Analysis of Nutrient Loading and Coliform Contamination of the Sauk River (St. Cloud, MN) Jacob...
1
Sam ple Date Temperature ˚C pH Conductivity μ m oles percm Suspended Solids gram s perliter Total Solids gram s perliter 9/22/2005 20.0 6.78 454 36 354 10/5/2005 17.0 6.90 425 66 356 10/13/2005 13.0 7.19 467 22 322 10/19/2005 12.0 7.37 523 20 386 11/2/2005 10.0 7.49 533 21 451 11/13/2005 0.7 7.78 516 18 362 11/29/2005 0.4 7.60 584 6 355 12/14/2005 0.1 7.43 628 7 426 4/4/2006 6.0 7.37 519 10 390 4/19/2006 14.6 - - 8 313 4/29/2006 12.2 7.35 469 20 441 5/20/2006 16.0 7.59 515 19 309 6/6/2006 22.9 7.66 535 5 350 6/10/2006 16.6 7.59 532 4 379 6/30/2006 27.9 8.52 485 7 302 8/14/2006 25.0 7.76 554 4 345 8/26/2006 28.0 7.73 499 9 356 9/3/2006 22.0 7.52 423 18 339 10/16/2006 8.9 7.58 536 12 369 Analysis of Nutrient Loading and Coliform Contamination of the Sauk River (St. Cloud, MN) Jacob Galzki & Mitch Bender Fig. 1.1 and 1.2 E.coli and total colifom contamination measured in colony forming unit (CFU) counts per 100 mL sample (error bars represent standard deviation). Fig. 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 Nutrient concentration measured in milligrams per liter: phosphate, ammonia, and nitrate respectively (error bars represent standard deviation). Table 1. Temperature, pH, conductivity, suspended solids, and total solids for each sample date averaged from three grab samples. The degradation of water quality due to anthropogenic activity adversely affects both recreational and natural values of waterways worldwide. Agriculture and urban sprawl are two large contributors to water quality degradation. Fertilizers are often used in excess and animal wastes are often not managed properly. Both fertilizers and animal wastes contain nutrients which can be carried to nearby waterways during periods of rainfall. This can lead to eutrophication, which may cause a loss of biodiversity, fish kills, and ultimately a loss of the natural beauty of the affected body of water. Animal wastes may also contain harmful bacteria, such as E.coli, which is a direct threat to human health. From September 2005 through October 2006, a study was conducted to examine the levels of nutrients and coliform bacteria in the Sauk River near St. Cloud, MN. When weather permitted, grab samples were taken from the Sauk River biweekly and after significant rain events (>1.25 cm). The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia (three nutrients commonly found in agricultural fertilizers and animal wastes). The samples were also analyzed for coliform contamination. Nutrient loading was calculated at 58 Mg per year for PO 4 -P; 1,433 Mg per year for NO 3 -N; and 112 Mg per year for NH 3 -N. E.coli levels were measured over the EPA recreational standard of 126 CFU/100 mL during 8 of the 18 sampling dates. The highest level was measured at 690 CFU/100 mL and the average was 146 CFU/100 mL. Abstract Anthropogenic sources of nutrients can influence runoff and contribute to nutrient loading of nearby waterways. Increases of these nutrients have been associated with water quality issues, such as eutrophication. When an excess amount of nutrients enter a body of water, growth of aquatic vegetation is accelerated. This vegetation cannot sustain itself and eventually dies. This process results in lower dissolved oxygen levels in the body of water and can threaten fish populations and other aquatic life. When left unchecked, eutrophication can also lead to surface scum, pest infestations, and foul odors