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Efficacy of water spray protection against
butane jet fires impinging on Liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks
Prepared by
Shell Global Solutions (UK)
for the Health and Safety Executive
CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT
298/2000
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Efficacy of Water Spray Protection Against Butane Jet Fires
Impinging on LPG Storage Tanks
LC Shirvill and JF Bennett
HSE Consultancy
Shell Global Solutions (UK)
Cheshire Innovation Park
PO Box 1
CHESTER
CH1 3SH
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays to protect
them in the event of a fire. In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken to
study, at full-scale, the performance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vessel
under conditions of jet fire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results,
reported in HSE report CRR 137/1997, showed that a typical water deluge system found on an
LPG storage vessel cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vessel
surface in an impinging propane jet fire scenario.
The objective of the work described in this report (Contract No. 3985/R75.041) was to extend
the understanding to include butane jet fires. These were known to have somewhat different
characteristics and may result in different conclusions to those drawn from the earlier work
with propane.
A total of twenty butane tests are reported and these provide a direct comparison with the
propane study. The results were in fact similar in that the water deluge did not always prevent
dry patches appearing along the top of the vessel, although these were generally smaller than
with the propane jet fires. The deluge also had a similar significant effect on the fire itself,
reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting in a lower rate of wall temperature rise at the
dry patches, when compared with the un-deluged case. One of the tests was repeated and run
for a longer duration, 10 minutes, at which time the maximum temperature of the small dry
patch had stabilised at 360oC. In the final test this was repeated again for more than twice this
time, but with one of the spray nozzles blocked to produce a larger dry patch. The maximum
temperature of this larger patch stabilised at 580oC. At this temperature the steel wall will be
severely weakened but may not necessarily fail.The results of this study will be used by the HSE in assessing the risk of accidental fires on
LPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents.
This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive. Its
contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author(s) alone
and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.
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Crown copyright 2000Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to:Copyright Unit, Her Majestys Stationery Office,St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ
First published 2000
ISBN 0 7176 1856 0
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the priorwritten permission of the copyright owner.
ii
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1
2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ................................................................................................1
3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT..................................................................................2
3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM....................................................2
3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT..........................................................................2
3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES .....................................................4
3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS ..............................4
3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM.........................................6
3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING ....................................................................8
3.7 DATA LOGGING......................................................................................................8
3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO.................................................................................9
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................9
4.1 TESTS DEL0401 TO DEL0423 .................................................................................9
4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425............................................................................14
5. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................17
6. REFERENCES...............................................................................................................17
7. APPENDICIES A-T.......................................................................................................18
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1. INTRODUCTION
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays, referred toas water deluge, to protect them in the event of a fire. This protection has been shown to be
effective in a pool fire(1)but uncertainties remained regarding the degree of protection afforded
in a jet fire resulting from a liquid or two-phase release of LPG. The essential difference
between a pool fire and a jet fire is that the latter can result in higher velocities and in the
extreme case of a high-pressure natural gas jet fire water deluge has been shown to be totally
ineffective(2).
In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken to study, at full-scale, the
performance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vessel under conditions of jet
fire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results, reported in HSE report
CRR 137/1997(3), showed that a typical water deluge system found on an LPG storage vessel
cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vessel surface in an impingingpropane jet fire scenario. The results of this study have been used by the HSE in assessing the
risk of accidental fires on LPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents, but they are specific
to propane fires only.
The objective of the work described in this report was to extend the understanding to include
butane jet fires, using the same equipment and a similar experimental plan to provide a direct
comparison with the propane study. Butane jet fires were known to have somewhat different
characteristics and it was felt that this may result in different conclusions to those drawn from
the earlier work with propane.
Section 2. of this report describes the experimental plan, developed in consultation with the
HSE sponsor, and Section 3. describes the equipment used. Selected results are presented anddiscussed in Section 4. The complete sets of results for each of the twenty valid tests are
contained in Appendices A-T. Section 5. presents the conclusions drawn from the work,
however it should be noted that the data gathered has only been analysed to the extent that it
could be accurately presented. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
The plan was to repeat the earlier propane study using butane to provide a direct comparison.
The same hole sizes and distances, based on credible accident scenarios considered in the HSE
model ALIBI (Assessment of LPG Installations leading to Bleve Incidents)(4), were used.
The butane jet fires, from 12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, were to impinge on a target vessel (an
empty 13 tonne LPG tank) from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m. The parametric study was based
on this 3x3 test matrix and each set of conditions were to be carried out both with the water
deluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay in initiating the deluge. It was decided that the
short duration tests without any water deluge, carried out in the propane study, would not be
repeated as sufficient data on heat transfer without water could be obtained during the first 30 s
of the delayed deluged tests.
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Our aim was to release butane under conditions closely similar to those that would occur if a
pipe were punctured or severed on an LPG installation. The 12.5 and 25 mm holes were to be
sharp-edged orifice plates on the end of a 50 mm pipe to achieve liquid releases of
approximately 1 and 4 kg/s, respectively. The 50 mm release would be full-bore from the pipe,
resulting in a liquid release of approximately 9 kg/s.
The tests were to be of longer duration than typically used in the earlier propane study, and iftime permitted one test would be repeated and run for at least 10 minutes.
3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
The equipment used was the same as in the earlier propane tests, but with some modifications
to more precisely control the discharge conditions, and more thermocouples on the target vessel
to achieve better spatial resolution.
3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM
A schematic diagram of the butane supply, control and measurement system is shown in
Figure 1. The LPG storage tank, containing commercial grade butane, was elevated to achieve
a positive liquid head at the discharge orifice. The objective was to maintain the liquid butane
at just above its vapour pressure at the point of discharge and to achieve this in a controlled
manner it was necessary to over-pressure the storage with nitrogen. During the tests, the
nitrogen pressure was maintained using an Alfa Laval ECA-40 controller and Valtek pressure
control valve. Using this arrangement some nitrogen becomes dissolved in the butane. Samples
were taken after two of the tests and analysed, the results are given in Section 4.
