Analog Electronics Lab Manual

W W W . E L E C T R I C A L . N E T . T C

2

LIST OF EXPERIMENT

1. To study Half-wave and Full- wave Rectifier.

2. To study power supply filters

3. To study diode as a Clipper and Clamper

4. To study Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator.

5. To study CE amplifier for voltage gain

6. To study of CC configuration as a buffer.

7. To study of 3_terminal IC Regulator.

8. To study of drain characteristics of FET in common sources

configuration.

9. To study of Half wave Doubler

10. To study Full wave Voltage Doubler

3

EXPERIMENT NO 1(a)

AIM

To construct a half wave rectifier and verify the ripple factor

REQUIREMENT

Diode IN4007 (1 no), transformer, CRO, Multimeter

THEORY

A diode is a unidirectional conducting device. It conducts only when its anode is

at a higher voltage with respect to its cathode. In a half wave rectifier circuit, during

positive half cycle of the input, the diode gets forward biased and it conducts. Current

flows through the load resistor R. and the voltage is developed across it. During the

negative half cycle of the input, the diode gets reverse biased. Now no current (except

the leakage current which is small) flows. The voltage across the load resistance

during this period of input cycle is zero. Thus a pure signal is converted into a

unidirectional signal. it can be shown that

Vdc=Vm/

Where Vdc is the output dc voltage and Vm is the peck ac voltage at the input of the

rectifier circuit, also we can show that the RF=AC voltage at the output /DC voltage

at the output

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Title

Size Document Number Rev

Date: Sheet of

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A

1 1Saturday , February 18, 2006

I1220 Vac

TX1

D1

1 2

R11k

HALF - WAVE RECTIFIER

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Energize the rectifier with the AC main.

3. Connect the output of the rectifier to the CRO and observe the voltage wave

shape at the input & output of the rectifier to the CRO. Compare the two

wave shapes.

4. Using Multimeter measure the ac voltage at the secondary of the transformer.

Also measure ac and dc voltage at the output points.

5 Using these values, calculate the ripple factor.

4

OBSERVATION TABLE

QUANTITY THEORETICAL VALE PRACTICAL VALUE

RESULT

1. The wave shape at the input and output are observed on CRO and are plotted.

2. Ripple factor is calculated.

5

EXPERIMENT NO 1(b)

AIM

To construct a bridge rectifier and verify the ripple factor

REQUIREMENT

Diode (4 no) IN4007, Transformer, CRO, and Multimeter

THEORY

In a bridge rectifier, when the input voltage is positive at point a (as shown in

fig) Diodes D1 and D3 conduct .The current passes through the load resistor R.

During the other half of the input signal, the point is a negative with respect to the

point B .the Diode D2 and D4 conducts. The current passes through the load resistor

in the same direction as during the positive half cycle. Dc voltage is developed across

the load .it can be proved that the output DC voltage is given by

Vdc=2 Vm /

Where Vm is the peak ac voltage at the input of the rectifier. Also we can show that

the R F =0.482

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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+-

~

~

D1

R1

1k

TX1

I1

IAMPL = 220V

FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

D4

D3 D2

OUTPUT

PROCEDURE


2. Energize the rectifier with the AC main.

3. Connect the output of the rectifier to the CRO and observe the voltage wave

shape at the input & output of the rectifier to the CRO. Compare the two wave

shapes.

4. Using Multimeter measure the ac voltage at the secondary of the transformer.

Also measure ac and dc voltage at the output points,

5. Using these values, calculate the ripple factor

6

OBSERVATION TABLE

QUANTITY THEORETICAL

VALUE

PRACTICAL VALUE

1.Output DC voltage

2. Ripple factor

2Vm/

0.482

Vac/Vdc =

RESULT

1. The wave shape at the input and output are observed on CRO and are plotted

2. Ripple factor is calculated.

QUESTIONS

1. For a half wave rectifier if Vi=5 sin wt is applied.

Find out

a) RMS voltage and current.

b) Avg voltage and current.

c) Ripple factor and form factor.?

