Analogy in the architectural design process in the ......Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June...
Transcript of Analogy in the architectural design process in the ......Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June...
:
56
/ /
. .
.
. .
Analogy in the architectural design process in the academic mediumAnalytical study of students’ projects
Imad. M. ALBakri Assistant Professor
AbstractThe current research tackles the study of analogy depended on in designing products ofstudents of academic architectural study as it is one of the important designing strategies inthe process of architectural designing because it is closely related with the stage of synthesisand the derivations of architectural concepts within the designing process. The researchdiscusses the importance of this concept in order to explore the particular problem representedby the unclarity of analogy role in the designing products of students of academicarchitectural study over their different grades. Therefore the problem of the research wascrystallized and its objective and methodology were identified by studying analogy by twoaxes, included the analogy and the designer, the analogy and designing process, reaching thedetermination the theoretical framework, that involved four main items, which are; the item ofanalogy cause, analogy sources, the paradigm of dealing with the analogy source and thenature of the designing element relevant to analogy, firstly. And then applying the theoreticalframework on selected projects of students of academic architectural study in the second,third and fourth grades in Mosul University, secondly, in order to explore the change ofanalogy application paradigms adopted by the students in those grades, thirdly. The resultsshowed that the differences in students’ trends throughout different academic grades led to theemergence of similar differences in the nature of practicing analogy in those grades. Keywords: Analogy, Architectural design process, academic medium.
Bayda Hanna Saffo Assistant Lecturer
2008/10/32009/9/2
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
57
1-
. .
.
) ( .
2-
) (
.
3-
:
.:
.
.
4-) (
/ .
.
.
:
58
5-5 -1Analogy
.McGinty"
[Mc Ginty, 1979, p.223] .
McGintyMetaphorSimile .
[McGinty, 1979, p.228].Fowler .
"."
" :. "Fowler :
LogicGrammarMathematicsRhetoric[Broadbent, 1978, p.329].
. .
Broadbent "
.[Broadbent, 1978, p.329] "
.]1985493[ . ..
. ") (
. "
5-2
.
.
5-2 -1 :
.Popper :"
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
59
."[Cross, 1984, p.259] .GelernterHillier "
" ": ...
."[Gelernter,1995,p.274] .
.Broadbent "
: ."[Broadbent , 1978, p.340]
Sydney Opera HouseJohn Utzon"
.Utzon
. "]1996171-176[ .
Analogy .
) () . (Popper
) (Gelernter . .
-
. .Dowing "
Mode.......
] "Dowing, 1992, p.65 .[Broadbent
" .
)engrams ( . .
EcclesSubconscious operationengrams .
. . "[Broadbent, 1978,p.341]
:
60
LangPerception .. [Lang , 1987,p.84].
:]199710 [. :
Unconscious . .
: .
.
.]199711[ .
) (
.
Guides .
-
Creative Techniques .
[Broadbent, 1978, p.421] .Synectics .
Synectics
[Broadbent , 1978, p.349- 353].Gorden :[Laseau, 1980,p.118-119]
-Symbolic Analogy : .
-Direct Analogy :
.-Personal Analogy : .
.-Fantasy Analogy :
.
.
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
61
5 -2-2 :
.McGintyAnalogiesMetaphors
EssencesProgrammatic ConceptsIdeals
.[McGinty , 1979, p.223].Jencks
Analogical Models .
.]199618[ .
KuhnKubler :
KoestlerSchon
.[ Abel , 1997,p.141].Broadbent
:) (Pragmatic Design
[Broadbent , 1978, p.25-29] .IconicDesign
[Broadbent, 1978, p.30] .Analogical Design .
.[Broadbent , 1978,p.30-35] .Canonic Design
.[Broadbent, 1978, p.35-37] .Broadbent
. :
..]1998[..
Gelernter:
[Gelernter, 1995,p.7].
... .[Gelernter, 1995,p.15]
.
:
62
6-6 -1
:
6 -1-1 : .
) ( .
.
.) ().(
Sydney Opera HouseJohn Utzon"
]. "1996173 .[) (
.Green
Joyce]200061 .[
.
6 -1-2 :
.
-
.Broadbent "
.LeCorbusierRonchamp
WrightJohnson Wax Factory ] "Broadbent, 1978,p.423 .[.
.
1 -
. .
.
.Ham Common)1958 (Broadbent"
GownandStirlingLeCorbusierJaoulHouses"Paris)1956-1954 (
]Broadbent,1978.p.423 .[
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
63
.
2 -
. .