The butane was discharge from the tank through three independent valves into a common50 mm i.d. pipe into an existing supply line. This line was constructed from 149 mm i.d.
stainless steel pipe and extended for about 25 metres between the storage tank and the
discharge platform. Several manual and remotely operated valves were located in the line,
together with thermal pressure relief valves. At the discharge platform the line reduced to
50 mm i.d. stainless steel and terminated in the final, remotely operated, valve used to initiate
the release. Spool pieces, also 50 mm internal diameter, were used beyond the final valve to
achieve the three discharge distances of 1, 3 and 5 metres. Details of the discharge distances
are shown in Figure 2. The 12.5, 25.0 mm releases were through sharp-edged orifice plates and
the 50 mm release was full-bore.
3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT
The mass flow rate of the butane was measured using a Coriolis-force mass flow meter,
mounted in the butane delivery line, approximately 8 m upstream of the final valve. This flow
meter comprised a Micro Motion flow sensor and a mass flow transmitter. The sensor was
calibrated by the manufacturer and is accurate to within 0.5% of the mass flow rate. The mass
flow transmitter relayed the output of the flow sensor to the data logging system, described in
Section 3.7. The butane mass flow rate achieved was not controlled but governed by the
diameter of the release orifice and the exit conditions.
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3
2 inch LPG discharge line
N
LPG storage tank
Water storage tanks
Water pump
Water recirculation
Buffer tank
6 inch LPG discharge line
Target vessel
Water supply
Nitrogen source
LPG:- mass flow rate, kg/s.
Water:- flow rate, l/min. pressure, barg.
Exit conditions:- pressure, barg., temperature, deg C.
Vapour pressure make-up
Tank liquid head conditions:- pressure, barg. temperature, deg C.
Tank vapour head conditions:-
pressure, barg.
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of fuel / water storage and release systems
1000
3000
5000
Figure 2
Fuel discharge point locations
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3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES
The static pressure and temperature of the butane was measured at a number of locations.
Pressure and temperature at the exit of the storage tank, together with pressure and temperature
close to the release point.
The storage tank liquid head pressure was measured using an Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd.PR3100 pressure transmitter located in the liquid discharge from the tank. The range of this
instrument was 0-20 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, and a calibration was
performed prior to installation. This instrument also served the Alfa Laval ECA-40 controller
to maintain the nitrogen pressure blanket on the storage tank.
A further Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd. PR3100 pressure transmitter, with a measuring range of 0-
6 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, was used to measure the pressure at the exit
measurement position, 0.2 m upstream of the release point. The transmitter was calibrated on
site, before and after the test series, using a Druck DPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.
The butane temperature was measured in the supply line and at the exit measurement position,
using stainless steel sheathed mineral insulated type T thermocouples protruding inside thepipe. The thermocouple has an accuracy of 0.5C, and was connected via suitable
compensating cable to the data logger.
Data from the pressure transducers and temperature transmitters were recorded on the logging
system described in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units by applying the relevant
calibration coefficients for each instrument.
3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
The target vessel was a redundant 13 tonne LPG storage bullet which had been modified for
these experiments. The cylindrical shell was 2.17 m dia. x 7.5 m long, and fitted with
torispherical end caps. The total surface area of the vessel was estimated to be 61.3 m2
(basedon the simplifying assumption of spherically dished end caps), 51.15 m2 over the developed
cylindrical surface. To measure the temperature of the 12 mm thick wall of the shell, 85
thermocouples were attached to the internal surface. These comprised the original locations, 1
to 56 for tests prior to this series plus an extra 29 thermocouples, 57 to 85. These were placed
in an area that could be subjected to hot spots and could therefore provide increased
resolution of the surface temperatures. The locations of these thermocouples are indicated and
defined in Figures 3 to 5.
At all locations the thermocouples were attached directly to the steel by capacitance discharge
welder. The welder, type TAU, was supplied by Cooperheat Ltd. Solid conductor, 0.7 mm
dia., type 'K' thermocouple wire supplied by Omega was used. Each leg of the thermocouple
was welded separately to the steel, approximately 5 mm apart. Thus the steel becomes part ofthe thermocouple junction and the thermocouple accurately and unambiguously measures the
steel temperature. The thermocouple cable was extended out of and beyond the vessel into a
junction box. In this box type 'K' connector blocks were used to transfer the thermocouple
output signals into multicored type 'V' compensating cables and hence to the data collection
point.
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A B C D E F G H I
Centre line of vessel
CA DA
DB
EA
EB
FA
1000.0
2000.0
2375.0
2750.0
3125.0
3312.5
3500.0 to Centre Line
3687.5
3875.0
4250.0
4625.0
5000.0
6000.0
7000.0
Figure 3
Thermocouple ring locations
3
2
1
4
7
6
5
8
13
12
11
10
9
16
15
14
6870
29
28
27
26
25
32
31
30
45
44
43
42
41
48
47
46
51
50
49
52
55
54
53
56
Ring A Ring B Ring C
Ring DB Ring E Ring EA
Ring G Ring H Ring I
FlameDirection
59
5761
60
63
66
Ring CA
Ring DA Ring EB
Ring F Ring FA
58
21
20
19
18
17
24
23
22
Ring D
62
65
67 64 69 71 7274
7375
78
77
79 76
37
36
35
34
33
40
39
38
80
83
8185
84
82
Figure 4
Thermocouple locations on the various rings
The type 'K' thermocouple wire used to measure the vessel temperatures was supplied to
tolerance class 2 (International Thermocouple Reference Tables: IEC 584-2:1882 and BS 4937
Part 20:1983), giving a tolerance value of +/-2.5C or 0.0075 x T, which ever is the greatest,
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within the limits of -40C to +1200C. Although suitable for lower temperatures, these
thermocouples may not meet the tolerance value below -40C.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61 62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79 80
81
82
83
84
85
3 7 13 21 29 37 45 51 55
A B C D E F G H I
Rear
Top of vessel
Front
Bottom
OWater spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
Bottom
Bottom rear
Top rear
Top front
Bottom front
Figure 5
Development of thermocouple locations
3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM
The deluge system was designed by Wormald Fire Systems to achieve a minimum application
rate of 10.2 litres/min./m2 over the whole exposed surface of the vessel, in accordance with
NFPA 15(5). This design was originally used in an investigation of the efficacy of water deluge
systems used on offshore facilities(2)but it is identical to that commonly used to protect LPG
storage bullets, the design application rate being just above the minimum of 9.8 litres/min./m2
specified in HSG 34(6).