2. Explain the use or necessary of the ripple and form factor on electronic ckt.?

3. Sketch and explain the switching characteristics of diode if i/p signal

Vi = V, 0<t <t1

-V, t>t1 ?

4. If Vi = Vm sint. Draw the waveform of i/p voltage and the circuit current.?

5 Draw the circuit diagram of full wave rectifier using bridge rectifier circuit and

using center top transformer and find out.

a) RMS voltage and current.

b) Avg, voltage and current

c) Form factor and ripple factor.

d) Compare the ripple frequency of the above ckts.?

7

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM

Different filter circuits

REQUIREMENT

Rectifier circuit with different filters, a CRO, and electronic multimeter

THEORY

The output of a half-wave or full-wave rectifier contains an appreciable

amount of ac voltage in addition to dc voltage. But, what we desire is pure dc without

any ac voltage in it. The ac variations can be filtered out or smoothed out from the

rectified voltage. This is done by filter circuits.

In a shut capacitor filter, we put a high-value capacitor in shut with the load.

The capacitor offers a low impedance path to the ac components of current. Most of

the ac current passed through the shunt capacitor. All the dc current passes though the

load resistor. The capacitor tries to maintain the output voltage constant at Vm. This is

shown in Fig. ….. for half-wave rectifier.

In a series inductor filter, an inductor is used in series with the load. The

inductor offers high impedance to ac variations of current and low impedance to dc.

As a result, the output across the load has very low ac content. The output becomes a

much better dc.

A π filter utilizes the filtering properties of both the inductor and capacitor. It

is uses two capacitors (in shunt) and one inductor (in series). With this type of filter,

the rectified output becomes almost free from ac.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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D1

DIODE

D2

C11n

C21n

L1

10uH

1 2

TX1

R11k

V1220 V ac

0Vdc

RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

8

PROCEDURE

1. Trace the given rectifier circuit with different filter components. Identify every

component in the circuit. Note down their values. Identify the switches S1, S2,

S3 and S4.

2. With switch S1 on, diode D2 is in the circuit. It behaves as a full-wave rectifier.

When switch S1 is open, it becomes a half-wave rectifier. By closing switches

S3 and S4, the capacitors C1 and C2 respectively can be brought into the circuit.

If the switch S2 is closed, the inductor L becomes out of circuit (the whole of

the current passes through the closed switch S2). When S2 is open, the inductor

comes in series with the load resistor RL.

3. Keep switch S1 open. The Circuit becomes a half-wave rectifier. Open the

switches S3 and S4, and close the switch S2. Observe output voltage waveshape

on CRO and plot it. Measure the output voltages (ac as well as dc). To obtain a

shunt capacitor filter, switch on S3. Observe and plot output-voltage

waveshape. Again measure output ac and dc voltages. To have large values of

shunt capacitor, switch on S4 also, (capacitors C1 and C2 are in parallel). Again

observe the output-voltage waveshape. Measure ac and dc voltages.

4. Switch on S1 (to make it full-wave rectifier) and repeat the above.

5. Switch off S1. Also switch off S2, S3 and S4. It becomes a half-wave rectifier

with series inductor filter. Observe and plot the output-voltage waveshape.

Measure output dc and ac voltages.

6. Switch on S1 and repeat the above.

7. Switch off S1 and switch on S3 and S4 (switch S2 is in off position). It becomes

a half-wave rectifier with π filter. Observe and plot the output-voltage

waveshape. Measure output voltage (ac as sell as dc).


9. Measure the ac voltage between the center-tap and one of the end-terminals of

the secondary of the transformer. From this, calculate the peak value Vm of the

input voltage. Now, keeping the switch S1 open, make a shunt capacitor filter

by switching on S3. (Switch S4 is open and switch S2 is closed.) Measure the

output dc voltage. Compare it with Vm. Now switch on S4. Again measure the

output dc voltage. It becomes nearer to Vm.


