applied by Elsa as the speaker provides an attempt to

minimize the damage to Anna’ face as the hearer. This strategy is



also Elsa is the queen of Arendelle. This strategy is marked by the

expression “May I talk…?” in order to make the request more polite

to hear than it is said directly. Elsa wants to talk to Anna alone. As a

result, Anna accepts Elsa’s request.

6) Datum number : 09/ F/ HBC/ S/ P

Duration : 00:26:36,434 00:26:39,511


52


marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because

they know each other not too long ago. She makes a request to Anna

by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans.

Anna : Fine. You can't marry a man you just met…You can if

it's true love.

Elsa : Anna, what do you know about true love?


request to Elsa by showing her suggestion using positive politeness.

In this case, Anna has position as the speaker and Elsa is as the

hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of modal “can/

can’t” in the utterance ‘You can't marry a man you just met…You can

if it's true love’ as a form of suggestion so the hearer is willing to do

what the speaker said. In this context, Anna wants Elsa not to marry

Hans by giving suggestion.


Duration : 00:53:31,708 00:53:33,507

Context of situation : Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding.

It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door

and makes request to her two companions, Krisstof and Olaf by

suggesting them to wait in front of the door.

Anna : It opened. That's a first. You should probably wait out

here.


53

Krisstof : What ?


request to Kristoff by showing her suggestion using positive

politeness. In this case, that Anna becomes the speaker and Kristoff

becomes the hearer. Then, positive politeness is marked by the use of

modal “should” in the utterance ‘You should probably wait out here’.

In this context, Anna wants Krisstof as the hearer to wait in front of

the door when Anna enters the palace to meet Elsa.


Duration : 00:58:09,749 - 00:58:11,099

Context of situation : accidentally Elsa’s magic comes out and

hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a

request by suggesting her to go home. Anna refuses to go without

bringging Elsa back to Arendelle.

Krisstof : Anna, I think we should go.

Anna : No. I'm not leaving without you, Elsa.

From the datum above, it can be said that Krisstof makes a

request to Anna by showing her suggestion. In this case, Kristoff

becomes the speaker and Anna becomes the hearer. Then, positive

politeness is marked by the use of modal “should” in the utterance

‘Anna, I think we should go’. In this context, krisstof gives suggestion

to Anna to go home because of Elsa’s magic can hurt Anna again.

But, Anna refuses Krisstof’s suggestion.


54


Duration : 01:01:59,602 --> 01:02:01,573

Context of situation : krisstof wonders why Anna’s hair becomes

white. It may be caused by Elsa’s magic that makes her “Frozen”.

Anna thinks that her white hair is caused by the snow when she falls

from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof see his

hair too because his hair is full of snow. However, Krisstof does not

believe that Anna’s white hair is caused by snow and keeps saying

that her hair is turning white. It means that Anna’s conditon worsen.

Anna : Just fell off a cliff. You should see your hair.

Elsa : No, yours is turning white.


request to Elsa by showing her suggestion. In this case, Anna

becomes the speaker and Elsa becomes the hearer. Then, positive

politeness is marked by the use of modal “should” in the utterance

‘You should see your hair’. In this context, Anna gives suggestion to

Elsa to see her hair becomes white. She remembers Kristoff’s said

about her hair is turning white because of Elsa’s magic.

3. Negative Politeness

In this research, there are 4 data of request of speaker-based condition

using negative politeness. Negative politeness attends to a person’s

negative face needs, which appeals to the hearer’s desire not to be


55

impeded or put upon and to be left free to act as they want. This strategy is

to express respect and consideration. There are some indication of

negative politeness strategy, such asformality in language use, apoligizing,

and giving respect.


Duration : 00:08:39,886 00:08:45,252

Context of situation : Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together

by building a snowman with Anna’s magic. However, Anna does not

want to do it because she is afraid that her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa

asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Anna’s room.

Because Anna does not want to come out from her room, Elsa than

becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She wishes her

sister can tell her the reason.