.Dowing
PrototypePrecedentsPrinciplesFormal ]Downing, 1992,p.67.[
) ( .Wayne O. AttoMathematical Analogy
Biological AnalogyOrganicBiomorphicLingwistic AnalogyMechanical Analogy
Dramaturgical Analogy]Atto,1979, p.23- 32 [
.Laseau
Physical Structural MechanicalControlOrganicPlanAnimal .Cultural
ManSocietySymbolic]Laseau, 1980, p.120- 121 .[
.JencksUtzon
" ] "Jencks, 1991,p.40 .["
] "200049 .[.
-
.Laseau
.
6 -1-3 :
.
.RonchampLe CorbusierBroadbent"
Sequence of direct Analogies Le Corbusier
:
64
SketchingStirling "Aschia ]Broadbent, 1978,p.342 .[Broadbent
.
.JencksRonchamp
".Coded Over
] "1996200 .[.
6 -1-4 :
. .
Ronchamp.
Twa TerminalNew YorkSaarinenJencks"] "Jencks, 1991,p.44 . [
Face HouseYamashitaJencks "] "Jencks, 1993,p.183 [
.
) . (
. .
]6-1.[7 -
.
:
.
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
65
.
. :
)(
1
)()(
2
3
4
A-1 -A1]7-1.[
]1-6 [
:
66
2 -A2]7-2.[3 -A3]7-3. [4 -A4]7-4.[B-1 -B1]7-5.[2 -B2]7-6.[3 -B3]7-7.[4 -B4]7-8.[C-1 -C1]7-9.[2 -C2]7 -10.[3 -C3]7 -11.[4 - C4]7-12.[
.
]8-1 [.
8-8 -1
.]8 -[
8 -1-1
- .
)50 (%)33.33 (%)16.67 (% .
)40 (%)20 (% .
)44.45 (%)11.11 (%.
- .)75 (%)25 (%
.)57.15 (% )42.85 (%
.)80 (%)20 (%
.
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
67
:
68
8-1-2 -
)60 (%)20 (%)20 (% .
)77.8 (%)22.2 (%.
)87.5 (% )12.5 (%.
1 -
)60 (%)20 (% .)60 (%
)20 (%)20 (%.
)60 (%)40 (%.
)75 (%)25 (%.
2 -)60 (%
)20 (%)20 (% .)25 (%)33.3 (%)16.7. (%
-
)100 (%)50 (%.
8 -1-3
)100 .(% .
)57.1 (%)42.9 (% .)66.7 (%
)33.3 (%.
8 -1-4.
)100 .(%
]1-8 [.
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
69
)42.2 (%)14.2 (% .
.)37.5 (%)12.5 (%)25 (%.
8 -2
.
8 -2-1-:
) (.
- .
.
.-
.
8 -2-2
.
:1 -
.
.
.
. .
.
.
:
70
2 -
. .
.
-
.
.
.-
.
..-
..
.-
. .
. .
..
3-
. .
..
4 - .
. .
.
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
71
..
5 - .
.
.
.
.
9-
. .
.
.
.
10-
.
.
.
:
72
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
73
:
74
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
75
:
76
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
77
:
78
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
79
:
80
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
81
:
82
Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.18 No.3 June 2010
83
:
84
" "–1997 ." "–1996
. " "–1998 .
" "–1996 . . " "–
1985 ." "–
. ": "
-2000.
Abel, Chris, " Architecture and Identity" , U.K., Architectural press. Oxford, 1997.Atto, Wayne, " Theory, Criticism, and History of Architecture" in James c. Snyder andAnthony J. Catanese, " Introduction to Architecture" , U.S.A, Mc Graw- Hill Book company ,1979.Broadbent, Geoffrey, " Design in Architecture- Architecture and the Human Sciences",London, John Wiley & Sons , 1978.Cross, Nigel, " Developments in Design Methodology ", London, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,1984.Dowing , F.," The Role of Place and Event Imagery in the Act of Design" ,The Journal ofArchitectural and Planning Research , a: 1 Spring, USA, Locke Science Publishing Company, Inc, 1992.Gelernter, Mark, " Sources of Architectural form" , U.S.A, New York, Manchester Universitypress, 1995. Jencks, Charles, " The Language of Post- modern Architecture",16TH edition, London,Academy Editions, 1991.Jencks, Charles, " Architecture Today ", London, Academy Editions, 1993.Lang, Jon," Greating Architectural Theory - The Role of the Behavioral Sciences inEnvironmental Design", New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold company, 1987.Laseau , Paul," Graphic Thinking for Architects and Designers" , New York , Van NostrandReinhold company, 1980.McGinty , Tim, " Concepts in Architecture ", in James C. Snyder and Anthony J. Catanese,"Introduction to Architecture", U.S.A, Mc Graw- Hill Book company, 1979.
–