OBSERVATIONS

1. Filters

Rectifier Filter Type Vac (volts) Vdc (volts)

Half-wave 1. No filter

2. Shunt capacitor

filter

3. series inductor filter

4. π filter

Full-wave 1. No filter

2. Shunt capacitor

filter

3. series inductor filter

4. π filter

9

2. Input ac voltage, Vm = ___________V(rms)

Peak value, Vm = _________x 2 = ___________V

Output dc voltage when shunt capacitor filter is used in half-wave

rectifier circuit = ___________V

Output dc voltage when shunt capacitor filter is used in full wave

rectifier circuit = ___________V

RESULTS

1. With the use of shunt filter in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits,

ripple voltage are very much reduced.

2. When a π filter is used, output of half-wave and full-wave rectifier is

almost a pure dc.

3. The wave shakes observed on the CRO are plotted.

4. Connect the ckt. Diagram as shown in figure (HWR) & (FWR).

QUESTIONS

1 Why voltage regulation of -filter is inferior to that of LC filter?

2 What is the primary functon of filter?

3 What happen if value of capacitance is increased in the filter ?

4 Which filter circuit commonly used.?

10

EXPERIMENT NO 3(a)

AIM

To construct & observe a clipping circuit using Diode.

REQUIREMENT

Diode (1 no) resistor, power supply, function generator, CRO

THEORY

The diode network has the ability to clip of the input signal without distorting the

remaining part of the alternating waveform. There are two general categories series

and parallel. The direction of the diode suggests that the signal V must be positive to

turn it on .the dc supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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V1

0Vdc

V2

0Vdc

R1

1k

R2

1k

R31k

R41k

1Vac

0Vdc

V41Vac

0Vdc

D1

12

D2

12

POSITIVE CLIPPER

NEGATIVE CLIPPER

11

PROCEDURE


2 Give sine wave input signal using function generator at the input terminal

2. Set dc biasing voltage at some reference voltage. 3. Connect CRO at the output terminals.

RESULT

Using the biased clipping circuit for the given i/p sine wave, we get the desired o/p

waveform.

12

EXPERIMENT NO 3(b)

AIM

To construct a clamping circuit of a sine wave using diode

REQUIREMENT

Diode (1 no), resistor, Power supply, Function generator, CRO

THEORY

The diode network has the ability to clamp of the input signal without distorting

the remaining part of the alternating waveform. There are two general categories

series and parallel. The direction for the diode suggests that the signal V1 must be

positive to turn it on. The dc supply further require that the voltage V1 be greater than

V volt to turn the diode on, The –ve region of the input signal is pressuring the diode

into the off state.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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C1

1n

C2

1n

D1

12

D2 12

R11k

R21k

V1

220V ac

V2

220 Vac

NEGATIVE CLAMPING

POSITIVE CLAMPING

13

PROCEDURE


2. Give sine wave input signal using function generator or at the input terminal

3. Set dc biasing voltage at some reference voltage.

4. Connect CRO at the output terminal.

RESULT

Using the biased clamping circuit for the give i/p sine wave we see the desired

clamped o/p waveform.

QUESTIONS

1 What are type of clippers ?

2 What is the difference between Series and Parallel clipper ?

3 What is the difference Between biased and unbiased clipper .?

4 What are the basic component of a Clamper circuit ?

5 What are the type of the Clampers ?

14

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM

To study Zener diode as a voltage regulator

REQUIREMENT

Breadboard, Zener diode, Resistor (1 k), Regulated power supply

THEORY

A zener diode is p-n junction diode specially made to work in the breakdown

region; it is used in voltage regulation.A p-n junction diode does not conduct when

reverse biased. But if the reverse bias is increased at a particular voltage it starts

conducting heavily. This voltage is called breakdown voltage. This current through

the diode can be permanently damage it. To avoid high current, we connect a resistor

in series with it. Once the diode starts conducting .it maintain almost constant voltage

across its terminal whatever may be the current through it. i e. it has very low

dynamic resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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<Title>

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D1

DIO

DE

ZE

NE

R1

3

R1

1k

V11Vac

0Vdc

VO

LT

AG

E S

OU

RC

E

0Vdc

ZENER DIODE as VOLTAGE REGULATOR

PROCEDURE

1. Note the zener voltage of the zener diode.

2. Make connection as shown in figure.

3. Change input voltage in small steps with the help of power supply.

4. Note corresponding voltage with the help of Multimeter.

15

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No Vi (volts) Vo (volts)

RESULT:

Observed that output voltage is approximately equal to zener diode voltage whatever

may be the input voltage applied.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the zener diode & how does it regulate the voltage?

