Anaemia in Primary Care March 18 th 2010 Dr Mary Clarke Consultant Haematologist.
Anaemia - an important health care issue
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Transcript of Anaemia - an important health care issue
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia
Disease State Management
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
PD Dr. Thomas BRINKMANNEurClinChem
European Scientific Group Manager Associate Professor of Clinical Biochemistry Diagnostics and Life Science Medical Faculty Europe, Middle East, Africa and India Ruhr University of Bochum Beckman Coulter Eurocenter Bochum, Germany Nyon, Switzerland
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Beckman Coulter EurocenterNyon, Switzerland
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
NYON
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Europe - Beckman Coulter’s Definition
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia is an important health issue
AnaemiaIron DeficiencyAnaemia of CancerAnaemia of Renal FailureAnaemia in elderly people and chronic diseases
How to detect anaemia?
Anaemia Disease State Management
Anaemia in Chronic Diseases (+IDA)Haematological Malignancies (EPO)
Summary
Objective
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia – is an important public health issue
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia: Definition
• Definition:Anaemia is a symptom of disease that requires investigation to determine the underlying etiology.
It is defined as a decrease in red blood cell mass but in practice it is defined by haemoglobin concentrations below:
– males 13.0 g/dL (WHO)– females 12.0 g/dL (WHO)
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia
• Prevalence– Widespread public health problem with major consequences for
human health and socio-economic development– WHO estimates 2 billion people are affected worldwide– >50% due to iron deficiency
• Effects on health– Increased maternal and child mortality– Decreased cognitive and physical development in children– Decreased productivity in adults– Increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia
• Causes– Nutritional deficiencies
• Iron, B12, Folate, Vitamin A
– Infectious diseases• Malaria, helminth infections (hookworm and schistosomiasis), HIV
– Thalassaemias, sickle cell, haemolytic anaemia, leukaemia
– Cancer, chronic renal disease, diabetes, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, gastrointestinal disease
– Chemotherapy, radiotherapy
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia: Symptoms
Signs depends on the severity of anaemia
Two general reasons for anaemia– decreased red cell production– increased red cell destruction
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia in the world
Data from World Health Organisation
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia in the worldAnaemia in the world
Data from World Health Organisation
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia in Iron Deficiency
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
• The most frequent cause of anaemiaThe most frequent cause of anaemia
• Causes of iron deficiencyCauses of iron deficiency– Diet low iron: only 1 mg absorbed for 10-20 mg ingestedDiet low iron: only 1 mg absorbed for 10-20 mg ingested
– Body changes that increase requirement: growth in children, pregnancy, Body changes that increase requirement: growth in children, pregnancy,
lactationlactation
– Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities (post surgery)Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities (post surgery)
– Blood loss: gastrointestinal bleeding, menstruation, injuryBlood loss: gastrointestinal bleeding, menstruation, injury
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Prevalence of iron deficiency in Europe
Public Health Nutrition, 2001
n Age % of
population Children France 38 2- 24 months 4.2 44 2- 6 years 2.0
Adolescent girl Ireland 86 14.5- 18.4 years 7.0 25 14- 18 years
Menstruating women Sweden 372 38 years 6.6 122 38 years 7.4 Denmark 595 30- 50 years 2.8 Ireland 192 18- 44 years 13.5 UK 125 16- 50 years 9 France 476 17- 42 years 1.3 203 16- 53 years 2.9 6648 30- 50 years 4.4 Spain 322 15- 50 years 5.3 Pregnant Women
Holland 796 6-28 Denmark 107 18 France 332 9 359 10 191 30 Germany 378 13.6
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
• Anaemia in childrenAnaemia in children– Range from 4 to 7%
– Impaired cognitive performance, motor development, coordination, language development
• Anaemia in pregnant womenAnaemia in pregnant women– Range from 6 to 30%
– Risk factor for premature delivery, low birth weight, possible inferior neonatal health
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Cancer
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Cancer
• Many factors contribute to anaemia in cancer:Many factors contribute to anaemia in cancer:
– BleedingBleeding– HaemolysisHaemolysis– Marrow infiltration by tumor cellsMarrow infiltration by tumor cells– Nutritional deficienciesNutritional deficiencies– Cytokine-mediated anaemiaCytokine-mediated anaemia– ChemotherapyChemotherapy– Radio-induced myelosuppressionRadio-induced myelosuppression
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Cancer
0
20
40
60
80
100
HaematologicalMalignacy
Solid Tumor HaematologicalMalignacy
Solid Tumor
At diagnosisDuring the course of the treatment
From European Cancer Anaemia Survey, Abstract in Blood 2002
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Renal Failure
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Renal Failure
• Anaemia of chronic renal Anaemia of chronic renal disease is caused by the disease is caused by the inadaequate production of inadaequate production of Eythropoetin hormone due to Eythropoetin hormone due to reduced mass of functioning reduced mass of functioning kidney tissuekidney tissue
• Prevalence of anaemia is Prevalence of anaemia is correlated to the level of correlated to the level of kidney destructionkidney destruction