Twenty four spray nozzles were used in sets of four around the vessel at an axial spacing of
1475 mm, Figure 6. This Wormald design called for a total water flow rate into the system of
1064 litres/min. delivered at 2.4 barg, and this was the nominal flow rate used in all of the
tests. The vessel is 2.17 m dia. thus each set of four nozzles is spraying on an area of 10.06 m2.
It is interesting to note that this results in an actual application rate of 17.6 litres/min./m2 on
the cylindrical shell of the vessel, some 73% excess over the design value. This large excess is
apparently an inevitable consequence of incremental spray nozzle sizes, the minimum spacing
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required to ensure complete coverage and the hydraulic gradient required to achieve a minimum
pressure of 1.4 barg at the most hydraulically remote nozzle, in this particular case.
Centre line of vessel
1475 147514751480 1480 2460
2460
Figure 6
The target vessel indicating deluge nozzles
The spray nozzles were Wormald type MV21-110, manufactured from leaded-gunmetal with
brass diffuser plates.
Figure 7, shows a photograph of the deluge operating and it can be seen that a water film was
obtained over the whole surface of the vessel.
Figure 7
The target vessel with deluge nozzles operating
The layout of the water supply system is included in Figure 1. Water for the deluge was stored
in two large tanks in which the levels were balanced. A single outlet supplied water to a skid
mounted water pump driven by a diesel engine. The speed of the pump could be varied
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manually. Water was discharged into a 150 mm nominal bore pipe leading to the deluge
system. Remotely operated valves enabled the water to be recirculated to the storage tanks.
This arrangement permitted the pump engine to be brought up to operating temperature under
working conditions and also enabled water at the required rate to flow into the deluge system at
the desired instant during delayed deluge experiments.
Deluge water pressure was measured with a Druck series PTX500 static pressure transducer.This instrument operated within the range of 0 to 10 barg with a typical accuracy of +/-1.0% of
full scale and was calibrated on site using a Druck TPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.
The water flow rate was measured using a Krohne IFM1080 flow meter uprated to operate
between 0 and 3000 litres/min. This instrument was supplied with a calibration produced by
the Dutch Office of Measures and Weights. An uncertainty of +/-1.0% is quoted by the
supplier.
3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING
Equipment was deployed to monitor the ambient weather conditions in the vicinity of the test
facility. The wind speed was monitored using four Vector Instruments A100 cup typeanemometers, located at heights of 1.2, 2.9, 6.0 and 6.4 m above the discharge axis on weather
mast located to the west of the facility. The wind conditions were also measured using a Gill
Instruments, Solent logging ultrasonic anemometer, located at a height of 10.0 m above the
ground, equating to 8.2 m above the discharge axis. This instrument provided horizontal and
vertical wind speed components together with the wind direction.
The cup type anemometers can measure wind speed in the range 0 to 25 m/s and the accuracy
is quoted by the manufactures as 1%. The ultrasonic anemometer is capable of measuring
horizontal wind speeds in the range 0 to 60 m/s. The wind speed accuracy is 2.5% between 0
and 30 m/s. The accuracy of the vertical component is within 5% of the horizontal
component. Wind direction is measured in meteorological format i.e. as the direction the wind
is coming from, measured clockwise from north, with an accuracy of 2% for wind speedsbetween 0 and 30 m/s.
The ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured using a Vaisala HMD 30YB
transmitter. This instrument was mounted on the control cabin roof. The atmospheric pressure
was also monitored using a Vaisala PTA427 transmitter. The accuracy of the measurements,
quoted by the manufacturers, are 0.2C for the temperature, 2% for the relative humidity
between 0 and 90% and 3% between 90 and 100%, and 0.2 mbar for the atmospheric
pressure.
Data from all the ambient weather monitoring equipment was recorded on the logging system
described in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units applying the relevant calibration
coefficients for each instrument.
3.7 DATA LOGGING
Data from all instruments were recorded using a PC based computer logging system. This
system is based on multiplexing of signals at remote locations using equipment manufactured
by Computer Instrumentation Limited. The concept of using this approach is based on limiting
the amount of cabling running between the computer and the instrumentation. Individual cables
from the instruments are fed into a multiplexer system located close to a group of instruments
from which only one signal cable is returned to the computer. This system also has the added
advantage that signals can be amplified by the multiplexer close to their source, thus avoiding
the transmission of small signal levels over long distances.
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Each instrument channel was sampled at once per second for the duration of each test.
3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO
A video and photographic record was made of each test.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Tests DEL0401 to DEL0423
To complete the 3x3x2 test matrix (12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m,
with deluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay) a total of 23 tests were carried out to
achieve 18 valid tests. Tests DEL0401, DEL0406, DEL0407, DEL04014 and DEL04015 were
deemed invalid, due to sudden changes in the wind or failure to reach steady flow conditions,and are not reported. Table 1 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers for
the 18 valid tests, together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent data
tables. Each test was run for at least 3 minutes and stopped when the vessel temperatures
appeared to have stabilised, or in one case just under 7 minutes was reached.
Table 1
Series test numbers and averaging periods
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia., mm Stand off distance, m.
Test number Averagingperiod, s.
Test number Averagingperiod, s.
12.5 1 DEL0402 9 to 335 DEL0403 56 to 277
12.5 3 DEL0417 9 to 402 DEL0416 57 to 244
12.5 5 DEL0418 7 to 364 DEL0419 97 to 279
25.0 1 DEL0404 6 to 231 DEL0405 57 to 235
25.0 3 DEL0412 4 to 302 DEL0413 56 to 252
25.0 5 DEL0420 6 to 302 DEL0421 57 to 243
50.0 1 DEL0408 9 to 243 DEL0409 62 to 30250.0 3 DEL0410 20 to 208 DEL0411 56 to 221
50.0 5 DEL0422 8 to 242 DEL0423 63 to 302
Table 2 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test. The averaged wind
speeds of between 3 and 10 m/s were slightly higher than those encountered in the earlier
propane tests, 1.6-7.8 m/s. A south westerly co-flowing wind would have ensured that the jet
fire was central on the target vessel, however, a cross wind generally from the quadrant
between west and north was deemed acceptable.
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Table 2
Series winds speeds and directions
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia., mm Stand off distance, m.
Wind speed,m/s
Winddirection,
degs.
Wind speed, m/s Winddirection,
degs.