Elsa : I wish you would tell me why

Anna : - (not answering)

From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and

applies negative politeness.Elsa as the speaker uses negative

politeness by using expression ‘I wish you would…’ to express Elsa’s

respect and consideration towards Anna as the hearer. By telling her

wish to make a request, Elsa has applied negative politeness so that

Anna can grant it willingly. Elsa wants Anna to tell her why she does

not want to play together like before. However, Anna does not

respond it and she feels guilty towards Elsa.


56


Duration : 00:17:46,437 00:17:47,720

Context of situation : Anna is very happy after hearing that her

sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She

then walks around and also dances while singing outside the palace.

When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can.

She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the Prince of

Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and

helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the

boat, so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Anna

and makes a request to forgive him and his horse.

Hans : I'd like to formally apologize for hitting the Princess of

Arendelle. With my horse.

Anna : No. No-no. It's fine.

From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and

applies negative politeness.Hans as the speaker uses negative

politeness by using expression ‘I’d like to…’ to express Hans’s

respect and consideration towards Anna as the hearer. By telling his

wish to request forgiveness, Hans has applied negative politeness so

that Anna can grant it willingly. Hans wants to apologize to Anna

because his horse has hit Anna until she almost falls down.


Duration : 00:25:53,134 00:25:55,631


57




using request.

Anna and Hans : We would like... your blessing of... our

marriage!

Elsa : Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm confused.


request to Elsa by using politeness of positive strategy. Positive


minimize the damage to Elsa’ face as the hearer. This strategy is



also Elsa is the queen of Arendelle. Meanwhile, Hans is the prince of

Northern Island. This strategy is marked by the expression “We

would like to…?” in order to make the request more polite to hear

than it is said directly. Besides, she wants to seek an agreement from

Elsa. Anna wants to get permission to get married with Hans.


Duration : 00:27:04,101 00:27:08,024

Context of situation : Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans

marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Anna’s


58

stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get Elsa’s blessing for her

marriage before Elsa leaves the party.

Anna : Elsa, please. Please. I can’t live like this anymore.

Elsa : Then leave.

From the datum above, the speaker makes a request and applies

negative politeness.Anna as the speaker uses negative politeness by

using expression ‘… Please. Please…’ to express Anna’s respect and

consideration towards Elsa as the hearer. By telling her wish to

request a blessing for her marriage, Anna has applied negative

politeness so that Elsa can grant it willingly. However, Elsa does not

agree with Anna’s plan because Elsa has not known Elsa’s future

husband yet.

5) Datum number : 14/ F/ HBC/ S/ N

Duration : 00:54:38,650 00:54:41,693

Context of situation : Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake

about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame

Anna and she justwants her to leave. Elsa does not want to cause

Anna’s condition worse with hermagic.

Elsa : No, it's okay… You don't have to apologize. But you

should probably go, please.

Anna : But I just got here.

From the datum above, the speaker makes a request using

suggestion and applies negative politeness. Elsa as the speaker uses


59

negative politeness towards the hearer by using expression

‘…should…, please’ to express Elsa’s deep request towards Anna. In

this context, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she just wants her

to leave her alone. She also does not want to cause Anna’s condition

worse with her magic. By using negative politeness with the utterance

‘…., please’, Elsa wants Anna to grant her suggestion for the sake of

Anna willingly.

c) Discussion

Based on Frozen, the researcher found 17 data showing request

spech act. They are 7 data showing request of speaker-based condition and

10 data showing request of hearer-oriented condition.

In speaker-based condition, the speaker places his/her interest

aboves the hearer’s, this request becomes more direct in its demand. The 7

data are then categorized into two kinds of speaker-based condition in

request. They are speaker-based condition using wishes or desires and

speaker-based condition using demands or needs.

In using wishes, the speaker’s statement of his/her intention is

expressed more politely than using demands or needs. Generally, most

data of request in speaker-based condition are expressed using wishes or

desires than demands or needs. It is because most data of request happen

in formal situation. The data using wishes or desires are marked by the use

of expression, such as I wish you…, I’d like to…., we would like to….

Meanwhile, demands or needs are used when the speaker makes a request


60

more blindly as something that must be granted by the hearer. The data are

marked by the expression, such as I need you to… and I want you to….

Politeness strategy used by the characters of the movie is also

analyzed and categorized, based on Brown and Levinson’s theory.