which severely impairs the recreational value of a body of water. Coliform bacteria that are associated with agricultural practices, like E.coli, also enter surface runoff and eventually nearby waterways. These coliform bacteria are found in the intestinal tracts of warm blooded creatures and are spread through feces. If ingested they can cause symptoms in humans ranging from abdominal cramping and diarrhea to kidney failure, paralysis, and, in rare cases, death. Most strains of E.coli are harmless, but their presence in waterways should act as a red flag to health officials (Davidson, 2005). Introduction • Determine the current nutrient and coliform bacteria levels in the Sauk River near St. Cloud, MN. • Monitor changes in the water quality over time and in relationship with rain events (> 1.25 cm). • Determine the need for future investigation concerning agricultural and urban development effects on the nutrient and coliform bacteria levels in the Sauk River. Research Project Objectives • Grab samples were taken in replicate from the Sauk River biweekly and after significant rainfall events (>1.25 cm). • The location of sample collection was near the Sauk River’s confluence with the Mississippi River near St. Cloud, MN. • Ortho-phosphate concentration was determined using an ascorbic acid reduction spectrophotometric procedure (Clesceri et al., 1989). • Nitrate concentration was determined using a second derivative UV/visable spectrophotometric procedure (Crumpton et al., 1992). • Ammonia concentration was also determined using a salicylate spectrophotometric method (Clesceri et al., 1989). • Total coliform and E.coli levels were determined using an EPA approved m-ColiBlue24 membrane filtration method (EPA, 2003). Methods and Analysis • The high levels of coliform bacteria found in the Sauk River have the potential to cause health risks to individuals using the river for recreational purposes. • Spikes in coliform bacteria levels appear to correlate with rain events, leading to the conclusion that surface runoff is contributing these bacteria to the river. • These findings have triggered future research that will investigate E. coli hot spots along the entire river in effort to determine the locations of possible problem areas. Conclusion Dr. Mitch Bender, Research Advisor Dr. Charles Rose, Nitrate Analysis Assistance References • Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., & Trussell, R.R, (editors). 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th ed. DHA- AWWA-WDCK. Washington D.C. • Crumpton, W.G., Isenhart, T.M., & Mitchell, P.D. 1992. Nitrate and organic N analyses with second derivative spectroscopy. Limnology and Oceanography. 37:907-913. • Davidson, O.G. 2005. Hung Out to Dry: post Katrina floodwaters are dirty, but so are other U.S. waterways. Grist Magazine. 11 Oct 2005. • EPA (2003). Total Coliforms and E. Coli Membrane Filtration Method. Retrieved 18 January 2006 from: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/lt2/pdfs/guide_lt2 _mlmanual_appendix-o.pdf. • MN DNR Data Deli. Map Data. Retrieved 2 October 2006 from: http://deli.dnr.state.mn.us/ • MPCA (2005). Specific Standards of Quality and Purity for Class 2 Waters of the State; Aquatic Life and Recreation. Retrieved 19 January 2006 from: http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us /arule/7050/0222.html. Acknowledgements & References Photo Credit: Mitch Bender Photo Credit: Jacob Galzki Photo Credit: Vanessa Bradseth Photo Credit: Matt Lenz a) b) c) d) Photo