12.5 1 2.98 8 2.49 314
12.5 3 3.87 271 4.27 271
12.5 5 6.40 260 8.64 261
25.0 1 3.09 276 3.11 280
25.0 3 3.78 262 3.60 266
25.0 5 10.06 264 7.70 264
50.0 1 2.83 284 2.86 289
50.0 3 2.92 250 3.03 249
50.0 5 9.23 265 9.23 267
Table 3 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test. The nitrogen used to over-pressure
the butane storage was just sufficient to achieve fully liquid releases. The exit temperature,
measured just upstream of the hole, remained close to ambient, confirming that no flashing had
occurred at that point and that fully liquid releases had been achieved.
Table 3
Series discharge conditions
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia.,
mm
Stand off
distance,
m.
Mass flow
rate, kg/s
Exit
temperature,
de C
Exit
pressure,
bar .
Mass
flow
rate, k /s
Exit
temperature,
de C
Exit
pressure,
bar .
12.5 1 1.00 10.1 1.3 1.01 8.9 1.3
12.5 3 1.02 7.6 1.4 1.03 7.6 1.4
12.5 5 1.01 7.1 1.4 0.90 6.5 1.4
25.0 1 3.87 6.6 1.2 3.86 6.6 1.2
25.0 3 3.77 8.1 1.5 3.63 8.0 1.6
25.0 5 4.02 8.0 1.4 3.88 8.8 1.4
50.0 1 9.40 5.6 1.0 8.71 4.5 1.0
50.0 3 8.94 5.5 1.2 8.54 T/C failed 1.3
50.0 5 9.61 8.3 1.1 9.10 7.8 1.1
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Liquid butane samples were taken from the storage tank part way through use of the first and
second deliveries of commercial butane. The results are shown in Table 4. Both samples
contained some propane, which is not uncommon in commercial butane. As expected a small
amount of the nitrogen used to over-pressure the storage had dissolved in the butane
Table 4
Analysis of butane samples
Component Sample 1
% mole
Sample 2
% mole
Propane 11.6 4.0
Isobutane 21.1 21.9
N-butane 65.2 70.7
Trans-2-butene 0.1 0.1
Isopentane 1.4 2.6
N-pentane 0.2 0.5
Nitrogen 0.3 0.2
The full results from each of the 18 tests are contained in Appendices A to R. Each appendix
contains:
a summary of the test conditions
Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test
Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test
Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperatures
during the test
Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 s
after ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .
Table 5 summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found in
each test. The 120
o
C criterion, also used in the earlier propane study, was chosen based on thework of Lev and Strachan(7)which showed that this temperature may be taken as "indicative of
having achieved critical conditions for failure of the water film".
Table 5 shows that when starting with the deluge on, only the larger releases result in dry
patches. The largest dry patch being in test DEL0422 (50 mm hole, 5 m distance) where 4
thermocouples exceeded 120oC, also see Appendix Q, Figure Q18.
With the deluge delayed by 30 seconds dry patches are more readily formed but for the smallest
hole size these do not persist. Again the largest dry patch occurred with the largest hole and the
greatest distance, test DEL0423, also see Appendix R, Figure R19.
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Table 5
Series temperature regimes
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia.,
mm
Stand off
distance,m.
Maximum
temp., degC
Number
of T/Csexceeding
120 deg C
Number
of T/Csstaying in
excess of
120 deg C
Maximum
temp., degC
Number
of T/Csexceeding
120 deg C
Number of
T/Csstaying in
excess of
120 deg C
12.5 1 93 0 0 137 10 0
12.5 3 95 0 0 137 10 0
12.5 5 98 0 0 98 0 0
25.0 1 103 0 0 185 19 1
25.0 3 101 0 0 239 30 7
25.0 5 174 1 1 283 18 6
50.0 1 140 1 1 229 28 3
50.0 3 107 0 0 292 26 4
50.0 5 233 4 4 332 20 8
Figure 8 shows an example of some target vessel wall temperatures during test DEL0409
(50 mm hole, 1 m distance, delayed deluge). The thermocouple responses plotted were chosen
to illustrate the different types of behaviour found in all of the tests. The last two digits of the
identifier give the thermocouple location, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4, thus TK-40925 isthermocouple 25 located at the top of the vessel in the centre.
0
50
100
150
200
250
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature
,degC. TK-40925
TK-40963
TK-40964
TK-40966
TK-40969
120 degs
Figure 8
Example of wall temperatures during test DEL0409
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The water deluge was initiated 30 seconds after ignition and the flow fully established by
50 seconds. At some thermocouples locations, e.g. 63 and 64, a water film was quickly
established and the wall temperature never exceeded the 120oC criterion. At location 66 a water
film was established at 50 seconds even though the wall had initially exceeded 120oC. At
locations 69 and 25 it is clear that once the water flow is fully established the rate of
temperature rise is reduced. After 90 seconds a water film is established at location 69 and thetemperature drops 120
oC. At location 25, the temperature continues to rise at the reduced rate.
This reduced rate of temperature rise of dry patches was also seen in the earlier propane study
and results from the combustion process being affected by the water sprays. Less soot is
formed in the flame resulting in less luminosity and a reduction in the heat transfer by radiation
to the vessel surface. This is most clearly illustrated by reference to Figures 9 and 10. These
photographs were taken during test DEL0413, before and after establishment of the deluge.
Figure 9
Test DEL0413 before deluge
Figure 10
Test DEL0413 with deluge
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In all of the tests where this behaviour was observed (DEL0409, DEL0411, DEL0413 and
DEL0423) we have estimated the reduction in the rate of temperature rise at dry patches by
comparing the essentially linear temperature rise before the water comes on, with that
immediately after the deluge has become fully established. The results do not allow specific
reductions in rate of temperature rise or heat transfer to be associated with particular
conditions, but typically the reduction is a factor of between 2 and 5, similar to that found withpropane (between 1.5 and 5.8)
(3).
Some releases from 1 m and 3 m resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel with
local low temperatures on the vessel wall. Test DEL0409 is a good example, see Appendix F,
Figures F18 and F19. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto the ground after hitting the
vessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.
4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425
Test DEL04024 was a repeat of test DEL0413 (25 mm hole, 3 m distance, delayed deluge) run
for 10 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch. Test
DEL04025 was a further repeat of this test, but with one nozzle blocked to induce a larger drypatch, and run for more than 20 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by a
larger dry patch.