2. Why current limiting resistance necessary for a zener diode?

3. What is zener breakdown?

4. How does the Zener diode protect the meter?

5. What is zener current?

16

EXPERIMENT. 5

AIM

Transistor characteristics in common-emitter configuration

REQUIREMENT

Experimental board, transistor (or IC) power supply, one milliammeter, (0-50 mA),

one microammeter (0-50 A), two electronic multimeters

THEORY

In CE configuration, we make the emitter terminal common to the input and

output. Whether the transistor is connected CB or CE, the E-B junction is forward

biased and the C-B junction is reverse biased.

For CE configuration, we defined the important parameters as follows:

1. Input dynamic resistance, .constV

B

EBi CEi

ur

2. Output ac resistance, .constI

C

CEo Bi

vr

3. DC current gain, B

Cdc

I

I

4. AC current gain, .constV

B

C

CEi

i

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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<Title>

A


Title


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<Title>

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VBB

2 VVCC

10 V

R11k

R2

1k

(0 -10V)

mA (0- 50 mA)

(0 -10V)

TRANSISTOR

R3

1k

Common - Emitter CHARACTERISTICS

17

PROCEDURE

1. Note down the type number of the transistor used in the experimental

board. Find the important specifications of the transistor from the data

book. Identify the terminals of the transistor and trace the circuit.

2. Make the circuit connections as shown in Fig………. Use meters with

proper range.

3. For input characteristic, first fix the voltage VCE, say at 9 V. Vary the

voltage vBE slowly, in steps. Note the value of current is at each step.

4. For output characteristics, first open the input circuit. Very the collector

voltage vCE in steps and note the collector current. This current is the

reverse saturation current ICEO, and magnitude will be small. Now close

the input circuit and fix the base current IB at, say 10 A. For this you can

use the potentiometer R1. Vary the voltage vCE with the help of

potentiometer R2 in steps. Note current ic for each step. Repeat the process

for other values of IB (say, 20 A, 30 A, 40 A, etc.). Be careful not to go

beyond the maximum ratings of the transistor.

5. Plot the input and output characteristics by using the readings taken above.

6. Select a suitable operating point in the linear portion of the characteristics.

Determine the slope of the input characteristic curve at this operating

point. This gives the input dynamic resistance. Similarly, using the

definition given above (in brief theory), calculate the output ac resistance

ro, dc and ac beta.

OBSERVATIONS

1. Type number of the transistor =_____________

2. information form the data book :

(a) Maximum collector current rating =_______________mA

(b) Maximum collector voltage rating =_______________V

(c) Maximum collector dissipation

power rating =_______________W

3. Input characteristics:

S.No. VCB = ______V VCB = _______V

vBE (in V) iB (in A) vBE (in V) iB (in A)

1.

2.

3.

18

4. Output characteristics:

S.No. IB=0 IB=10 A IB=20 A IB=30 A

vCE

(V)

vCE

(mA)

vCE

(V)

vCE

(mA)

vCE

(V)

vCE

(mA)

vCE

(V)

vCE

(mA)

1.

2.

3.

