CS 621 Artificial Intelligence Lecture 29 – 22/10/05 Prof. Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Analysis of Dreams Hari (01005005) Sushil (01005002) Pranav (01005003) Under the Guidance of Dr....
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Transcript of Analysis of Dreams Hari (01005005) Sushil (01005002) Pranav (01005003) Under the Guidance of Dr....
Analysis of Dreams
Hari (01005005)
Sushil (01005002)
Pranav (01005003)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Kekule’s dream …..
"I turned my chair to the fire and dozed. Again the atoms were gamboling before my eyes. ... My mental eye... could not distinguish larger structures, of manifold conformation; long rows, sometimes more closely fitted together; all twining and twisting in snakelike motion. But look! What was that? One of the snakes had seized hold of its own tail, and the form whirled mockingly before my eyes. As if by a flash of lighting I awoke..."
What is a dream?
Report of a memory of a cognitive experience.
Frequently produced in a state called "sleep" Dramas our minds make up when the self
system is not keeping us alert to the world around us.
How often do we dream and when?
At least 4 to 6 times per night. During REM (Rapid Eye Movements) periods During non-REM periods In a relaxed state of mind during waking.
Why are dreams important in life?
They are only as important as people make them out to be.
No evidence which suggests that an absence of dreaming would be harmful in anyway.
Do all dreams contain a hidden meaning? No definite answer. May contain "hidden" meanings in the form of
metaphors or symbols. Mundane "doodles" taken from the events of
our lives.
What are the factors affecting dreams?
Fear Stress Drugs Desires
Do animals dream ?
Never know for sure All mammals have REM sleep. All REM sleeps may not lead to dreams.
Why are dreams so forgettable?
All of us forget 95-99% of our dreams Paying no attention
Freud's theory of dreams
Guardians of sleep. Wish -fulfillment. Significant speeches in dreams can be traced
to memories of speeches heard or sentences heard.
Metaphors and symbols in dreams.
Hall/Van de Castle Dream Coding System
Rules for Coding a Dream. Elements of a Dream.
Characters Social Interactions
Aggression Friendliness
Activities Success and Failure Misfortune and Good Fortune Emotions Settings
Coding of Characters
Chief character in almost every dream. Dreamer is coded as D People , animals and mythical figures. Classes of characters :
Number Gender Identity Age
In case of animals, classify only on number.
NUMBER GENDER IDENTITY
1 individual M male F father M mother
2 group F female B bother S sister
3 individual dead J joint H husband W wife
4 group dead I indefinite D daughter A son
5 imaginary X parents
I infant R relative
O occupational
Y family members
K known S stranger
P prominent
E ethnic
U uncertain
Age : A adult T teenager C child B baby
Character is represented by using : Number , Gender , Identity , Age
Examples :My TEENAGE BROTHER = 1MBTA parade of SOLDIERS = 2MOAMy FATHER AND MOTHER = 2JXA
Coding of Social Interactions
Aggressive Interactions Subclasses of Aggressions : A1 : results in the death of a character. A2 : attempt to physically harm a character A3 : character being chased, captured,
confined. A4 : theft or destruction of possessions. A5 : verbal aggressions
Coding Aggressive Interactions
Coding style :
aggressor aggression-subclass > victim
Examples :
I HIT my brother = D A2> 1MBA
Her husband KILLED her = 1MUA A1> 1FUA
My mother and sister SCOLDED me =
1FMA+1FTA A5> D
Friendliness Interactions:
Subclasses of Friendliness :
F1 : long-term close relationship with a character
F2 : to share in a pleasant social activity
F3 : extending assistance to a character
F4 : offering a gift
F5 : conveyed through either verbal or gestures
Coding style :
befriender friendliness-subclass > befriended
Example :
I INVITED Jim in my marriage = D F2> 1MKA
Coding of Activities :P : physical
M : movement
L : location change
V : verbal
E : expressive communication
S : visual
A : auditory
C : thinking
Examples of Coding of Activities : I am walking : D M I am writing : D P
Coding of Success and Failure SU : Success FL : Failure
Examples : I have TOPPED : SU , D My brother FAILED in exams : FL , 1MBA
Coding of Misfortune and Good Fortunes
Subclasses of Misfortune :M4 : character dies as a result of accident or illness.M3 : character is injured or ill.M2 : character is involved in an accident without
suffering any physical injury.M1 : character encounters an environmental barrier or
obstacle.
Good Fortune is coded as GF
Examples : I LOST my watch : M1,D Ram and I FOUND A BRAND NEW BOAT :
GF,D+1MKA
Coding of Emotions :AN : anger
AP : apprehension , fear , anxiety
SD : sadness
CO : confusion
HA : happiness
Example : I became ANGRY : AN,D
Example : I was in MY ROOM : IF
LOCATION FAMILIARITY
I : indoor F : familiar
O : outdoor D : distorted
A : ambiguous G : geographical
U : unfamiliar
Coding symbols for Settings :Setting is location and its familiarity
Need of Statistical Approach
Variation in dream reports Differing frequencies of one element leads to
the possibility of higher or lower frequencies for other elements.
Solution to these problems
Use percentages and rates Ex:
% of human character who are man =man human character / total human characters
Similarly we can find rate of social interaction
Male DreamersN (%)
Female Dreamers N(%)
Familiar Characters
501 (45%) 796 (58%)
Unfamiliar Characters
607 (55%) 567 (42%)
Statistical Analysis
Difference between male and female dreamers on what we call the "familiarity percent"
H-profile
“h” value is calculated by
For the above example h score is -0.26
H-profile of male dreamers compared to female dreamers
Use of h-value
Formulas used to find h values at confidence level of 5% and 1%:
For p=.05: h = 1.960/sqrt(N/2) For p=.01: h = 2.576/sqrt(N/2) Experimentally calculated h value is
compared with this h value
Conclusion
No appropriate theory available Good coding system available. More analysis required in the field of dream
content analysis and dream causes. Interesting to know if there is such process
in machines simulating brain processes.
References :
[1]. http://psych.ucsc.edu/dreams/
[2]. http://www.dreamsearch.net/