Table 6 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers for these two tests,
together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent data tables.
Table 6
Long duration test numbers and averaging periods
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia., mm Stand off distance, m.
Test number Averagingperiod, s.
Test number Averagingperiod, s.
25.0 3 DEL0424 59 to 611
25.0 3 DEL0425 57 to 1578
Table 7 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test.
Table 7
Long duration tests wind speeds and directions
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia., mm Stand off
distance, m.
Wind speed,
m/s
Wind
direction,
degs.
Wind speed, m/s Wind
direction,
degs.
25.0 3 5.55 259
25.0 3 7.40 261
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Table 8 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test.
Table 8
Long duration tests discharge conditions
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia.,
mm
Stand off
distance,
m.
Mass flow
rate, kg/s
Exit
temperature,
de C
Exit
pressure,
bar .
Mass
flow
rate, k /s
Exit
temperatur
e, de C
Exit
pressure,
bar .
25.0 3 4.31 7.7 1.5
25.0 3 4.57 6.9 1.5
The full results from both of the tests are contained in Appendices S and T. Each appendix
contains:
a summary of the test conditions
Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test
Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test
Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperatures
during the test
Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 s
after ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .Table 9
summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found in each
test.
Table 9
Long duration tests temperature regimes
Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.
Hole dia.,
mm
Stand off
distance,
m.
Maximum
temp., deg
C
Number
of T/Cs
exceeding
120 deg C
Number
of T/Cs
staying in
excess of
120 deg C
Maximum
temp., deg
C
Number
of T/Cs
exceeding
120 deg C
Number of
T/Cs
staying in
excess of
120 deg C
25.0 3 372 27 6
25.0 3 581 19 13
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Figure 11 shows some of the dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425.
Dry spot temperatures
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
060
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
960
1020
1080
1140
1200
1260
1320
1380
1440
1500
1560
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg,C.
TK-42517
TK-42560
TK-42561
TK-42562
TK-42566
TK-42567
120 degs
TK-42417
TK-42457
Figure 11
Dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425
The maximum temperature reached by the small dry spot (thermocouple location 17) in test
DEL0424 was 360oC after 10 minutes. See also Appendix S, Figure S19, for details of the dry
spot.
The maximum temperature reached by the large dry spot (thermocouple location 62) in test
DEL0425 was 580oC. It appears that thermocouple location 67 may be on the edge of the dry
patch as the temperature was falling during the second half of the test. The gap in the data
around 23 minutes was caused by the necessity to change disks in the data logging system. See
also Appendix T, Figure T19, for details of the dry spot. The blocked water spray nozzle was
the one above thermocouple location 24, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4.
At the maximum temperature of 580oC the steel wall will be severely weakened but may not
necessarily fail, resulting in a BLEVE if the vessel had contained LPG.
Figure 12
Test DEL0425
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5. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are based on an analysis of the data sufficient only to allow it to be
accurately reported. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.
1. The results from the twenty tests reported show that a typical water deluge system
found on an LPG storage tank cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the
whole tank surface in an impinging butane jet fire scenario.
2. The results are similar to those found in the earlier propane work, although any dry
patches were generally smaller with the butane jet fires. The deluge also had a similar
significant effect on the fire itself, reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting in
a lower rate of wall temperature rise at the dry patches, when compared with the un-
deluged case, typically by a factor between 2 and 5.
3. The equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch was about 360oC after 10
minutes, in one repeated test, run until an equilibrium temperature had been reached.
4. The equilibrium temperature reached by a larger dry patch, induced by blocking one of
the spray nozzles, was 580oC after about 20 minutes.
5. Some releases resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel with local low
temperatures on the vessel wall. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto the
ground after hitting the vessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.
6. REFERENCES
1. Billinge, K, Moodie, K and Beckett, H. The use of Water Sprays to Protect Fire
engulfed Storage Tanks, 5th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety
Promotion in Process Industries, 1986.
2. Shirvill, LC and White, GC. Effectiveness of Deluge Systems in Protecting Plant and
Equipment Impacted by High-Velocity Natural Gas Jet Fires, ICHMT 1994
International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Process Industry
Accidents, Rome 1994.
3. Bennett, JF, Shirvill, LC and Pritchard, MJ. Efficacy of Water Spray ProtectionAgainst Jet Fires Impinging on LPG Storage Tanks, HSE Contract Research Report
137/1997.
4. Goose, MH. Recent Developments with ALIBI, a Model for Site Specific Prediction of
LPG Tank BLEVE Frequency, IChemE Symposium Series No. 139, Major Hazards
Onshore and Offshore II, Manchester 1995.
5. NFPA 15, Water Spray Fixed Systems, National Fire Protection Association.
6. HSG 34, The Storage of LPG at fixed Installations, HMSO.
7. Lev, Y and Strachan, DC. A Study of Cooling Water Requirements for the Protection
of Metal Surfaces Against Thermal Radiation, Fire Technology, August 1989.
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7. APPENDICIES A-T
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Appendix A - DEL0402
Averaging period 9 - 335 seconds after ignition
Summary of Release Exit Conditions
Discharge hole diameter: 12.50 mm
Stand-off Distance: 1.00 m
Butane mass flow rate: 1.02 kg/s
Exit static pressure: 1.33 barg
Exit temperature 10.13 deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays: Deluge on
Water pressure 2.35 barg
Water flow rate 1069.75 litres/min
Ambient Weather Conditions
Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.7 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 2.8 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 3.1 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 3.2 m/s
Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) No data m/s
Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) No data m/s
Wind direction 8.31 degrees clockwise from North
Relative humidity 87.2 %
Ambient temperature 12.2 deg CAtmospheric pressure 961.1 mbar
Thermocouples not operating properly
15, 79
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Fuel flow 0402
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Massflow,kg/s
&Pressure,barg.
Mass flow , kg/s
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
Figure A1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0402
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Pressure,barg
&Flow
m^3/min
Water pressure,
barg
Water flow rate,
m^3/min
Figure A2 - Water deluge conditions
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Ring A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40201
TK-40202
TK-40203
TK-40204
120 deg C.
Figure A3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40205
TK-40206
TK-40207
TK-40208
120 deg C.