CALCULATIONS

1. Input dynamic resistance,

ki

vr VV

B

BEi CE

________________________

2. Output ac resistance,

kI

vr mAI

C

CEo B

_________________________

3. DC current gain,

______________________ VV

B

Cdc CEI

I

4. AC current gain,

_________________________VV

B

C

CEi

i

RESULTS

1. Input and output characteristics are plotted on the graph.

2. The parameters of the transistor in CE mode are given below:

Parameter Value determined

1. ri _________

2. ro _________k

3. dc _________

4. _________

19

QUESTIONS

1. Why is CE configuration most suited for an Amplifier?

2. Which configuration is used for the application of Buffer?

3. Which configuration is having highest voltage gain?

4. Name some application of common Emitter Configuration.

5. Out of NPN & PNP which is the most suited transistor configuration.

20

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

AIM

To study of CC as a buffer

REQUIREMENT

Resistances (3), Power supply, Transistor (1)

THEORY

In this circuit the emitter resistance is removed (or bypassed with a capacitor

for a.c. signal), so that the collector is at signal ground. The output signal is tapped

from the emitter of transistor. As we know that the base emitter voltage of a transistor

remains roughly constant at around 0.6V. we don’t except the emitter signal to exceed

that at base and consequently this amplifier will not provide voltage gain. Because of

its high input impedance and low output impedance properties, an emitter follower is

capable of giving power to a connected to its output requiring much power at the

input. It thus works as a buffer. The input signal is coupled to the base, and the output

signal is taken from the emitter. This ckt. Is called an emitter follower because the

output follows the input signal.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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<Title>

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Q1

R1

1k

R21k

V10Vdc

V20Vdc

CC AMPLIFIER as BUFFER

21

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as shown in the ckt. Diagram.

2. Apply the a.c. signal on the input terminal, by a function generator.

3. Connect the CRO at the output.

4. Compare the input signal with the output signal.

CONCLUSION

The input signal is same as the output signal.

QUESTIONS

Draw the small signal model for CC amplifier and derive the expression for

1. Voltage gain Av

2. Current gain AI

3. I/P Resistance Ri

4. o/p Resistance Ro

5. Give some application of CC configuration

22

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM

Study of 3 terminal regulators

REQUIREMENT

One IC (7800), 2 capacitors, power supply, connecting wires

THEORY

It is three terminal positive, fixed voltage regulators. Input capacitor Ci is

required to cancel inductive effect associated with long power distribution leads.

Output capacitor improves the transient response. These devices require no

adjustment have an output preset by the Manufacture to the industry standard

voltage of 5v, 6v, 8v, 12v, 15v or 24v. There must be minimum of 2V between

input and output. Such regulator are capable of output current in excess of 1.0 A.

they have internal short–circuit protection that limits the maximum current the

circuit will pass, thermal shutdown and output transistor safe operating area

protection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Date: Sheet of

<Doc> <Rev Code>

<Title>

A


C11n

C21n

U1

L7809/TO3

VIN1

VOUT2

INPUT

3- TERMINAL IC REGULATOR

OUTPUT

23

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Supply the input voltage Vi=2V.

3. See the output voltage Vo.

CONCLUSION

Regulated Voltage is obtained at the output.

QUESTIONS

1. What are the type of three terminal IC regulator .?

2. What are 78XX series regulator?

3. What are 79XX series regulator?

4. What are the applications of 3– terminal IC regulator. ?

5. Why is capacitor used at the input of 3 terminal IC regulator?

24

EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM

To study the characteristics of FET in common–source configuration.

REQUIREMENT

Breadboard, transistor (BFW10), 0-20VDC

Regulated power supply, millimeter (0-25ma), Multimeters.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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<Doc> <Rev Code>

<Title>

A


V110 V

VDD

10 V

R11k

R2

1k

FET

(0 -10V)

mA (0- 25 mA)

FET CHARACTERISTICS

(0 -10V)

PROCEDURE

1. Note the type number of FET given. See the specifications Identify its

terminals.

2. Make the Circuit connection as shown in the Circuit Diagram. Use the

Millimeter and electronics Voltmeter in suitable range.

3. First fix Vgs = 0V. Increase the drain voltage Vds in slow steps. Note the

drain Current ID for each step. Change Vgs = -1V and repeat the above

procedure. Thus take ready for 3 to 4 gate-voltage values.

Plot the drain characteristics (very graph between Id and Vds.

S.

No.