However, the researcher only finds three types of politeness strategy. They

are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The

researcher does not find speaker-based condition in request using off-

record strategy because the request is applied by placing the speaker’s

interest above the hearer. On the other hand, off-record strategy is applied

by avoiding the responsibility for doing FTA. As stated by Brown and

Levinson (1987: 211), this strategy is used when the speaker wants to

damage another’s face without any responsibility of doing it, by leaving it

up to the hearers to be interpreted by themselves.

Bald-on record strategy in request used by the characters in the

movie does not attempt to minimize the threat to hearer’s face. The

speakers want to do FTA (Face Threatening Acts) with maximum

efficiency toward the hearer’s face so this strategy will make the hearer

feels uncomfortable. Most characters use this strategy in a direct way of

saying things, without any minimization to the imposition. This strategy

employed by the characters is found in some occasion, such as in

emergency situation and unequal power relationship. In emergency

situation, the speaker tends to make a request directly. Meanwhile,

unequal power relationship causes the speaker use bald on record strategy


61

because the speaker who has higher position tends to ask for something or

make a request directly to the hearer who has lower position. Some data

showing bald on record strategy are marked by the expression like ‘I need

you here to….’, ‘I want you to …’, and ‘I demand to…’

Positive politeness used by the characters provides an attempt to

minimize the damage to the hearer’s face. The speaker wants to avoid the

conflict and to minimize the social distance between the speaker and the

hearer. There are some indication of positive politeness strategy applied in

request using speaker-based condition in this movie, such asrequesting

something to friend or family and then seeking agreement. Some data

showing positive politeness are marked by the expression like ‘Can I….’

and ‘May I…’.

Negative politeness is applied by considering hearer’s desire not to be

impeded. The characters use this strategy to express respect and

consideration. There are some indication of negative politeness strategy

used in request of speaker-based condition, such as formality in language

use, apoligizing, and giving respect. Some data showing negative

politeness are marked by the expression like ‘I wish you would….’, ‘I’d

like to formally apologize…’, ‘We would like…’ and ‘…Please, please…’

In hearer-oriented condition, the hearer is in a position of control to

decide whether or not to perform the speaker’s request. The 10 data are

then categorized into two kinds of hearer-oriented condition in request.

They are hear-based condition using ability (willingness) and suggestory


62

formula. There are 5 data that shows the strategy of willingness or ability

and 5 data that show the strategy of suggestory formulae.

In accordance withability or willingness in request, the speaker

focuses on the hearer’s condition or capacity to perform the desired act.

Based on the analysis result, the researcher only finds one type of ability

(willingness). It is the inherent capacity of the hearer both physical and

mental. It is shown in the utterance “will you marry me?”. The use of

modal ‘will’ and the addressee ‘you’ are related to the hearer’s ability or

willingness towards the speaker’s request. Besides, the speaker also uses

other expression like “Can I… and May I…” as a request to get hearer’s

permission.

Meanwhile, in request by using suggestory formulae the speaker

makes his/her request more tentative and plays down his/her own interest

as a beneficinary of the action. Based on the analysis results, this strategy

is dominantly used by the characters of the film. This strategy is marked

by the use of modal ‘can’ and ‘should’ in the utterance. It seems the

request is not clearly shown by the speaker because she/he uses suggestion

to replace her/his request, so it can be said that the request in this context

is tentative.

In the request of hearer-oriented condition, politeness strategy used

by the characters of the movie just consists of two kinds, they are positive

politeness and negative politeness. Bald-on record strategy is not applied

by the speaker in such kind of request because the request is expressed


63

more politely. Besides, the speaker also does not use off-record strategy

because in hearer-oriented condition he/she expresses the request less

indirectly by using modality (can or should).

There are some indication of positive politeness strategy applied in

request using hearer-oriented condition in this movie, such as requesting

something to someone and then seeking agreement. Some data showing

positive politeness are marked by the expression like ‘Will you.....?’,‘you

can/ cannot….’, ‘you should…’, and ‘we should…’so the speaker does not

threaten the hearer’s face. The speaker asks for the hearer’s ability or

willingness politely to seek agreement.