Figure A4 - Temperatures - thermocouples 5 - 8
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22
Ring C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40209
TK-40210
TK-40211
TK-40212
TK-40213
TK-40214
TK-40215
TK-40216
120 deg C.
Figure A5 - Temperatures - thermocouples 9 - 16
Ring CA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40257
TK-40258
TK-40259
TK-40260
TK-40261
120 deg C.
Figure A6 - Temperatures - thermocouples 57 - 61
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23
Ring D
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40217
TK-40218
TK-40219
TK-40220
TK-40221
TK-40222
TK-40223
TK-40224
TK-40262
120 deg C.
Figure A7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40263
TK-40264
TK-40265
TK-40266
TK-40267
120 deg C.
Figure A8 - Temperatures - thermocouples 63 - 67
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24
Ring DB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40268
TK-40269
TK-40270
120 deg C.
Figure A9 - Temperatures - thermocouples 68 - 70
Ring E
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40225
TK-40226
TK-40227
TK-40228TK-40229
TK-40230
TK-40231
TK-40232
TK-40271
120 deg C.
Figure A10 - Temperatures - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71
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25
Ring EA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40272
TK-40273
TK-40274
120 deg C.
Figure A11 - Temperatures - thermocouples 72 - 74
Ring EB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,de
gC. TK-40275
TK-40276
TK-40277
TK-40278
TK-40279
120 deg C.
Figure A12 - Temperatures - thermocouples 75 - 79
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26
Ring F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40233
TK-40234
TK-40235
TK-40236
TK-40237
TK-40238
TK-40239
TK-40240
TK-40280
120 deg C.
Figure A13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40281
TK-40282
TK-40283
TK-40284
TK-40285
120 deg C.
Figure A14 - Temperatures - thermocouples 81 - 85
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Ring G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40241
TK-40242
TK-40243
TK-40244
TK-40245
TK-40246
TK-40247
TK-40248
120 deg C.
Figure A15 - Temperatures - thermocouples 41 - 48
Ring H
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40249TK-40250
TK-40251
TK-40252
120 deg C.
Figure A16 - Temperatures - thermocouples 49 - 52
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Ring I
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40253
TK-40254
TK-40255
TK-40256
120 deg C.
Figure A17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 - 56
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29
A B C D E F G H I
REAR
TOP
FRONT
BOTTOM
O Water spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
BOTTOM
Temperature scale
-20
0
120
240
360
480
Figure A18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 335s after ignition.
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30
Appendix B - DEL0403
Averaging period 56 - 277 seconds after ignition
Summary of Release Conditions
Discharge hole diameter: 12.50 mm
Stand-off Distance: 1.00 m
Butane mass flow rate: 1.01 kg/s
Exit static pressure: 1.31 barg
Exit temperature 8.86 deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays: Delayed by 30 secs
Water pressure 2.35 barg
Water flow rate 1069.38 litres/min
Ambient Weather Conditions
Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.0 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 2.0 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 2.2 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 2.3 m/s
Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 2.49 m/s
Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 0.9 m/s
Wind direction 314.29 degrees clockwise from North
Relative humidity 88.7 %
Ambient temperature 12.0 deg CAtmospheric pressure 961.6 mbar
Thermocouples not operating properly
15, 53, 54, 55, 79
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Fuel flow 0403
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Massflow,kg/s
&Pressure,barg.
Mass flow , kg/s
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
Figure B1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0403
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Pressure,barg
&Flow
m^3/min
Water pressure,
barg
Water flow rate,
m^3/min
Figure B2 - Water deluge conditions
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Ring A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40301
TK-40302
TK-40303
TK-40304
120 deg C.
Figure B3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40305
TK-40306
TK-40307
TK-40308
120 deg C.
Figure B4 - Temperatures - thermocouples 5 - 8
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33
Ring C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40309
TK-40310
TK-40311
TK-40312
TK-40313
TK-40314
TK-40315
TK-40316
120 deg C.
Figure B5 - Temperatures - thermocouples 9 - 16
Ring CA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40357
TK-40358
TK-40359
TK-40360
TK-40361
120 deg C.
Figure B6 - Temperatures - thermocouples 57 - 61
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34
Ring D
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40317
TK-40318
TK-40319
TK-40320
TK-40321
TK-40322
TK-40323
TK-40324
TK-40362
120 deg C.
Figure B7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40363
TK-40364
TK-40365
TK-40366
TK-40367
120 deg C.
Figure B8 - Temperatures - thermocouples 63 - 67
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35
Ring DB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40368
TK-40369
TK-40370
120 deg C.
Figure B9 - Temperatures - thermocouples 68 - 70
Ring E
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40325
TK-40326
TK-40327
TK-40328TK-40329
TK-40330
TK-40331
TK-40332
TK-40371
120 deg C.
Figure B10 - Temperatures - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71
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36
Ring EA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40372
TK-40373
TK-40374
120 deg C.
Figure B11 - Temperatures - thermocouples 72 - 74
Ring EB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,de
gC. TK-40375
TK-40376
TK-40377
TK-40378
TK-40379
120 deg C.
Figure B12 - Temperatures - thermocouples 75 - 79
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Ring F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40333
TK-40334
TK-40335
TK-40336
TK-40337
TK-40338
TK-40339
TK-40340
TK-40380
120 deg C.
Figure B13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40381
TK-40382
TK-40383
TK-40384
TK-40385
120 deg C.
Figure B14 - Temperatures - thermocouples 81 - 85
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38
Ring G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40341
TK-40342
TK-40343
TK-40344
TK-40345
TK-40346
TK-40347
TK-40348
120 deg C.
Figure B15 - Temperatures - thermocouples 41 - 48
Ring H
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40349TK-40350
TK-40351
TK-40352
120 deg C.
Figure B16 - Temperatures - thermocouples 49 - 52
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39
Ring I
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40353
TK-40354
TK-40355
TK-40356
120 deg C.
Figure B17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 - 56
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45/245
40
A B C D E F G H I
REAR
TOP
FRONT
BOTTOM
O Water spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
BOTTOM
Temperature scale
-20
0
40
80
120
Figure B18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
A B C D E F G H I
REAR
TOP
FRONT
BOTTOM
O Water spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
BOTTOM
Temperature scale
-20
0
120
240
360
480
Figure B19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 277s after ignition.