a) obtaining water samples; Photo b) incubating bacterial plates; Photo c) colony development after 24 hour incubation; Photo d) colony analysis St. Cloud State University 1.2) 9/15/ 0 5 10 /15/05 11 /1 4 /05 12 /14/05 1/ 1 3/0 6 2/ 12/ 06 3 / 1 4/ 06 4 / 1 3 /06 5/ 1 3/06 6 /12/0 6 7/ 1 2/0 6 8 /11 /0 6 9/10 /06 10 /10/ 06 0 4000 8000 12000 16000 Total coliform CFU/100mL Sample Date 1.1) 10 /15 /0 5 11 /14 /05 12/14 / 05 1/ 13/ 0 6 2 / 12/ 06 3 /14 /0 6 4 /13 /0 6 5/ 1 3 /06 6 /12 / 0 6 7/ 12/0 6 8 / 1 1 /0 6 9/10/06 10 / 10/ 06 0 200 400 600 800 E. coli EPA Recre ational Water Standar d 126 CFU/10 0mL CFU/100mL Sample Date 9/1 5/05 10/15/05 11 /1 4 /05 1 2 /1 4/0 5 1/1 3 /06 2 /1 2 /06 3/1 4/ 0 6 4 /1 3/06 5/1 3 / 0 6 6/1 2 / 06 7 /1 2/0 6 8 /1 1/0 6 9/1 0 /06 1 0 /1 0/06 0 1 2 3 4 2.3) Nitrate Sample Date mg N/L 9 /1 5 /0 5 1 0 /1 5 /0 5 1 1 / 1 4 /0 5 1 2 /1 4 /0 5 1 / 1 3 /0 6 2 /1 2 /0 6 3 /1 4 /0 6 4 /1 3 /0 6 5 /1 3 /0 6 6 /1 2 /0 6 7 /1 2 /0 6 8 /1 1 /0 6 9 / 1 0 /0 6 1 0 /1 0 /0 6 0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 2.2) Ammonia Sample Date mg N/L 9/15/ 05 1 0/15/0 5 11/ 14/ 05 12/14/05 1/ 13/ 06 2 / 12/0 6 3 / 14/0 6 4/13/0 6 5/ 13/ 06 6/ 12/06 7/12/ 0 6 8/ 1 1/ 06 9/ 10/06 10/10 /06 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 Phosphate 2.1) Sample Date mg P/L St. Cloud Sampling Site Cartography by Jacob Galzki Data Source: MN DNR Data Deli 3) Fig. 3 Map displaying the confluence of the Sauk and Mississippi Rivers, as well as the watershed the Sauk River drains. Rain event Rain event • Nutrient loading was calculated at 58 Mg per year for PO 4 - P; 1,433 Mg per year for NO 3 -N; and 112 Mg per year for NH 3 -N. • E.coli levels were measured over the EPA recreational standard of 126 CFU/100 mL during 8 of the 18 sampling dates. The highest level was measured at 690 CFU/100 mL and the average was 146 CFU/100 mL. • 7 of the 9 rain events triggered E.coli levels above EPA recreational standards. • The highest total coliform level was measured at 15,570 CFU/100 mL and the average was 5374 CFU/100 mL. Discussion
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Transcript of Analysis of Nutrient Loading and Coliform Contamination of the Sauk River (St. Cloud, MN) Jacob...
Sample Date Temperature
˚CpH
Conductivity
μ moles per cm
Suspended Solids
grams per liter
Total Solids
grams per liter
9/22/2005 20.0 6.78 454 36 35410/5/2005 17.0 6.90 425 66 356
10/13/2005 13.0 7.19 467 22 32210/19/2005 12.0 7.37 523 20 38611/2/2005 10.0 7.49 533 21 451
11/13/2005 0.7 7.78 516 18 36211/29/2005 0.4 7.60 584 6 35512/14/2005 0.1 7.43 628 7 426
4/4/2006 6.0 7.37 519 10 3904/19/2006 14.6 - - 8 3134/29/2006 12.2 7.35 469 20 4415/20/2006 16.0 7.59 515 19 3096/6/2006 22.9 7.66 535 5 350
6/10/2006 16.6 7.59 532 4 3796/30/2006 27.9 8.52 485 7 3028/14/2006 25.0 7.76 554 4 3458/26/2006 28.0 7.73 499 9 3569/3/2006 22.0 7.52 423 18 339
10/16/2006 8.9 7.58 536 12 369
Analysis of Nutrient Loading and Coliform Contamination of the Sauk River (St. Cloud, MN)Jacob Galzki & Mitch Bender
Fig. 1.1 and 1.2 E.coli and total colifom contamination measured in colony forming unit (CFU) counts per 100 mL sample (error bars represent standard deviation).
Fig. 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 Nutrient concentration measured in milligrams per liter: phosphate, ammonia, and nitrate respectively (error bars represent standard deviation).
Table 1. Temperature, pH, conductivity, suspended solids, and total solids for each sample date averaged from three grab samples.