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Renal Disease
• Chronic Renal Insufficiency– Progressive destruction of renal mass– Evaluated and staged with rate of glomerular filtration (not only,
Creatinin clearance: 15-80 mL/min)
• Anaemia in Chronic Renal Insufficiency:– Increased risk of mortality and cardiac complications
• For every 1g decrease in Hb concentration, there is a 6% increase in the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy
– Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in US( Hb < 12 g / dL)
• 1,200,000 women• 300,000 men ( J Am Soc Nephrol, 2002)
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Renal Disease
• Chronic renal failure:
– Very low glomerular filtration rate ( <10 -15 mL/min)
– Treatment: kidney transplantation or dialysis
– Anaemia is corrected by substitutive rhEpo but Hb monitoring is required
– In US:• 1,200 people per million population
– In Europe:• 700 people per million population
( Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2002)
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia in elderly peopleand chronic diseases
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Prevalence and causes of anaemia in elderly
Prevalence : men 11.0%, women 10.2%
Anaemia of chronic disease
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Chronic Disease
The most frequent cause of anaemia in elderly peopleThe most frequent cause of anaemia in elderly people
• Chronic diseasesChronic diseases– Chronic infections: tuberculosis, hepatitis, lung abscessChronic infections: tuberculosis, hepatitis, lung abscess– Non infectious inflammatory diseases:Non infectious inflammatory diseases:
Rheumatoid arthritis, temporal arthritis, systemic lupusRheumatoid arthritis, temporal arthritis, systemic lupus– Neoplastic disorders, lung and breast cancer, HodgkinNeoplastic disorders, lung and breast cancer, Hodgkin– Chronic disorders: COPD, diabetes, congestive heart failureChronic disorders: COPD, diabetes, congestive heart failure
• MechanismMechanism– Iron is sequestrated in macrophagesIron is sequestrated in macrophages– Cytokines secreted due to chronic diseaseCytokines secreted due to chronic disease– Cytokines block iron release from macrophagesCytokines block iron release from macrophages– Iron unavailable for precursor cells in bone marrowIron unavailable for precursor cells in bone marrow
– Underproduction of red blood cellsUnderproduction of red blood cells
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia of Chronic Disease
• Estimated prevalence of anaemia associated with chronic disease
New England Journal of MedicineMarch 2005
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia
• Iron deficiency anaemia
• Anaemia of cancer
• Anaemia in pregnancy
• Anaemia of renal disease
• Anaemia in elderly
• Anaemia in chronic disease
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
How to detect anaemia ?
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Beckman Coulter Anaemia Menu
Complete Blood Count
Reticulocyte Count
Hb electrophoresis
Haptoglobin
Serum Iron
Total Iron Binding Capacity
Unbound Iron Binding Capacity
Transferrin
Transferrin saturation
Ferritin
Folate
RBC Folate
Vitamin B12
EPO
Anti-Intrinsic Factor
Soluble Transferrin Receptor
Remisol Data Management Software
Haematology
Haematology
Special Chemistry
Special Chemistry
General Chemistry
General Chemistry
General Chemistry
General Chemistry
General Chemistry
Immunoassay
Immunoassay
Immunoassay
Immunoassay
Immunoassay
Immunoassay
Immunoassay
Data Management
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia and Beckman Coulter
• Anaemia is a significant health concernAnaemia is a significant health concern
• Occurs in a multitude of disease states with many different causesOccurs in a multitude of disease states with many different causes
• With unmatched expertise in chemistry, haematology, immunoassay With unmatched expertise in chemistry, haematology, immunoassay and data management, Beckman Coulter is uniquely positioned to and data management, Beckman Coulter is uniquely positioned to find comprehensive solutions for anaemia disease managementfind comprehensive solutions for anaemia disease management
HAEMATOLOGY CLINICAL CHEMISTRY IMMUNODIAGNOSTICS
REMISOL DATA MANAGEMENT
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Our Solution
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Our Solution
The family of UniCel systems is designed for flexible multi-platform configuration and
connectivity, enabling labs to consolidate and optimize workload and labor resources and
hence to reduce costs
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel DxI ® Access Immunoassay Systems
UniCel DxC Synchron Clinical Systems
UniCel DxH Coulter Cellular Analysis Systems
UniCel DxA Automation Systems
UniCel DxE Information Systems
UniCel DSM Disease Management Solutions
UniCel = Unified WorkcellDx = Diagnostics Excellence
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Input OutputLab processes
Patient sample
Productivity
Result
Diagnostics Companies: Current Focus
ResultResult
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Beckman Coulter Contributionto Disease State Management
Input OutputLab processes
Patient sample
ClinChemPhysician
Patient
Productivity Efficiency
Result
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Circle of Life
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Chemistry
Immunoassay Hematology
Data Management
Automation
Anaemia with UniCel Disease Management
Instruments, Software and Reagentsprovide a unique solution for disease
management
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Disease State Management: The Product
Expert system
Remisol
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Combining Hardware, Reagents and InformationExample: Pernicious Anaemia
• Prevalence– Major cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in developed countries. – Underdiagnosed.