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41
Appendix C - DEL0404
Averaging period 6 - 231 seconds after ignition
Summary of Release Conditions
Discharge hole diameter: 25.0 mm
Stand-off Distance: 1.00 m
Butane mass flow rate: 3.87 kg/s
Exit static pressure: 1.23 barg
Exit temperature 6.62 deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays: Deluge on
Water pressure 2.34 barg
Water flow rate 1071.53 litres/min
Ambient Weather Conditions
Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.3 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 2.5 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 2.7 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 2.8 m/s
Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 3.09 m/s
Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 0.9 m/s
Wind direction 276.20 degrees clockwise from North
Relative humidity 91.3 %
Ambient temperature 11.7 deg C
Atmospheric pressure 962.0 mbar
Thermocouples not operating properly
15, 79
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
47/245
42
Fuel flow 0404
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Massflow,kg/s
&Pressure,barg.
Mass flow , kg/s
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
Figure C1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0404
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Pressure,barg
&Flow
m^3/min
Water pressure,
barg
Water flow rate,
m^3/min
Figure C2 - Water deluge conditions
-
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43
Ring A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40401
TK-40402
TK-40403
TK-40404
120 deg C.
Figure C3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40405
TK-40406
TK-40407
TK-40408
120 deg C.
Figure C4 - Temperatures - thermocouples 5 - 8
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49/245
44
Ring C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40409
TK-40410
TK-40411
TK-40412
TK-40413
TK-40414
TK-40415
TK-40416
120 deg C.
Figure C5 - Temperatures - thermocouples 9 - 16
Ring CA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40457
TK-40458
TK-40459
TK-40460
TK-40461
120 deg C.
Figure C6 - Temperature - thermocouples 57 - 61
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50/245
45
Ring D
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40417
TK-40418
TK-40419
TK-40420
TK-40421
TK-40422
TK-40423
TK-40424
TK-40462
120 deg C.
Figure C7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40463
TK-40464
TK-40465
TK-40466
TK-40467
120 deg C.
Figure C8 - Temperature - thermocouples 63 - 67
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51/245
46
Ring DB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40468
TK-40469
TK-40470
120 deg C.
Figure C9 - Temperature - thermocouples 68 - 70
Ring E
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40425
TK-40426
TK-40427
TK-40428TK-40429
TK-40430
TK-40431
TK-40432
TK-40471
120 deg C.
Figure C10 - Temperature - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71
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47
Ring EA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40472
TK-40473
TK-40474
120 deg C.
Figure C11 - Temperature - thermocouples 72 - 74
Ring EB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,de
gC. TK-40475
TK-40476
TK-40477
TK-40478
TK-40479
120 deg C.
Figure C12 - Temperature - thermocouples 75 - 79
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53/245
48
Ring F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40433
TK-40434
TK-40435
TK-40436
TK-40437
TK-40438
TK-40439
TK-40440
TK-40480
120 deg C.
Figure C13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40481
TK-40482
TK-40483
TK-40484
TK-40485
120 deg C.
Figure C14 - Temperatures - thermocouples 81 - 85
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54/245
49
Ring G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40441
TK-40442
TK-40443
TK-40444
TK-40445
TK-40446
TK-40447
TK-40448
120 deg C.
Figure C15 - Temperatures - thermocouples 41 - 48
Ring H
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40449TK-40450
TK-40451
TK-40452
120 deg C.
Figure C16 - Temperatures - thermocouples 49 - 52
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50
Ring I
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40453
TK-40454
TK-40455
TK-40456
120 deg C.
Figure C17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 - 56
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51
A B C D E F G H I
REAR
TOP
FRONT
BOTTOM
O Water spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
BOTTOM
Temperature scale
-20
0
120
240
360
480
Figure C18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 231s after ignition.
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57/245
52
Appendix D - DEL0405
Averaging period 57 - 235 seconds after ignition
Summary of Release Conditions
Discharge hole diameter: 25.0 mm
Stand-off Distance: 1.00 m
Butane mass flow rate: 3.86 kg/s
Exit static pressure: 1.23 barg
Exit temperature 6.62 deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays: Delayed by 30 secs
Water pressure 2.36 barg
Water flow rate 1069.69 litres/min
Ambient Weather Conditions
Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.1 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 2.3 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 2.5 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 2.6 m/s
Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 3.11 m/s
Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 0.9 m/s
Wind direction 279.81 degrees clockwise from North
Relative humidity 92.1 %
Ambient temperature 11.6 deg C
Atmospheric pressure 962.4 mbar
Thermocouples not operating properly
15, 79
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
58/245
-
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54
Ring A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40501
TK-40502
TK-40503
TK-40504
120 deg C.
Figure D3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40505
TK-40506
TK-40507
TK-40508
120 deg C.
Figure D4 - Temperatures - thermocouples 5 - 8
-
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60/245
55
Ring C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40509
TK-40510
TK-40511
TK-40512
TK-40513
TK-40514
TK-40515
TK-40516
120 deg C.
Figure D5 - Temperature - thermocouples 9 - 16
Ring CA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40557
TK-40558
TK-40559
TK-40560
TK-40561
120 deg C.
Figure D6 - Temperatures - thermocouples 57 - 61
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
61/245
56
Ring D
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40517
TK-40518
TK-40519
TK-40520
TK-40521
TK-40522
TK-40523
TK-40524
TK-40562
120 deg C.
Figure D7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40563
TK-40564
TK-40565
TK-40566
TK-40567
120 deg C.
Figure D8 - Temperatures - thermocouples 63 - 67
-
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62/245
-
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63/245
58
Ring EA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40572
TK-40573
TK-40574
120 deg C.
Figure D11 - Temperatures - thermocouples 72 - 74
Ring EB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,de
gC. TK-40575
TK-40576
TK-40577
TK-40578
TK-40579
120 deg C.
Figure D12 - Temperatures - thermocouples 75 - 79
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
64/245
59
Ring F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40533
TK-40534
TK-40535
TK-40536
TK-40537
TK-40538
TK-40539
TK-40540
TK-40580
120 deg C.
Figure D13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40581
TK-40582
TK-40583
TK-40584
TK-40585
120 deg C.
Figure D14 - Temperatures - thermocouples 81 - 85
-
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65/245
60
Ring G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40541
TK-40542
TK-40543
TK-40544
TK-40545
TK-40546
TK-40547
TK-40548
120 deg C.