VDS

(Verbs)

DRAIN CURRENT ID (mA)

Voc = 0v

Voc = 1v

Voc = 2v

Voc = 3v

Voc = 4v

25

CALCULATIONS

A suitable operating point is selected say VDS = 8V, VGS : -3V. At this operating point

parameters are calculated as below.

1. Drain dynamic resistance, vVI

Vrd

GSD

DS

3 KΩ

2. Mutual conductance, gm tConsVV

I

DSGS

D tan ms

3. Amplification factor, mAIV

V

DGS

DS

RESULT

1. The drain characteristics of the FET are plotted on the graph.

2. The parameters of FET determines from the drain characteristics are given

below.

Parameter Value determined

1. Rd

2. gm

3. μ

QUESTIONS

1. How does a FET differ from a BJT.?

2. How does a p channel JFET differ from N channel JFET ?.

26

3. Why FET has a better thermal ability.?

4. Why field effect transistor are called unipolar transistor?.

5. Why the channel JFET is never completely closed at drain end.?

27

EXPERIMENT NO. 9

AIM

Study of Voltage Doublers

REQUIREMENT

(1) Connecting wires, capacitor (2), Diode (2), Power supply

THEORY

Voltage multiplier circuits are employed to obtain a relatively high peak

voltage from a lower transformer or main peak voltage. A diode voltage doublers

consists of two-peak rectifier and capacitor combination that produces a.d.c. voltage,

which is double of the peak input voltage. The capacitor C1 gets charged to voltage

Vp (neglecting the diode drops) with the polarity as shown, at the peak of the –ve half

cycle through the forward biased diode D1.

During the +ve half cycle, diode D1 is reverse-biased and D2 is forward

biased. The capacitor C2 sees the source and the capacitor C1 in series and tries to

charge to a voltage 2Vp. The capacitor C2 discharges through the load resistor. If R1

is large enough the output voltage ideally equals 2Vp.

As the output capacitor C2 is charged only once during each cycle, the ckt. Is

called a half-wave double and the ripple frequency is 50Hz.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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C1

1n

C21n

D1

DIODE

D2

D C VOLTAGE DOUBLER

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connection as shown in the ckt. Diagram.

2. Supply the input voltage.

3. Measure the output voltage at the output terminal.

28

CONCLUSION

The output voltage is double the input voltage.

QUESTIONS

1 What are the application of the Multi –vibrator circuit .?

2 What are disadvantage of Half wave Doubler.?

3 What is the PIV across each diode?

4 Why half wave doubler has poor regulation.?

5 What is the ripple frequency in Half Wave Doubler.?

29

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

AIM

To study full wave Doublers

REQUIREMENT

Diode (2), Capacitor (2), Power supply, Resistor (1).

THEORY

During the +ve half cycle, diode D1 is forward-biased and this capacitor C1

charges to the peak voltage with the polarity as shown and during +ve half cycle,

diode D2 is forward-biased and the capacitor C2 changes to the peak voltage with the

polarity as shown. The load resistance sees the capacitor C1 and C2 in series i.e. the

voltage across the load resistance is 2Vp provides the load resistance is high. As one

of the output capacitors is being changed during each half cycle, resulting in a ripple

frequency of 100Hz, the ckt. Is called a full wave voltage doublers.

The higher ripple frequency is advantageous as it is easier to filter. Moreover,

the PIV rating of the diodes needs to be greater than Vp. The disadvantage of a full

wave doubler is the lack of a common ground between input & output.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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D1

1 2

D2

12

C1

C2

R11k

TX1

V1220V

0Vdc

VOLTAGE DOUBLER

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as shown in the ckt. Diagram.

2. Supply the input voltage at the input terminals.

3. Measure the output voltage at the output terminal.

30

CONCLUSION

The output voltage is doubled the input voltage.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between full wave & half wave doubler?

2. What do you mean by full wave doubler?

3. What is the voltage drop across diode D1 & D2?

4. Specify the rating of the transformer used.

5. Sketch the waveform across the load of the circuit.

Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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