• Chronic and autoimmune illness with malabsorption of B12 due to Intrinsic Factor deficiency
– Destruction of parietal cells from the gastric mucosa leading to failure of IF production.– Occurrence of autoantibodies to gastric parietal cells or to IF.– End-stage of autoimmune destruction of gastric mucosa.
• Clinical signs– Silent until the end-stage.– First: megaloblastic anaemia– Weakness, weight loss, non specific GI symptoms, neurological symptoms ( senile dementia...)– Associated with other autoimmune diseases: hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, thyroiditis, Addison's disease– Associated with a higher risk to develop gastric cancer
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Case Study
• A woman consults GP for weakness and palor
• GP suspects anaemia – Prescription for a CBC– Anaemia confirmed with normal/high MCV
• B12 and Folate are tested
• Use of an expert system
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Common medical practice according to Philippe Day, UK
Macrocytic Anaemia
B12
assay
Anti-IF Manual Assay
Schilling test
IV B12 supplementation
during 1-2 months
Macrocytic Anaemia
B12
assay
Reflex Access anti- IF Assay
Low
Low
B12 supplementation
(IV or oral)
Use of Acess anti-IF Assay
If anti-IF is negative considder Gastrin test to check other gastrointestinal disorders
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Contribute to Enhance Value Delivered by Laboratory to Doctor
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel Disease Management
Diagnostic Value Cost
Time to Diagnosis
Test Invasiveness
Schilling test good high within a week high
Gastroscopy good high within a week high
Anti-IF good low same day none
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Pernicious AnaemiaDisease Management Benefits
– For the lab: better service to clinician and cost reduction
• Reduced time to diagnosis• Automated methods/reflex testing
– For the clinician: better patient management
• Reduced time to diagnosis• Adapted B12 therapy• Adequate surveillance of the patient (gastric cancer)
– For the patient:• Reduced time to diagnosis and treatment• Better peace of mind• Less « medication »
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Input OutputLab processes
Patient sample
ClinChemPhysician
Patient
Productivity Efficiency
Result
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Differentiate
Anaemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
from
Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA)
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Differentiate ACD from ACD with IDA
• Prevalence ACD27% of anaemias 17% of the elderly (outpatient) and 35% (acute ward)? ACD with IDA (not easy to separate)
• Clinical signsAsthenia, fatigue or depression, fever and the symptoms of the underline disease
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Common practice
• Anaemia of Chronic DiseaseTreat the inflammation In case of anaemia with low Iron and Tf Sat%, normal or high Ferritin, with history of chronic infection of inflammation, confirmed with positive CRP, we suspect an
ANAEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE
• ACD + IDA (mixed form)Treat the underlined disease (inflammation) and wait for the outcome
Insufficient Iron therapy (too low, too short)IDA often misdiagnosed and mistreated
Impact for the patient: Individual remains anaemic for a long timeQoL remains low
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Proposed practice
Include sTfR
Weiss et al. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1011-23.
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
- Indicator of iron availabilty during erythropoesis- No acute phase parameter- Not influenced by liver metabolism- Not influenced by malignant diseases
sTfrlg(Ferritin)Ferritin Index
The smaller the Ferritin Index,
the more Iron in the deposits
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. BrinkmannIDA = Iron Defiency Anemia ACD = Anemia of Chronic Disease
Punnonen K et al, Blood 1997
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Punnonen K et al, Blood 1997
Ferritin Index Improved discrimination
ACD
versus
ACD + IDA
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel Disease
Management
Benefits Patient
Benefits Hospital Administration
Benefits Laboratory
Disease Management Benefits
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Benefits Patients
• Prevention of secondary diseases (e.g. heart diseases, renal diseases)
• Improve QoL• Reduction of morbidity• Adequate treatment• Adequate selection of patients for EPO therapy• Earlier diagnosis and intervention• Shorter stay in hospital• Improve quality of care
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel Disease
Management
Benefits Patient
Benefits Hospital Administration
Benefits Laboratory
Disease Management Benefits
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Benefits laboratory
• Which tests can be addedSoluble Transferrin receptor in combination of Ferritin and MCH (CHr), LHD% (%Hypo), IRF in three days will suspect that the patient respond or not with the treatment.