The degradation of water quality due to anthropogenic activity adversely affects both recreational and natural values of waterways worldwide. Agriculture and urban sprawl are two large contributors to water quality degradation. Fertilizers are often used in excess and animal wastes are often not managed properly. Both fertilizers and animal wastes contain nutrients which can be carried to nearby waterways during periods of rainfall. This can lead to eutrophication, which may cause a loss of biodiversity, fish kills, and ultimately a loss of the natural beauty of the affected body of water. Animal wastes may also contain harmful bacteria, such as E.coli, which is a direct threat to human health. From September 2005 through October 2006, a study was conducted to examine the levels of nutrients and coliform bacteria in the Sauk River near St. Cloud, MN. When weather permitted, grab samples were taken from the Sauk River biweekly and after significant rain events (>1.25 cm). The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia (three nutrients commonly found in agricultural fertilizers and animal wastes). The samples were also analyzed for coliform contamination. Nutrient loading was calculated at 58 Mg per year for PO4-P; 1,433 Mg per year for NO3-N; and 112 Mg per year for NH3-N. E.coli levels were measured over the EPA recreational standard of 126 CFU/100 mL during 8 of the 18 sampling dates. The highest level was measured at 690 CFU/100 mL and the average was 146 CFU/100 mL.
Abstract
Anthropogenic sources of nutrients can influence runoff and contribute to nutrient loading of nearby waterways. Increases of these nutrients have been associated with water quality issues, such as eutrophication. When an excess amount of nutrients enter a body of water, growth of aquatic vegetation is accelerated. This vegetation cannot sustain itself and eventually dies. This process results in lower dissolved oxygen levels in the body of water and can threaten fish populations and other aquatic life. When left unchecked, eutrophication can also lead to surface scum, pest infestations, and foul odors which severely impairs the recreational value of a body of water. Coliform bacteria that are associated with agricultural practices, like E.coli, also enter surface runoff and eventually nearby waterways. These coliform bacteria are found in the intestinal tracts of warm blooded creatures and are spread through feces. If ingested they can cause symptoms in humans ranging from abdominal cramping and diarrhea to kidney failure, paralysis, and, in rare cases, death. Most strains of E.coli are harmless, but their presence in waterways should act as a red flag to health officials (Davidson, 2005).
Introduction
• Determine the current nutrient and coliform bacteria levels in the Sauk River near St. Cloud, MN.
• Monitor changes in the water quality over time and in relationship with rain events (> 1.25 cm).
• Determine the need for future investigation concerning agricultural and urban development effects on the nutrient and coliform bacteria levels in the Sauk River.
Research Project Objectives
• Grab samples were taken in replicate from the Sauk River biweekly and after significant rainfall events (>1.25 cm).
• The location of sample collection was near the Sauk River’s confluence with the Mississippi River near St. Cloud, MN.
• Ortho-phosphate concentration was determined using an ascorbic acid reduction spectrophotometric procedure (Clesceri et al., 1989).
• Nitrate concentration was determined using a second derivative UV/visable spectrophotometric procedure (Crumpton et al., 1992).
• Ammonia concentration was also determined using a salicylate spectrophotometric method (Clesceri et al., 1989).
• Total coliform and E.coli levels were determined using an EPA approved m-ColiBlue24 membrane filtration method (EPA, 2003).
• Using standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, the samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, suspended solids, and total solids (Clesceri et al., 1989).
Methods and Analysis
• The high levels of coliform bacteria found in the Sauk River have the potential to cause health risks to individuals using the river for recreational purposes.
• Spikes in coliform bacteria levels appear to correlate with rain events, leading to the conclusion that surface runoff is contributing these bacteria to the river.
• These findings have triggered future research that will investigate E. coli hot spots along the entire river in effort to determine the locations of possible problem areas.
Conclusion
Dr. Mitch Bender, Research AdvisorDr. Charles Rose, Nitrate Analysis Assistance
References
• Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., & Trussell, R.R, (editors). 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th ed. DHA-AWWA-WDCK. Washington D.C.
