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ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC TRAINER (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)
NUR HASNATULAINI BINTI JALANI
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronics)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)
JUNE 2015
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN
KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
TajukProjek : ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC TRAINER (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)
SesiPengajian : 1 4 / 1 5
Saya NUR HASNATULAINI BINTI JALANI mengakumembenarkanLaporanProjekSarjanaMudainidisimpan di Perpustakaandengansyarat-syaratkegunaansepertiberikut:
1. LaporanadalahhakmilikUniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaandibenarkanmembuatsalinanuntuktujuanpengajiansahaja.
3. Perpustakaandibenarkanmembuatsalinanlaporaninisebagaibahanpertukaranantarainstitusipengajian
tinggi.
4. Silatandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
*(Mengandungimaklumat yang berdarjahkeselamatanataukepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktubdi dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD**
**(Mengandungimaklumatterhad yang telahditentukanolehorganisasi/badan di manapenyelidikandijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkanoleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN
PENYELIA)
Tarikh: ……………………….. Tarikh: ………………………..
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“I hereby, declared this report entitle “Analogue Electronic Trainer designed for operational amplifier” is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references”
Signature: ………………………………………..
Author: NUR HASNATULAINI BINTI JALANI
Date: JUNE2015
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion, this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Industrial Electronics)”
Signature: ………………………………………….
Supervisor Name: FARID ARAFAT BIN AZIDIN
Date: JUNE 2015
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Special dedicated to my beloved parents for their caring, understanding and encouragement
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Graceful. I would like to
express my sincere gratitude to Him for giving me the strength, health and ability to
complete my project Of “ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC TRAINER DESIGN FOR
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER” and complete this report within the given time
period.
I also would like to extend my gratitude to my supervisor, En. Farid Arafat
Bin Azidin. For his concerned, kindness, advised and helped to make sure my project
is done nicely. Without his guidance from the beginning until the completion of this
report, the progress of this project may stuck and cannot be done and documented
success.
Last but not least, greatest credit goes to my parents and my siblings for their
encouragement that make me strong when I encounter with any problems. I also
would like to thanks all my friends, especially Mohd Naqib Bin Mohd Yusof and
Ainun Naziroh Binti have been helping me directly from the beginning until the final
stage in this project. Their opinion and suggestion is very useful. May all the good
deeds that were done will be blessed by Allah.
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ABSTRACT
This project is proposed to improve the trainer on laboratory at Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka. Thus, the project is designed one base trainer for the Operational
Amplifier Circuit. The circuit covers the basic of operational amplifier which is the
inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, subtraction
amplifier and cascade amplifier. However, the circuit board on the base trainer can
be changed to another set of analogue electronic subject which is Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT), and Field Effect Transistor (FET). In addition, the trainer designed
is an open board style. Therefore, the component on the board can be changed by the
user during the experiment conducted.
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ABSTRAK
Projek ini bertujuan untuk menambah baik ‘trainer’ yang digunakan dalam makmal
di Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Oleh yang demikian, projek yang
dijalankan adalah mereka bentuk ‘base trainer’ untuk ‘Operational Amplifier’. Litar
yang di rekabentuk pada ‘Printed Circuit Board’ merangkumi beberapa asas dalam
‘Operational Amplifier’ seperti ‘inverting amplifier’, ‘non-inverting amplifier’,
‘summing amplifier’, ‘subtraction amplifier’, dan ‘cascade amplifier’. Walau
bagaimanapun ‘Printed circuit Board’ boleh di tukar kepada set analog elektronik
yang lain seperti ‘Biplolar Junction Transistor’ dan ‘Field effect Transistor’.