Negative politeness is applied in hearer-oriented condition by

considering hearer’s desire not to be blocked. There are some indication of

negative politeness strategy used in this kind of request, such as formality

in language useand giving respect. There is only one datum showing

negative politeness in this research in accordance with hearer-oriented

condition, marked by the expression “you should......, please”. The word

‘please’ is used by the speaker to express his/her respect and consideration

towards the hearer. As a result, the hearer aggrees to do what the speaker

suggests to the him or her.


64

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

There are two problems stated in the problem formulation. First is the type

of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition

applied in Frozen and the second is the type of politeness strategy used in each

request of speaker-based condition.

To solve the first problem, the researcher conducted the analysis by

applying the theory of request and politeness strategy using pragmatic approach.

By using the theory of request, the researcher found 4 types of request speech

acts. They are indirect request, hearer-oriented condition, speaker-based

condition, and direct request. However, the researcher only used the data of

request of speaker-based condition and hearer-oriented condition to limit the data

analysis.

In speaker-based condition,the researcher found the data of request of both

wishes or desires and needs or demands. Most data use the request of speaker-

based condition in the form of wishes or desires than needs or demands. It is

because the conversations applied by the characters mostly happen in formal

situation. Meanwhile, demands or needs are used when the speaker makes a

request more blindly as something that must be granted by the hearer.

In hearer-oriented condition,the researcher found the data of request of

both ability or willingness and suggestory formula. Most data use the request

ofhearer-oriented condition in the form of suggestory formula than ability or


65

willingness. It is because the conversations applied by the characters mostly

happened in bad situation. Meanwhile, ability or willingness is used when the

speaker makes a request in a formal situation.

Lastly, the researcher analyzed politeness strategy used by the characters

of the movie. However, the researcher only found three types of politeness

strategies. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness.

The researcher did not find off-record strategy in speaker-based condition and

hearer-oriented conditionof request because the speaker-based condition of

request is applied by placing the speaker’s interest above the hearer, by using

subject ‘I’ or ‘we’ while the hearer-oriented condition of request is applied by

placing the hearer’s interest above the speaker, by using subject ‘you’ or ‘we’. On

the other hand, off-record strategy is applied by avoiding the responsibility for

doing face threatening act (FTA). This strategy is used when the speaker wants to

damage another’s face without any responsibility of doing it, so it will not

appropriate if it is applied in request of speaker-based condition or hearer-oriented

condition.

The politeness strategies frequently used in request of both speaker-based

condition and hearer-oriented condition are positive and negative politeness.

Positive politeness used by the characters provides an attempt to minimize the

damage to the hearer’s face. The speaker wants to avoid the conflict and to

minimize the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. Negative

politeness is applied by considering hearer’s desire not to be impeded. The

characters use this strategy to express respect and consideration. Bald-on record


66

strategy in request used by the characters in the movie does not attempt to

minimize the threat to hearer’s face. This strategy employed by the characters is

found in some occasion, such as in emergency situation and unequal power

relationship. In emergency situation, the speaker tends to make a request directly.

Meanwhile, unequal power relationship causes the speaker use bald on record

strategy because the speaker who has higher position tends to ask for something

or make a request directly to the hearer who has lower position.

From this study, the researcher realizes that there is a close relation

between the use of request speech act of speaker-based condition and hearer-

oriented condition, and politeness strategy with the factors influencing it. There

are some possibilities of finding of many other studies. The researcher hopes that

the result of this research can be used for other researcher as a reference to assist

them to overcome the problem in analyzing request speech act using speaker

based condition. This research is expected to be beneficial for other researchers

who want to conduct a deeper research about request speech act particularly

speaker-based condition or hearer-oriented condition in relation with politeness

strategy.


67

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown, P and Levinson, S. C. Politeness: Some Universals in Language

Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Ciptaningrum, V. N. Politeness Strategies Applied in Directive Speech

Acts According to The Interpersonal Relationships in “The IT

Crowd : Moss and The German. Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata

Dharma University, 2011.

Culpeper, J. Towards An Anatomy of Impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics

25: 349-367, 1996.

Kothari, C. R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New

Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publisher, 1990.

Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman, 1983.

Lenvinson, S. C. Pragmatics. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Milles, M. B & A. M. Huberman. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Source of

New Methods. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication, 1984.

