Analgesia vs anesthesia
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Transcript of Analgesia vs anesthesia
Analgesia vs. Anesthesia BY ARNESHIA MCCONNELL
Analgesia: Word BreakdownPrefix “an-” means without
Suffix “-algesia” means pain, sensitivity
ANALGESIA: LACK OF SENSATIONSA deadening or absence of the sense of pain
without the loss of consciousness.
AnalgesicsAn analgesic (also known as a
painkiller) is any member of the group of drugs used to relieve pain.
The main pharmacological action of analgesics is on the cerebrum and medulla of the central nervous system.
Classes of AnalgesicsParacetamol and NSAIDs
The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol/acetaminophen is uncertain, but it appears to be acting centrally (in the brain rather than in nerve endings).
Aspirin and the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenases, leading to a decrease in prostaglandin production.
This reduces pain and also inflammation (in contrast to paracetamol and the opioids).
Classes of Analgesics (cont’d)COX-2 inhibitors
These drugs have been derived from NSAIDs.Opiates and morphinomimetics
Morphine, the archetypal opioid, and various other substances (e.g. codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, dihydromorphine, pethidine) all exert a similar influence on the cerebral opioid receptor system.
FlupirtineFlupirtine is a centrally acting K+ channel opener
with weak NMDA antagonist properties. It is used in Europe for moderate to strong pain and
migraine and its muscle relaxant properties.
Specific FormsCombinations
Found in paracetamol and codeine preparations found in many non-prescription pain relievers.
Found in vasoconstrictor drugs such as pseudoephedrine for sinus-related preparations, or with antihistamine drugs for allergy sufferers.
Topical or SystemicTopical analgesia is generally recommended to
avoid systemic side-effects.Painful joints, for example, may be treated with
an ibuprofen- or diclofenac-containing gel
Specific Forms (continued)Psychotropic Agents
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and some other cannabinoids, either from the Cannabis sativa plant or synthetic, have analgesic properties, although the use of cannabis derivatives is currently illegal in many countries.
A recent study finds that inhaled cannabis is effective in alleviating neuropathy and pain resulting from e.g. spinal injury and multiple sclerosis.
Specific Forms (continued)Atypical and/or adjuvent analgestics
Orphenadrine, cyclobenzaprine, scopolamine, atropine, gabapentin, first-generation antidepressants and other drugs possessing anticholinergic and/or antispasmodic properties are used in many cases along with analgesics to potentiate centrally acting analgesics such as opioids when used against pain especially of neuropathic origin and to modulate the effects of many other types of analgesics by action in the parasympathetic nervous system
The use of adjuvant analgesics is an important and growing part of the pain-control field and new discoveries are made practically every year.
Many of these drugs combat the side effects of opioid analgesics.
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) is a method
of pain control that gives the patient the power to control their pain.Pain medication is administered through a
computerized pump.The pump contains a syringe of pain medication
as prescribed by a doctor that is connected directly to a patient’s intravenous (IV) line. The pump is set to deliver a small, constant flow of
pain medication. Additional doses can be self-administered as needed by
the patient pressing a button.
PCA PUMP
Safety of PCA PumpsPCA pumps have built in safety
features.
The total amount of analgesic (pain reliever) that a patient can self-administer is within a safe limit.
Because of these features, there is no worry of overdose.
Who uses PCA?Patients recovering from surgery most often are equipped with PCA pumps.
Patients coping with other kinds of pain can also use the PCA pump.
Advantages of PCAThe physician determines the dosage based
on the patient’s weight to prevent overdose.Narcotic addiction can be avoided because
the drug is taken on a short-term controlled basis.
Pain relief is available around the clock.The PCA unit is programmed to control the
dosage; the unit “locks out” if the dosing frequency is exceeded.
Most adults and children can use PCA
Disadvantages of PCAThe button on the PCA pump can be
accidentally pressed, delivering an unneeded dose of medication.
If the PCA pump isn’t programmed properly, results include an under-dose or overdose in medicine.
AnesthesiaPrefix “an-” means without.
Suffix “-esthesia” means feeling, sensation.
Anesthesia means without feeling or sensation.Local or general insensibility to pain with or
without the loss of consciousness, induced by an anesthetic (drug that produces anesthesia).
Types of AnesthesiaThere are four main types:
Local – numbs one small area of the body. You stay alert and awake
Conscious or IV sedation - uses a mild sedative to relax you and pain medicine to relieve pain. You stay awake but may not remember the procedure afterwards.
Regional anesthesia- blocks pain in an area of the body, such an arm or leg. Epidural anesthesia, which is sometimes used during childbirth, is a type of regional anesthesia.
General anesthesia- affects your whole body. You go to sleep and feel nothing. You have no memory of the procedure afterwards.
Features of AnesthesiaThere are four features of anesthesia:
The lack of motor response to instructions
suppression of autonomic and skeletal responses to intraoperative stimuli such as incisions
absence of retrospective awareness of pain
postoperative amnesia for surgical events such as conversations among the medical team
How Does Anesthesia Work?It is currently unknown how anesthesia
works, but there a number of plausible hypotheses.The most common accepted theory is that that
general anesthetics operate directly on the central nervous system to temporarily inhibit synaptic transmission (the chemical means by which neural impulses are transmitted between adjacent neurons).
This results in a general loss of consciousness that affects sensory awareness in all modalities and at all body loci.
Major Differences Between Analgesia and AnesthesiaAnalgesia is lack of pain, anesthesia refers to
lack of sensationAnesthesia is usually accompanied by
analgesiaPatients are fully aware and awake while
using analgesia; with anesthesia, patient can be either unconscious and asleep or awake and fully comprehensible.
Analgesia is patient controlled, anesthesia is controlled by a person specializing in administration of anesthesia.
SOURCESwww.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/674nar
cotic.htmlHttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesichttp://www.webmd.com/pain-management/gui
de/pcahttp://www.answers.com/topic/anesthesiahttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anesthes
ia.htmlhttp://www.institute-shot.com/anesthesia_and
_surgery.htm