Tambahan pula reka ‘trainer’ yang dijalankan adalah berbentuk ‘open board
style’.Oleh yang demikian komponen pada papan boleh ditukarkan mengikut
kesesuaian pengguna dan kehendak pengguna semasa eksperiment dijalankan.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE OF PROJECT i
REPORT VERIFICATION STATUS FORM ii
DECLARATION iii
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLE xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiv
I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project background 2
1.2 Problem Statement 2
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1.3 Objective of Project 3
1.4 Scope Project 3
1.5 Important of Work 5
1.6 Report Structure 5
II LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Ideal Operational Amplifier 7
2.2 Basic Operational Amplifier 7
2.3 Type of Training System in the Marketplace 11
2.4 Adapter 15
2.5 Traco Power 17
2.6 LM 741 18
2.7 Software 19
III METHODOLOGY 20
3.1 Project Planning 20
3.2 Gantt Chart 21
3.3 Cost Planning 22
3.4 Process Flow 23
IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS 36
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4.1 Prototype designed 36
4.2 Simulation result 37
4.3 Input voltage from Traco power 42
4.4 Experimental result 43
4.5 Analysis the result 48
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51
5.1 Conclusion 52
5.2 Recommendation 53
REFERENCES 54
APPENDICES 55
APPENDIX A 55
APPENDIX B 57
APPENDIX C 60
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LIST OF FIGURE
NO TITLE PAGE
Figure 1.1 Size the of trainer 4
Figure 2.1 Inverting Amplifier Circuit 8
Figure 2.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier 8
Figure 2.3 Summing Amplifier Circuit 9
Figure 2.4 Difference Amplifier Circuit 10
Figure 2.5 Cascade Operational Amplifier Circuit 11
Figure 2.6 Operational Amplifier Fundamental Trainer 11
Figure 2.7 Training system Design 12
Figure 2.8 Operational Amplifier Type-741 13
Figure 2.9 Operational Amplifier Training System 13
Figure 2.10 Trainer Design and Trainer Case 14
Figure 2.11 Adapter 15
Figure 2.12 Example trainer from ELABO Company 16
Figure 2.13 Nickel Plated banana plug male and female 16
Figure 2.14 Traco Power 17
Figure 2.15 LM 741 18
Figure 3.1 Process flow to designed base trainer 23
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Figure 3.2 Process flow to get the value of Vo from the theoretical 24
Figure 3.3 Process flow to find the Vo during experimental 25
Figure 3.4 Process flows to get the output waveform in oscilloscope 26
Figure 3.5 Design overview of trainer 28
Figure 3.6 Material Use 28
Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram 29
Figure 3.8 Import the schematic to PCB program 30
Figure 3.9 Layout the PCB 30
Figure 3.10 PCB designed have been printed 30
Figure 3.11 Laminating process 31
Figure 3.12 Development process 31
Figure 3.13 Process by using Ferric Chloride 32
Figure 3.14 Place that clear the chemical during etching process 32
Figure 3.15 The drilling process of adapter for IC 33
Figure 3.16 Cutting the PCB for adapter of resistor 33
Figure 3.17 After insert the banana in PCB 34
Figure 3.18 Check the connection of PCB 34
Figure 3.19 Circuit testing to make sure the trainer function well 35
Figure 4.1 Base trainer and adapter 37
Figure 4.2 Inverting amplifier 37
Figure 4.3 Output waveform of inverting amplifier circuit 38
Figure 4.4 Non-inverting amplifier 38
Figure 4.5 Output waveform of non-inverting amplifier in multisim 39
Figure 4.6 Summing amplifier 39
Figure 4.7 Output waveform of summing amplifier in multisim 40
Figure 4.8 Different amplifier 40
Figure 4.9 Output waveform of different amplifier in multisim 41
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Figure 4.10 Cascade Amplifier 41
Figure 4.11 Output waveform of cascade amplifier in multisim 42
Figure 4.12 Positive input voltage 42
Figure 4.13 Negative input voltage 43
Figure 4.14 The Vrms value of inverting amplifier circuit 43
Figure 4.15 Output waveform of inverting amplifier in oscilloscope 44
Figure 4.16 The Vrms value of the non-inverting amplifier circuit 44
Figure 4.17 Output waveform of non-inverting amplifier in oscilloscope45
Figure 4.18 The Vrms value of summing amplifier circuit 45
Figure 4.19 Output waveform of summing amplifier in oscilloscope 46
Figure 4.20 Vrms value of different amplifier circuit 46
Figure 4.21 Output waveform of different amplifier in oscilloscope 47
Figure 5.1 Storage of trainer and all component 52
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LIST OF TABLE
NO TITLE PAGE
Table 2.1 Pin connection in Traco Power 17
Table 3.1 Budget of trainer 22
Table 4.1 Comparison output voltage by using multisim 47
Table 4.2 Comparison output voltage by using oscilloscope 48
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
Op-Amp - Operational Amplifier
BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor
FET - Field-Effect-Transistor
PCB - printed Circuit Board
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LIST OF APPENDICES
NO TITLE PAGES
APPENDIX A LM 741 Operational Amplifier 55
APPENDIX B Traco Power for DC/DC converter 57
APPENDIX C Lab Sheet 60
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Firstly, this chapter is briefly explained the background of this project. This chapter
also will cover about the problem statement. There have three problems is being
discussed in this chapter. The other parts of this chapter also discuss about the
objectives. The objective is being discussed from the rising problem. Therefore, in
order to achieve this project, the objective must be achieved. This chapter also covers
about the scope of this project. The scope is important because it’s related to the
limitations due to achieve the objectives of this project. The main purpose also stated
in this chapter. Lastly, this chapter is being discussed about the structure in this
project. There have five chapters to describe overall of this project, which are
Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. The five chapters is being
explained about the introduction, background study, methodology, results and
recommendation respectively.
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1.1 Project Background
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) Trainer has been designed to study the
following basic linear amplifier which is inverting amplifier, non-inverting
amplifier, summing amplifier, the difference amplifier, and cascade amplifier.