Moleong, L. J. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rasda

Karya, 2000.

Searle J.R. (ed.). The Philosophy of Language. Oxford: Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. 1969.

Thomas, J. Meaning In Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics.

London and New York: Longman, 1995.

Trosborg, A. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and

Apologies. Berlin, New York: Mouton Gruyter, 1995.

Tsui, A. B. M. English Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.


68

Wijana, I Dewa Putu. Dasar-dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana

University Press, 1996.

Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.


69

APPENDICES


70

Appendix 1: The Synopsis of Film

Frozen is animated film for children which was producedby Peter Del

Vecho in 2013. It was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee

(http://www.dove.org/review/10157-”Frozen”/ accesed in January 10th,

2016). This film tells about the two princesses, Elsa and Anna, are

inseparable as children. Elsa, the elder, has magic powers. She can create

snow and ice from her fingers, which is a lot of fun indoors in the palace,

until she zaps her sister's head, almost killing her. The king and queen

consult the elves in the forest, who tell them to separate the sisters. When

she wakes up, Anna has no memory of what happened. She just knows she's

not allowed to see Elsa any more. A few years later, Elsa leaves the

kingdom after a mishap that brings on a seemingly permanent winter freeze.

Anna sets off to find her, with the aid of a handsome but not terribly quick-

witted ice-cutting farmer, Kristoff. Prince Hans, Anna's fiance, sets about his

dastardly plan to take over the kingdom.

(http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/”Frozen”-review-a-tale-of-

fire-and-ice-20131225-2zw8z.html/ accesed in January 10th, 2016).


http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/

http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/

71

No.

Datum Number

Utterance

Condition Politeness Strategy

Speaker-based Hearer-oriented

Wishes/

desires

Needs/

demands

Ability Suggestory

formulae

Bald

on

Record

Positive

politeness

Negative

politeness

Off

Record

1 01/ F/ SBC/ W

Elsa : I wish you would tell

me why Anna : - (not answering)

Explanation:

Elsa wants to invite Anna to play together by building a snowman with Anna’s magic. However, Anna does not want to do it because she is afraid that

her magic can hurt Elsa. Elsa asks Anna by making a request from the outside of Anna’s room. Because Anna does not want to come out from her

room, Elsa than becomes curious about what happens to her sister. She makes request by telling her wish that her sister can tell her the reason.

2 02/ F / SBC/ W

Hans : I'd like to formally

apologize for hitting the

Princess of Arendelle.

With my horse. Anna : No. No-no. It's fine.

Explanation:

Anna is very happy after hearing that her sister, Elsa, will be crowned as the Queen of Arendelle tonight. She then walks around and also dances while

singing outside the palace. When she walks near the sea, she accidentally steps on painting can. She almost falls down but a horse ridden by Hans, the

Prince of Southern Island, helps her. Next, Hans gets off from the horse and helps her to stand up. But the horse bothers them by stamping on the boat,

so that both of them fall down. Hans feels guilty toward Elsa and makes a request to forgive him and his horse.

3 03/ F / SBC/ W

Anna : Okay, Can I just say

something crazy? Hans : I love crazy.

Explanation:

Anna meets Hans in the dance’s floor. Hans helps Anna because Anna almost falls down after Anna and Elsa have a little trouble. Hans asks Anna to

dance with him. After that, Anna asks Hans to get out from the dasnce’s floor. They then get exciting conversation in the balcony of dance’s floor.

4 04/ F / SBC/ W

Hans : Can I say something

crazy? Will you marry

Apppendix 2: Data


72

me?

Anna : Can I just say something

even crazier? Yes!

Explanation:

Hans and Anna talk each other in the balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans

has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.

5 05/ F / HBC/ A Hans : Can I say something

crazy? Will you marry

me? Anna : Can I just say something

even crazier? Yes!

Explanation:

Hans and Anna talk each other in the balcony. Anna tells Hans why Elsa shuts her out. And then Hans says that he will not shut her out because Hans

has falling in love with her. Anna also loves him and then Hans asks Anna to marry him.

6 06/ F / SBC/ W

Anna : May I present, Prince

Hans of the Southern

Isles. Hans : Your Majesty.