• Soluble Transferrin Receptor in combination with Ferritin will reduce the time for diagnosis and address directly the treatment, EPO, etc. and in case of Mixed ACD-ID it will reduce the time for the correction of the anaemia because only with iron the patient will remain anaemic for a minimum of 3 months with all its effects.
• Secondary diagnosisEasy detection of unknown disease (TBC) that will appear after the diagnosis of ACD
• REFERENCES1) Weiss G. and Goodnough L.T.: Anaemia of Chronic Disease.
N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;352:1011-23.2) Beguin Y., Clemons G.K., Pootrakul P. and Fillet G.: Quantitative Assessment of Erythropoiesis and Functional Classification of Anaemia Based on Measurements of
Serum Transferrin Receptor and Erythropoietin. Blood 1993;81:1067-76.
3) Metzgeroth G. and Hastka J. Diagnostic work-up of Iron deficiency. J. Lab. Med. 2004;28:391-9.
4) Zini G., Machin S., Briggs C. et al.: Multicenter Evaluation of Coulter MCH and the new derived LHD% parameters versus CHr and %Hypo for the assessment of Iron metabolism Disturbances. Poster 199, ISLH Meeting 2006.
5) IRF: «The IRF can also be used as an early indicator of response to erythropoietin therapy in patients with chronic renal failure and other diseases».
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel Disease
Management
Benefits Patient
Benefits Hospital Administration
Benefits Laboratory
Disease Management Benefits
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Benefits Hospital Administration
• Shorter stay • Less medication and the right one
Less controls and analysis• Less visits with the specialists• Saving transfusions
• REFERENCESO’Broin S., Kelieher B., Balfe A. , Mc Mahon: Evaluation of serum transferrin receptor assay in a centralised iron screening service. Clin. Lab. Haem. 2005;27:190-4.
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Anaemia in
Haematological Malignancies
EPO Therapy
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Lab2%
Other21%
Pharmaceuticals11%
Hospital Services
33%
Professional Services
33%
Our Troubled Present: The EPO Example
Source: Kronberg ConferenceAdvaMed
Source: NCHS, CMS, G2 Strategic Lab Outlook 2000, “Creating Incentives for Genomic Research to Improve Therapies” Evans et al, Nature Vol 10, #12
Desired Response
$97B
Non- Response
$54B
Adverse Response
$12B
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Example of a Disease: Anaemia in Haematological Malignancies Prevalence
Disease
ANAEMIA at diagnosis during therapy all severe
<8.5 g/dL
Non-Hodgkin-Lymphoma
MultipleMyeloma
60%
30%
25%
5-10%
90%
60%
High anaemia frequency in multiple myeloma due to- renal impairment by disease- bone marrow transplant
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Prediction of Response in Haematological Malignancies
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann Y. Beguin, 1998
Prediction of Response in Haematological Malignancies
EPO before therapy[mU/ml]
sTfR increase 2 weeks after therapy
Responsen
17
7
24
100
< 100
< 100
-
< 25 %
25 %
18 %
29 %
96 %
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
EPO Treatment in Anaemia of Cancer
• Anaemia treatment with rHuEPO
• High cost
• 50% response rate
• Need to predict response rate to treatment
• IVD EPO helps to predict response
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Common Practice
• Transfusion of erythrocyte units instead of EPO therapy?
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Prediction of Response: Proposal
EPO serum concentration as predictive marker of response
Haemoglobin▼9.0 – 11 g/dL
Control EPO concentration
EPO
Continue
therapy
Hb remains low
Hb increases
Control o/p EPO Control o/p EPO
Control o/p EPO
Radiation Chemotherapy
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel Disease
Management
Benefits Patient
Benefits Hospital Administration
Benefits Laboratory
Disease Management Benefits
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Benefits
• Benefits to the Patient– Improve quality of life– Prevent transfusions
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel Disease
Management
Benefits Patient
Benefits Hospital Administration
Benefits Laboratory
Disease Management Benefits
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Benefits
• Benefits to the Laboratory– EPO testing– Increase value of information output
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
UniCel Disease
Management
Benefits Patient
Benefits Hospital Administration
Benefits Laboratory
Disease Management Benefits
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Benefits
• Benefits to Hospital Administration– Hugh cost savings by selecting patients
receiving EPO therapy
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Summary
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
• Beckman Coulter is fully engaged in implementing its strategy - Simplify, automate, innovate laboratory processes– Simplify, automate, innovate disease management processes
• The focus is on fulfilling unmet needs– Family of compatible immunoassay and workstation systems
• Closed tube sampling, broad menu, optimal CC/IA balance– Anaemia– Prostate disease– Reproductive endocrinology and high risk pregnancy– Cardiovascular
• The strategy will contribute to– Streamline processes from blood draw to results reports– Enhance value of information delivered by the Laboratory– Help physicians through decision-making processes
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Borås, May, 2007 PD Dr. T. Brinkmann
Tack för
uppmärksamheten