The IC 741 used to design the basic circuit of op-amp. The base trainer
designed is an open board style. The component was designed as a portable
plug in component with its adapter. There have two input voltage which is +/-
15V and +/- 12V. +/- 15V get from the Traco power with high efficiency up
to 81%. And +/- 12V get from designed a voltage regulator. In addition the
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in this trainer can be changed to another circuit
board which is Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) circuit and Field Effect
Transistor (FET) circuit. This base trainer design is user friendly for students,
lecturers and technicians.
1.2 Problem Statement
The existing trainer used for analogue electronic experiment in the
laboratory is fixed with one design for one trainer. In addition, the value of
the resistors is fixed and cannot be changed by the lecturer because the
designer with a mounted component. Besides, the set of the component of the
trainer easily damage and technicians face a problem to replacing it. It will
take a long time to open the trainer, disordering the damage component, and
soldering of the new component. Delay times to replacing the new
component, students sometimes do not have a trainer to do experiment and
students had to share the trainer with another group to do the experiment.
Other than that, the trainer needs a lot of space in storing for three sets of
laboratory experiment for an analogue electronic subject.
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1.3 Objective of Project
The aim of this project is to design analogue electronic trainers for
operational amplifier. In order to achieve that, the following objectives need
to be achieved.
1.3.1 To develop a multi design of analogue electronic operational amplifier
circuit. The circuit design covers four basic operational amplifier
which is inverting amplifier and non-inverting amplifier that include
the summing amplifier, difference amplifier and also cascade
amplifier.
1.3.2 To model a trainer that is user friendly and can be replace the
component easily when its malfunction. The value of the component
like resistor can be changed by the lecturer during the experiment
conducted. When the component is damaged, technician, no need to
take for a long time to replacing the component because this trainer
used the plug-in model.
1.3.3 To reduce the space in storing for 3 sets of laboratory experiment
which are bipolar junction transistor, field-effect transistor and
operational amplifier with using one base training system. In addition,
the laboratory shows the good management and organized.
1.4 Scope of Project
Based on the objective, this project produced hardware of an analogue
electronic trainer that are divided into three parts which are designed for base
trainer, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) for operational amplifier circuit designed
and the component adapter to pick and place all the component needed during
the experiment. Therefore, in order to complete the designed for base trainer
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and the circuit designed, there has two software are used which is MultiSim
software to simulate the circuit design for operational amplifier and Proteus
Software to design and construct the PCB. PCB board is applied for all the
circuit implementation. The PVC material has been chosen for the prototype
design. The size of the trainer is 23cm wide, 30cm length and 8.5 cm height.
The figure below is the size of the base trainer and the trainer design.
Figure 1.1: Size of the trainer
1.5 Importance of Work
The purpose of this project is to design an open board style for the
operational amplifier circuit. The operational amplifier circuit design
included inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier,
difference amplifier and cascade amplifier. This project also proposes to
design a base trainer that can be applied to Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT),
Field Effect Transistor (FET) and Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) during
the experiment in lab sessions.
30cm
23cm 18cm
29cm
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1.6 Report Structure
Chapter 1: Describes as a background, problem statement, objectives, scope
project, and the importance of this project.
Chapter 2: Project’s background is discussed. The information about the project
from different resources is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 3: Describes the methodology of this project, which includes the design
specification and procedure form in the flow chart process.
Chapter 4: Presents the simulation and measurement results. The results
obtained are analyzed and discussed.
Chapter 5: The last chapter concludes the report and recommendations for the
further work are given.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter is the background study that related to this project include of getting
knowledge and previous research work. The background study of this project is from
the books, articles, catalogue, journal, and website. This chapter will discuss about
the knowledge of operational amplifier. Besides, it also discusses about the
characteristic and the connection for LM 741. Other than that, this chapter also
discusses about the software that's being used to conduct this project. In addition, this
chapter also discusses the past training system designed that already in the
marketplace. The discussion includes the characteristic of the training system from
difference designer, and the experiment that can be conducted by their design trainer.
Lastly, this chapter also discusses about the adapter that are used for connection
between the components on the board experiment.
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2.1 Ideal operational amplifier
Operational Amplifier is a very high gain differential amplifier with high
input impedance and low output impedance. The input impedance is infinite
condition which is no current flows into either input of the operational amplifier.
While, for the output impedance is zero condition. The operational amplifier can use
for any voltage to drive any load impedance. In addition, the bandwidth is in fine
condition. When the input difference is zero, the output voltage must be zero.
2.2 Basic operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier contains two input terminals and one output terminal.
The two input terminals are labelled positive and negative, which is non-inverting
and inverting, respectively.
2.2.1 Inverting Amplifier
As an inverting amplifier, the resistor is connected to the inverting input as
shown in the figure below, with output voltage. 𝑅𝑓 and 𝑅1correspond to the feedback
and input resistances, respectively.
𝑉0 = −𝑅𝑓
𝑅1𝑉1 (2.0)