Explanation:

Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their

marriage. They ask for it by using request

7 07/ F / SBC/ W

Anna and Hans :

We would like... your blessing

of... our marriage! Elsa :

Marriage? I'm sorry, I'm

confused.


73

Explanation:

Because Anna has agreed Hans’ request to marry him, Anna and Hans go into the dance’s floor to meet Elsa. They ask Elsa for her blessing to their

marriage. They ask for it by using request.

8 08/ F/ SBC/ W Elsa : May I talk to you,

please? Alone. Anna : No. Whatever you have

to say, you... you can say

to both of us.

Explanation:

Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is to sudden because they know each other not too long ago. Elsa

than wants to talk with Anna without Hans about Anna and Hans’s plan by using a request.

09 09/ F / HBC/ S Anna : Fine. You can't marry a

man you just met…You

Can if it's true love.

Elsa : Anna, what do you

know about true love?

Explanation:

Elsa does not agree with Anna’s plan to marry Hans. Anna thinks that their marriage is too sudden because they know each other not too long ago. She

makes a request to Anna by giving suggestion about her plan of marrying with Hans. 10 10/ F/ SBC/ W

Anna : Elsa, please. Please. I

can’t live like this

anymore. Elsa : Then leave.

Explanation:

Elsa does not agree with Anna and Hans marriage. Elsa then wants to leave the party because of Anna’s stubbornness. However, Anna still wants to get

Elsa’s blessing for her marriage before Elsa leaves the party.

11 11/ F/ SBC/ D Anna : I need you here to take

care of Arendelle. Hans : On my honor.


74

Explanation:

Elsa leaves her palace after she did magic with her hands. All people in palace have known her secret so she must run away. Anna then chases after her

to bring her back to the palace. Elsa chooses Hans to replace her sister to handle Arendelle for a moment.

12 12/ F/ SBC/ D Anna : I want you to take me

up the North Mountain. Kristoff : I don't take people

places.

Explanation:

After Kristoff sings a song at her room, Anna come and she makes request to Kristoff that she wants to go to North Mountain to find her sister, Elsa. At

first, Kristoff rejects Anna’s request, after that he agrees with Anna’s plan and they will go in the morning before sun rises.

13 13/ F / HBC/ S Anna :It opened. That's a first.

You should probably

wait out here. Krisstof : What?

Explanation:

Anna finds where her sister, Elsa, is hiding. It is an ice palace in the top of mountain. Anna then opens the door and makes request to her two

companions, Krisstof and Olaf by suggesting them to wait in front of the door. 14 14/ F / HBC/ S Anna : No, it's okay… You don't

have to apologize. But

you shouldprobably go,

please. Elsa `: But I just got here.

Explanation:

Anna apologizes to Elsa for her mistake about what happened in Arendelle. But, Elsa does not want to blame Anna and she justwants her to leave. Elsa

does not want to cause Anna’s condition worse with hermagic. 15 15/ F / HBC/ S Krisstof : Anna, I think we

should go.

Anna : No. I'm not leaving

without you, Elsa.


75

Explanation:

Accidentally Elsa’s magic comes out and hurts Anna again. Then, Krisstof helps Anna to stand up and makes a request by sugges ting her to go home.

Anna refuses to go home without bringing Elsa back to Arendelle.

16 16/ F / HBC/ S Anna :`Just fell off a cliff. You

should see your hair.

Elsa : No, yours is turning white.

Explanation: 17 17/ F/ SBC/ D Duke of Weselton :

I demand to see the Queen!

Soldiers of Arendelle :

- (not answering)

Chief minister of Arendelle:Oh I

have a message from the Queen.

Explanation:

Krisstof wonders why Anna’s hair becomes white. It may be caused by Elsa’s magic that makes her “Frozen”. Anna thinks that her white hair is

caused by the snow when she falls from the cliff. Anna makes a request by suggesting Krisstof see his hair too because his hair is full of snow.

However, Krisstof does not believe that Anna’s white hair is caused by snow and keeps saying that her hair is turning white. It means that Anna’s

conditon worsen.


ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE ... ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE MOVIE FROZEN...

Documents

Transcript of ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE ... ANALYSIS OF REQUESTING SPEECH ACT IN THE MOVIE FROZEN...