• Crumpton, W.G., Isenhart, T.M., & Mitchell, P.D. 1992. Nitrate and organic N analyses with second derivative spectroscopy. Limnology and Oceanography. 37:907-913.
• Davidson, O.G. 2005. Hung Out to Dry: post Katrina floodwaters are dirty, but so are other U.S. waterways. Grist Magazine. 11 Oct 2005.
• EPA (2003). Total Coliforms and E. Coli Membrane Filtration Method. Retrieved 18 January 2006 from: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/lt2/pdfs/guide_lt2
_mlmanual_appendix-o.pdf.
• MN DNR Data Deli. Map Data. Retrieved 2 October 2006 from: http://deli.dnr.state.mn.us/
• MPCA (2005). Specific Standards of Quality and Purity for Class 2 Waters of the State; Aquatic Life and Recreation. Retrieved 19 January 2006 from: http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us
/arule/7050/0222.html.
Acknowledgements & References
Photo Credit: Mitch Bender
Photo Credit: Jacob Galzki
Photo Credit: Vanessa Bradseth
Photo Credit: Matt Lenz
a) b)
c) d)
Photo a) obtaining water samples; Photo b) incubating bacterial plates; Photo c) colony development after 24 hour incubation; Photo d) colony analysis
St. Cloud State University
1.2)
9/15
/05
10/1
5/05
11/1
4/05
12/1
4/05
1/13
/06
2/12
/06
3/14
/06
4/13
/06
5/13
/06
6/12
/06
7/12
/06
8/11
/06
9/10
/06
10/1
0/06
0
4000
8000
12000
16000Total coliform
CF
U/1
00m
L
Sample Date
1.1)
10/1
5/05
11/1
4/05
12/1
4/05
1/13
/06
2/12
/06
3/14
/06
4/13
/06
5/13
/06
6/12
/06
7/12
/06
8/11
/06
9/10
/06
10/1
0/06
0
200
400
600
800
E. coli
EPA Recre
ational W
ater Standard
126 CFU/100mL
CF
U/1
00m
L
Sample Date
9/15
/05
10/1
5/05
11/1
4/05
12/1
4/05
1/13
/06
2/12
/06
3/14
/06
4/13
/06
5/13
/06
6/12
/06
7/12
/06
8/11
/06
9/10
/06
10/1
0/06
0
1
2
3
4
2.3)Nitrate
Sample Date
mg
N/L
9/15
/05
10/1
5/05
11/1
4/05
12/1
4/05
1/13
/06
2/12
/06
3/14
/06
4/13
/06
5/13
/06
6/12
/06
7/12
/06
8/11
/06
9/10
/06
10/1
0/06
0
0 .1
0.2
0.3
0.4
2.2)Ammonia
Sample Date
mg
N/L
9/15
/05
10/1
5/05
11/1
4/05
12/1
4/05
1/13
/06
2/12
/06
3/14
/06
4/13
/06
5/13
/06
6/12
/06
7/12
/06
8/11
/06
9/10
/06
10/1
0/06
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
Phosphate 2.1)
Sample Date
mg
P/L
St. Cloud
Sampling Site
Cartography by Jacob GalzkiData Source: MN DNR Data Deli
3)
Fig. 3 Map displaying the confluence of the Sauk and Mississippi Rivers, as well as the watershed the Sauk River drains.
Rain event
Rain event
• Nutrient loading was calculated at 58 Mg per year for PO4-P; 1,433 Mg per year for NO3-N; and 112 Mg per year for NH3-N.
• E.coli levels were measured over the EPA recreational standard of 126 CFU/100 mL during 8 of the 18 sampling dates. The highest level was measured at 690 CFU/100 mL and the average was 146 CFU/100 mL.
• 7 of the 9 rain events triggered E.coli levels above EPA recreational standards.
• The highest total coliform level was measured at 15,570 CFU/100 mL and the average was 5374 CFU/100 mL.
Discussion