Figure D15 - Temperatures - thermocouples 41 - 48
Ring H
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40549TK-40550
TK-40551
TK-40552
120 deg C.
Figure D16 - Temperatures - thermocouples 49 - 52
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
66/245
61
Ring I
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40553
TK-40554
TK-40555
TK-40556
120 deg C.
Figure D17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 - 56
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
67/245
62
A B C D E F G H I
REAR
TOP
FRONT
BOTTOM
O Water spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
BOTTOM
Temperature scale
-20
0
40
80
120
Figure D18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.
A B C D E F G H I
REAR
TOP
FRONT
BOTTOM
O Water spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
BOTTOM
Temperature scale
-20
0
120
240
360
480
Figure D19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 235s after ignition.
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
68/245
63
Appendix E - DEL0408
Averaging period 9 - 243 seconds after ignition
Summary of Release Conditions
Discharge hole diameter: 50.0 mm
Stand-off Distance: 1.00 m
Butane mass flow rate: 9.40 kg/s
Exit static pressure: 1.04 barg
Exit temperature 5.63 deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays: Deluge on
Water pressure 2.40 barg
Water flow rate 1067.29 litres/min
Ambient Weather Conditions
Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 1.8 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 1.9 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 2.2 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 2.3 m/s
Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 2.83 m/s
Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 0.9 m/s
Wind direction 284.31 degrees clockwise from North
Relative humidity 93.1 %
Ambient temperature 11.2 deg C
Atmospheric pressure 963.2 mbar
Thermocouples not operating properly
15, 79
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
69/245
64
Fuel flow 0408
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Massflow,kg/s
&Pressure,barg.
Mass flow , kg/s
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
Figure E1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0408
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Pressure,barg
&Flow
m^3/min
Water pressure,
barg
Water flow rate,
m^3/min
Figure E2 - Water deluge conditions
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
70/245
65
Ring A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40801
TK-40802
TK-40803
TK-40804
120 deg C.
Figure E3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40805
TK-40806
TK-40807
TK-40808
120 deg C.
Figure E4 - Temperatures - thermocouples 5 - 8
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
71/245
66
Ring C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40809
TK-40810
TK-40811
TK-40812
TK-40813
TK-40814
TK-40815
TK-40816
120 deg C.
Figure E5 - Temperatures - thermocouples 9 - 16
Ring CA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40857
TK-40858
TK-40859
TK-40860
TK-40861
120 deg C.
Figure E6 - Temperatures - thermocouples 57 - 61
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
72/245
67
Ring D
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40817
TK-40818
TK-40819
TK-40820
TK-40821
TK-40822
TK-40823
TK-40824
TK-40862
120 deg C.
Figure E7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62
Ring DA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40863
TK-40864
TK-40865
TK-40866
TK-40867
120 deg C.
Figure E8 - Temperatures - thermocouples 63 - 67
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
73/245
68
Ring DB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40868
TK-40869
TK-40870
120 deg C.
Figure E9 - Temperatures - thermocouples 68 - 70
Ring E
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40825
TK-40826
TK-40827
TK-40828TK-40829
TK-40830
TK-40831
TK-40832
TK-40871
120 deg C.
Figure E10 - Temperatures - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
74/245
69
Ring EA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40872
TK-40873
TK-40874
120 deg C.
Figure E11 - Temperatures - thermocouples 72 - 74
Ring EB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,de
gC. TK-40875
TK-40876
TK-40877
TK-40878
TK-40879
120 deg C.
Figure E12 - Temperatures - thermocouples 75 - 79
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
75/245
70
Ring F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40833
TK-40834
TK-40835
TK-40836
TK-40837
TK-40838
TK-40839
TK-40840
TK-40880
120 deg C.
Figure E13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80
Ring FA
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C. TK-40881
TK-40882
TK-40883
TK-40884
TK-40885
120 deg C.
Figure E14 - Temperatures - thermocouples 81 - 85
-
8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires
76/245
71
Ring G
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40841
TK-40842
TK-40843
TK-40844
TK-40845
TK-40846
TK-40847
TK-40848
120 deg C.
Figure E15 - Temperatures - thermocouples 41 - 48
Ring H
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,deg
C.
TK-40849TK-40850
TK-40851
TK-40852
120 deg C.
Figure E16 - Temperatures - thermocouples 49 - 52
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Ring I
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40853
TK-40854
TK-40855
TK-40856
120 deg C.
Figure E17 - Temperatures - thermocouples 53 - 56
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A B C D E F G H I
REAR
TOP
FRONT
BOTTOM
O Water spraynozzle
Thermocouple+
BOTTOM
Temperature scale
-20
0
120
240
360
480
Figure E18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 243s after ignition.
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Appendix F - DEL0409
Averaging period 62 - 302 seconds after ignition
Summary of Release Conditions
Discharge hole diameter: 50.0 mm
Stand-off Distance: 1.00 m
Butane mass flow rate: 8.71 kg/s
Exit static pressure 1.05 barg
Exit temperature 4.51 deg. C
Deluge Flow
Water sprays: Delayed by 30 secs
Water pressure 2.37 barg
Water flow rate 1064.02 litres/min
Ambient Weather Conditions
Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.1 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 2 at 2.9m) 2.2 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 3 at 6.0m) 2.4 m/s
Wind speed (cup anemometer 4 at 6.4m) 2.5 m/s
Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 2.86 m/s
Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 0.9 m/s
Wind direction 289.47 degrees clockwise from North
Relative humidity 93.2 %
Ambient temperature 11.1 deg C
Atmospheric pressure 963.5 mbar
Thermocouples not operating properly
15, 79
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Fuel flow 0409
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Time from ignition, s.
Massflow,kg/s
&Pressure,barg.
Mass flow , kg/s
Vapour pressure,
barg
Liquid head
pressure, barg
Discharge
pressure, barg
Figure F1 - Fuel conditions
Water flow 0409
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Time from ignition, s.
Pressure,barg
&Flow
m^3/min
Water pressure,
barg
Water flow rate,
l/min
Figure F2 - Water deluge conditions
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Ring A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Time from ignition, s.
Temperature,degC.
TK-40901
TK-40902
TK-40903
TK-40904
120 deg C.
Figure F3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4
Ring B
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
030
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270